ILMIY TADQIQOTLAR VA ULARNING YECHIMLARI JURNALI
JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH AND THEIR SOLUTIONS
VOLUME 6, ISSUE 01, IYUL 2025
WORLDLY KNOWLEDGE NASHRIYOTI
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DEVELOPMENT OF FERTILIZER PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGIES FROM SODA
INDUSTRY BY-PRODUCTS AND ASSESSMENT OF THEIR AGRO-BIOLOGICAL
EFFICIENCY
Majidov Hayotjon Bakhtiyor oglu
E-mail:
Doctoral student of the Department of Chemical Technologies at
Navoi State University of Mining and Technology
Pardayev Ulugbek Khairullo oglu
E-mail:
A student of the Chemistry program at the Faculty of
Natural Sciences, Uzbekistan-Finland Pedagogical Institute.
Zayniddinova Diyora Rustamjon qizi
E-mail:
zayniddinovadiyora452@gmail.com
A student of the Chemistry program at the Faculty of
Natural Sciences, Uzbekistan-Finland Pedagogical Institute.
Khusanov Eldor Safariddinovich
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in Technical Sciences,
Senior Lecturer at the Department of Chemistry,
Faculty of Natural Sciences, Uzbekistan-Finland Pedagogical Institute.
UDK: 661.636:628.4:631.811
ANNOTATION:
The present study focuses on the development of environmentally sustainable
fertilizer production technologies using by-products generated from the soda industry. These
industrial residues, typically rich in calcium carbonate, magnesium salts, and sodium compounds,
are often underutilized or disposed of without proper treatment, posing ecological risks. In this
research, selected soda industry by-products were chemically treated and converted into nutrient-
rich mineral fertilizers. The synthesized fertilizers were subjected to laboratory characterization,
including physicochemical analysis and elemental composition profiling. Furthermore, their agro-
biological efficiency was evaluated through controlled field experiments on key agricultural crops.
Parameters such as germination rate, plant height, biomass accumulation, and chlorophyll content
were used as indicators of effectiveness. The results demonstrated that the developed fertilizer
formulations not only enhanced plant growth but also provided a viable pathway for waste
valorization. This study highlights the dual benefit of reducing industrial waste accumulation and
supporting sustainable agricultural practices through circular chemical technologies.
KEY WORDS:
Soda industry by-products; fertilizer synthesis; waste valorization; agro-biological
efficiency; sustainable agriculture; chemical processing; nutrient recovery; circular economy;
calcium carbonate; mineral fertilizers.
INTRODUCTION:
The global demand for sustainable agricultural inputs continues to grow in
response to increasing food needs and environmental challenges. Among these inputs, mineral
fertilizers play a vital role in enhancing soil fertility and crop productivity. However, conventional
fertilizer production is often associated with high energy consumption, resource depletion, and
environmental pollution. In this context, the recycling and utilization of industrial by-products,
particularly from the soda industry, offer a promising alternative for the development of eco-friendly
fertilizers.
The soda industry generates large quantities of solid and liquid wastes, including calcium carbonate
sludge, magnesium hydroxide residues, and sodium-rich effluents. These by-products, if not
properly managed, can lead to serious ecological issues such as soil salinization, groundwater
ILMIY TADQIQOTLAR VA ULARNING YECHIMLARI JURNALI
JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH AND THEIR SOLUTIONS
VOLUME 6, ISSUE 01, IYUL 2025
WORLDLY KNOWLEDGE NASHRIYOTI
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contamination, and waste accumulation. On the other hand, their chemical composition suggests
significant potential for reuse as raw materials in fertilizer synthesis. Recent studies have
emphasized the value of circular economy principles in the chemical industry, advocating the
transformation of waste streams into value-added products.
This research aims to develop innovative fertilizer production technologies based on soda industry
by-products and to assess their agro-biological effectiveness. The main objectives include: (I)
characterization and processing of selected industrial wastes, (II) synthesis of fertilizer formulations
through optimized chemical methods, and (III) evaluation of their impact on plant growth and soil
properties. By integrating waste valorization with agricultural application, this study contributes to
sustainable development goals in both environmental protection and food security.
LITERATURE REVIEW
: The utilization of industrial by-products in fertilizer production has
gained significant attention in recent years due to the growing emphasis on sustainability and waste
reduction. Studies have shown that soda industry residues, particularly calcium carbonate and
magnesium-based compounds, contain essential nutrients beneficial for plant growth. Researchers
such as Zhang et al. (2019) and Kumar et al. (2021) demonstrated the feasibility of converting such
waste into slow-release mineral fertilizers with minimal environmental impact. Additionally,
circular economy approaches have encouraged the reprocessing of industrial waste into agricultural
inputs, promoting resource efficiency. Despite these advancements, challenges remain in
standardizing the chemical composition of waste-derived fertilizers and evaluating their long-term
effects on soil health. Several authors emphasize the importance of agro-biological testing to
determine the practical effectiveness of these materials. This study builds on existing research by
combining chemical processing methods with controlled field assessments to develop an optimized,
eco-efficient fertilizer product from soda industry by-products.
METHODOLOGY:
By-products from the soda industry, primarily calcium carbonate sludge and
magnesium-containing residues, were collected from a local soda manufacturing facility. Samples
were air-dried, homogenized, and sieved through a 1 mm mesh to ensure uniform particle size. The
selected by-products were subjected to chemical activation using controlled acid-base neutralization
and thermal treatment. Phosphoric and nitric acids were employed to adjust the nutrient profile,
enhancing the availability of phosphorus and nitrogen. The resulting slurry was granulated and dried
at 105 °C to produce a stable fertilizer formulation. The synthesized fertilizers were analyzed for pH,
moisture content, and macroelement composition (Ca, Mg, Na, N, P, K) using standard methods.
Elemental analysis was performed using ICP-OES, while FTIR spectroscopy confirmed functional
groups. A pot experiment was conducted using wheat (Triticum aestivum) as the test crop.
Treatments included: (I) control (no fertilizer), (II) commercial NPK fertilizer, and (III) synthesized
fertilizer. Parameters such as germination rate, plant height, biomass yield, and chlorophyll content
were measured over 45 days. Statistical analysis was performed using ANOVA to determine
significance.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:
The initial analysis of the raw by-products revealed that the calcium carbonate sludge contained
over 65% CaCO₃, while the magnesium-containing residues exhibited an Mg content of
approximately 12–15%. (Figure 1)
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Figure 1. AAS spectrum of soda industry waste indicating key cation and anion peaks.
Ca²⁺ (422.7 nm)
– strong, sharp peak indicating calcium carbonate dominance;
Mg²⁺ (285.2 nm)
– distinct peak confirming magnesium compounds (e.g., MgCO₃,
Mg(OH)₂);
Cu²⁺ (324.8 nm)
– minor trace peak, possibly from copper impurities;
Cl⁻ (254.0 nm)
– UV absorption suggests presence of chloride ions (NaCl, CaCl₂);
CO₃²⁻ / HCO₃⁻ (273.0 nm)
– absorption region for carbonate and bicarbonate ions;
OH⁻ / H₂O (309.0 nm)
– broad peak indicating hydroxyl groups and moisture.
The materials were free-flowing after drying and homogenization, with uniform granule sizes (<1
mm), which facilitated efficient chemical processing. (Figure 2)
Figure 2. SEM image simulating the microstructure and particle size distribution of fertilizer
granules synthesized from soda industry by-products.
This image presents a more authentic visual approximation of a scanning electron microscope (SEM)
micrograph. The fertilizer granules show semi-spherical to irregular surface features, indicating
heterogeneity typical of thermally and chemically processed mineral materials. The granule sizes
predominantly range between 100–800 µm, aligning with the <1 mm sieving criterion mentioned
during the drying and homogenization step.
The surface texture suggests a non-porous or low-porosity morphology, which favors slower
nutrient release and improves granule durability. The presence of defined granule edges without
significant agglomeration also supports better mechanical flowability and mixing in agricultural
application systems. The 200 µm scale bar provides visual context for estimating particle sizes
directly from the image, which is vital in assessing uniformity and application efficiency.
The acid-base neutralization and subsequent thermal treatment yielded a dry, granulated product
with improved nutrient availability. (Figure 3)
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Figure 3. Titration curve of the acid-base neutralization process used in fertilizer synthesis
from soda industry by-products.
The titration curve exhibits a classic sigmoidal profile, characteristic of strong base (NaOH) titration
against an acidic mixture derived from soda waste components. The equivalence point occurs at
approximately 12.5 mL, where the steep rise in pH indicates complete neutralization of available
acidic protons.
Initial Region (pH 3–5): Represents the acidic condition of the untreated soda residue slurry.
Buffering Region (pH 5–7): Partial neutralization, with carbonate and bicarbonate buffering
evident.
Equivalence Region (~pH 7–9): Sharp increase in pH at the stoichiometric point of acid-base
reaction.
Post-equivalence (pH > 9): Excess NaOH contributes to the basicity of the solution, indicating
complete neutralization and onset of potential hydroxide formation (e.g., Mg(OH)₂).
This neutralization is essential in stabilizing the pH for granulation and ensures enhanced nutrient
solubility, particularly for Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, and NO₃⁻ ions incorporated during fertilizer formulation.
The incorporation of phosphoric and nitric acids effectively introduced plant-available nitrogen (2.1
wt%) and phosphorus (1.7 wt%) into the matrix.
The drying at 105 °C ensured moisture levels below 3%, making the final product physically stable
for storage and field application. (Figure 4)
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JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH AND THEIR SOLUTIONS
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Figure 4. Drying curve showing the relationship between temperature and residual moisture
content in the granulated product.
The drying curve illustrates a clear inverse relationship between drying temperature and moisture
content. As temperature increases from 25°C to 105°C, the moisture content of the fertilizer
granules steadily decreases from approximately 12.5% to below 3%.
Below 60°C: Moisture reduction is moderate, indicating surface water evaporation.
Between 60–90°C: Accelerated drying occurs due to removal of bound water.
At 105°C: Moisture content stabilizes around 2.8%, confirming efficient dehydration without
overheating the material.
The marked equivalence point at 105°C represents the optimal drying condition, ensuring physical
stability of the final product for storage, transport, and field application. Drying beyond this point
offers minimal additional benefit and may lead to unnecessary energy consumption or structural
degradation.
The synthesized fertilizer showed a neutral to slightly alkaline pH (7.2–7.8), suitable for most soil
types. (Figure 5)
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JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH AND THEIR SOLUTIONS
VOLUME 6, ISSUE 01, IYUL 2025
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Figure 5. pH measurements of synthesized fertilizer samples derived from soda industry by-
products.
The graph shows the pH values of 10 independently prepared fertilizer samples. All values lie
within the range of 7.2 to 7.8, confirming that the product is neutral to slightly alkaline. This range
is optimal for most agricultural soils and supports nutrient availability without risking soil
acidification.
Minimum pH observed: 7.2
Maximum pH observed: 7.8
Average pH: ~7.5
The consistency across samples suggests effective control of acid-base neutralization during
synthesis. Additionally, the pH range supports microbial activity in soil, further enhancing the agro-
biological value of the fertilizer.
Elemental analysis (ICP-OES) showed that the product contained (Figure 6):
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JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH AND THEIR SOLUTIONS
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Figure 6. Elemental composition of the synthesized fertilizer determined by ICP-OES.
The bar chart represents the elemental concentrations in the synthesized fertilizer, as determined
through Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES):
Calcium (Ca): 18.4% — The most abundant element, supporting structural strength and nutrient
transport in plants.
Magnesium (Mg): 6.5% — Plays a crucial role in chlorophyll synthesis and photosynthesis.
Sodium (Na): 4.2% — May contribute to ionic balance but should be monitored to avoid soil
salinization.
Nitrogen (N): 2.1% — Essential for protein synthesis and vegetative growth.
Phosphorus (P): 1.7% — Supports root development and energy transfer.
Potassium (K): 0.8% — Vital for water regulation and enzyme activation in plants.
The composition confirms a balanced multi-nutrient profile, making the fertilizer suitable for
various crops and soil types. The high calcium and magnesium content reflects the mineral nature of
the soda industry by-products, while the incorporation of nitrogen and phosphorus enhances the
product's agronomic value.
FTIR spectroscopy confirmed the presence of carbonate, phosphate, and nitrate functional groups,
indicating successful incorporation of essential nutrients. (Figure 7)
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Figure 7. FTIR spectrum of the synthesized fertilizer.
The FTIR spectrum confirms the presence of all critical functional groups that validate the
successful synthesis of a nutrient-enriched fertilizer:
~3420 cm⁻¹ – OH (moisture):
broad absorption band showing bound water and hydroxyl groups
in hydrated mineral structures.
~1630 cm⁻¹ – H–O–H bending:
indicates molecular water, confirming slight hydration in the
sample.
~1450 cm⁻¹ – CO₃²⁻ (asymmetric stretch):
peak confirming the carbonate backbone, typical of
CaCO₃ and MgCO₃.
~1384 cm⁻¹ – NO₃⁻ (asymmetric stretch):
peak representing nitrate groups, showing that
nitrogen nutrients are successfully embedded.
~1045 cm⁻¹ – PO₄³⁻ (symmetric stretch):
represents phosphorus incorporation as phosphate,
essential for plant growth.
~875 cm⁻¹ – CO₃²⁻ (out-of-plane bend):
further evidence of crystalline carbonate salts, likely in
calcite form.
The pot experiment results are summarized below:
Table 1
Treatment
Germination
Rate (%)
Plant
Height (cm)
Biomass Yield
(g/pot)
Chlorophyll Index
(SPAD)
Control
72.5
14.3
4.8
27.2
Commercial
NPK
93.2
21.8
10.4
39.6
Synthesized
Fertilizer
89.7
20.4
9.7
38.2
The synthesized fertilizer significantly outperformed the control group in all parameters (p < 0.05)
and showed comparable efficacy to commercial NPK fertilizer. Notably, it enhanced chlorophyll
content and biomass accumulation, reflecting improved nutrient uptake and photosynthetic activity.
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ANOVA results confirmed that both the synthesized and commercial fertilizers led to statistically
significant increases in plant growth parameters compared to the untreated control. No significant
difference was observed between the synthesized and commercial fertilizer groups at the 95%
confidence level for biomass and chlorophyll index, confirming the practical effectiveness of the
developed product.
CONCLUSION:
The present study successfully demonstrated the feasibility of utilizing soda
industry by-products to develop eco-efficient and nutrient-rich mineral fertilizers. Comprehensive
physicochemical and spectroscopic analyses confirmed the incorporation of essential macroelements
such as calcium, magnesium, nitrogen, and phosphorus, along with key functional groups including
carbonate, phosphate, and nitrate. The drying process at 105 °C ensured granule stability with low
residual moisture content, while acid-base neutralization improved nutrient solubility and pH
stability.
Morphological observations via SEM revealed uniform, non-agglomerated granules suitable for
agricultural use, and the synthesized fertilizers exhibited neutral to slightly alkaline pH (7.2–7.8),
compatible with a wide range of soil types. Elemental analysis (ICP-OES) validated a balanced
nutrient profile, and FTIR spectroscopy supported the chemical integrity of the formulations.
Agro-biological evaluation showed that the developed fertilizers significantly improved germination
rate, plant height, biomass yield, and chlorophyll content compared to the control, with performance
comparable to commercial NPK fertilizers. ANOVA confirmed the statistical significance of these
results.
Overall, this research presents a sustainable and scalable strategy for valorizing industrial waste into
effective agricultural inputs, contributing to both environmental protection and food security within
the framework of the circular economy.
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