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485
WORK ABILITY AND INFLUENCER FACTORS (IN THE EXAMPLE OF ATHLETES)
Azizkhanova Rukiya,
2
nd
year student of the Special Defectology,
University of Information Technologies and Management
Abstract:
Working capacity refers to the state of the organism, its level of health, vitality,
competence, fitness, resistance to external environmental factors, the level of endurance, the
ability of organisms to develop skills in adverse conditions, the state of the organism's response
to stress factors, and many other similar conditions. Athletes have higher physical performance
than other groups of the population. Of course, this does not mean that they have lower mental
performance, on the contrary, logically speaking, an individual with high physical performance
will also have higher mental performance. The performance of athletes is expressed by the
following concepts:
• readiness,
• state of readiness,
• training (Zatsiorsky B. M., 1980).
It is emphasized that the athlete's performance is understood as "a specific state accompanied by
morphological and functional changes in the div as a result of training" (Encyclopedic
Dictionary of Physical Culture and Sports. - M.: Fis, 1962, vol. I-III). To determine the
performance of athletes and the level of training, they are mainly examined by a doctor. In this
case, almost all indicators in the div are determined and a comprehensive conclusion is drawn
from them. This represents the functional activity of the div. It is also emphasized that
performance is understood as the work, function of a certain organ or system in the div,
directed towards some activity.
Key words:
Athlete, working capacity, organism, organ, stress, tension, quality indicators, norm,
vegetative indicators, morphological.
Introduction.
The performance of athletes is also expressed in terms of maximum activity at
high intensity. That is, it is measured by the sum of the quantitative and qualitative indicators of
the work performed. For example, wrestling and cycling, or swimming and equestrian sports,
tennis and football, track and field athletics and weightlifting, or other sports differ significantly
from each other. Accordingly, the level of impact that each sport has on the div is also
inherently strong or weak. This causes different indicators in the div in people involved in
different sports.
As we know, it is the indicators in the div that determine the div's working capacity. So, a
change in the indicators of one or another organ or system in the div is accompanied by a
change in their working capacity. More precisely, with a change in the indicators of organs or
systems, the athlete's working capacity also increases or decreases. Usually, if sports exercises
are performed correctly, in moderation, and on time, the athlete's working capacity should also
increase. However, as a result of certain influences, it is also possible to observe a decrease in
the working capacity of athletes.
Analysis and results.
As mentioned, each sport has its own unique effect on the div.
In sports that require more intense training, the physiological and morphological indicators of the
div change accordingly. For example, in wrestlers, the heart rate is expected to be 150-180
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beats per minute, while in volleyball players or swimmers this indicator is relatively lower. This
means that different types of sports cause different changes in their bodies.
In sports that require more static exercises (for example, jumping on the bar, performing
exercises on the horizontal bar or lifting weights), completely opposite processes are observed.
That is, the vegetative indicators in their div increase not during the exercise, but after it. This
also has a corresponding effect on the div. In sports that involve running, that is, performing
dynamic exercises, the work of the cardiovascular or respiratory system changes differently,
unlike heavy exercises. All of these are indicators that increase the performance of athletes in a
unique way. Physical exercises should always be performed when there is no heavy load on the
div, when the div is ready for physical exercises. Otherwise, sports exercises will have a
negative effect on the work of organs and systems, and instead of increasing their performance,
they will have a negative effect on them. At the same time, if there are symptoms of a disease in
the div or pathological changes are observed in any organ, the div's performance will
decrease.
The div's ability to work is also affected by the duration and frequency of physical exercises
performed on time and in a certain order. Physical exercises must be performed at the required
intervals, i.e. every other day or every day or once every three days, i.e. in a certain order.
Otherwise, the div will not be able to show sufficient activity and its ability to work will
decrease sharply. The strength of the div and its functional capabilities in athletes depend on
the correct execution of exercises.
In addition to the above, the performance of athletes also depends on other factors. The high
performance of athletes is determined not only by the level of training of the div, but also by
the physiological and biochemical properties of the div. Accordingly, a number of reserves are
distinguished in the div. The human div has morphological, biochemical and physiological
reserves. Morphological reserve refers to the tissues that make up the div and organs.
Biochemical reserve usually refers to the chemical substances in the div, their quantitative and
qualitative indicators in the div, for example, the activity of enzymes or the activity of
substance and energy metabolism. Physiological reserve refers to the functional capabilities of
organs and systems in the div.
The more reserves the div has, the better its adaptation to any conditions, its response to stress
factors, and other indicators. This means that the athlete's working capacity will also be at a high
level. For example, the resistance and flexibility of an organism that does not engage in physical
exercise to external influences and adverse factors is much lower than the ability of athletes to
adapt to similar conditions, or rather, the working capacity of athletes is higher than that of
others. The fact is that continuous physical exercise dramatically increases the physiological
reserves of the div. In this case, the working activity, activity, that is, working capacity of
almost all organs increases.
The most important factor affecting the div's ability to work is the level of training. The higher
the level of training of an organism, the higher its ability to work. As a result of training, the
functional capabilities of the organism increase, and the work of internal organs in the athlete's
div is intensified during training. As a result of regular training, the physiological reserves and
functional capabilities of the cardiovascular, respiratory, musculoskeletal and a number of other
systems increase.
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The more you exercise, the less energy and effort your div expends during subsequent
workouts. This is because the respiratory system adapts to the effects of exercise, muscles
thicken, and the systolic and minute volumes of the heart increase in volume rather than
frequency. That is, not the number of heart beats per minute, but the amount of blood ejected by
the heart with each beat increases (which also increases the minute volume). The number of
formed elements in the blood, in particular. erythrocytes, increases, which leads to a greater
supply of oxygen and carbon dioxide to tissues and cells. Blood pressure also changes from
normal, hypertrophy of the heart is observed (working hypertrophy). Energy processes in the
div also change. As a result, a number of biochemical changes occur, which improves the
energy supply of the muscles.
As is known from the literature, the working capacity of athletes, and indeed, of the population
groups engaged in physical activity or any physical labor in general, is closely related to active
rest. The more a person is able to actively rest after performing physical work, the more his
working capacity increases. On the contrary, physical activity performed without rest,
chaotically and haphazardly, without following certain biorhythms, does not increase, but rather
decreases the div's working capacity. Similarly, athletes must also organize their rest
appropriately. In particular, it is very important to organize rest during competitions and during
preparation for competitions, due to the large amount of physical exertion performed.
The most important tool for increasing the performance of athletes, the factor that affects one or
another level of performance, is undoubtedly nutrition. Nutrition is one of the most important
vital processes in the div, which has a significant impact on the state of the entire organism, the
biochemical and physiological properties of each of its organs and systems, the functional
capabilities of the organism, including the performance of the organism, namely athletes.
The performance of athletes in each sport is determined using appropriate methods based on the
sport. The Harvard stop test and the PWCi 70 test are used to determine the physical
performance of athletes under the influence of various exercises.
In the Harvard stop test, the subject is tested on a 51 cm (20 in) stair for men and 43 cm (17 in)
stair for women, taking 120 steps per minute until fatigue sets in. The duration of the work
should not exceed 5 minutes. The duration of this work and the recovery period are the heart rate
in the first half of 2 minutes. The work capacity index is measured by the following formula:
Duration of work
=(s) × 100 IQI÷5 ×
pulse count
Here,
IQI
is the performance index. If the
IQI
is
• less than 55, the performance ability is very low,
• if it is between 56 and 64, then the performance ability is low,
• if it is 65-79, then the average,
• if it is 80-90, then the performance ability is high, and
• if it is more than 90, then the performance ability is very high.
The second method, as mentioned above, is the PWC170 (physical Working Capacity) test. In
this test, the ability to perform physical work is measured by a person's physical ability to
perform work, that is, the power to do work, based on a bicycle ergometer or climbing stairs with
a precisely measured load. The following formula is used:
M = B × h × n × 1,5
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Here,
M
is the working capacity,
B
is the mass of the subject,
h
is the height of the stairs,
n
is the
number of steps per minute. This test determines the working capacity when the heart beats 170
times. The higher the working capacity, that is, the higher the PWC170 indicator, the higher the
ability to perform physical work.
Conclusion.
In general, nutrition is a key factor in increasing the performance of athletes and
their (as well as other population groups). Therefore, organizing a rational diet for athletes and
their athletes is one of the current issues.
List of used literature:
1. Sh. Gurbanov, S. Amirkulov, A. Gurbanov "Nutrition of athletes", Karshi, 1999.
2. Shaniyoz Kurbanov "Eating culture", Tashkent, 2005.
3. Ellen Coleman. Pitanie dlya vynoslivosti. Murmansk: Izdatelstvo Tuloma, 2005.
4. Maggie Greenwood-Robinson. Sportivnoe pitanie pobediteley. 4th quest.
5. O.O. Borisova. Training of sportsmen: practical experience and practical recommendations.
Ucheb.-metod.posobie/M.:Sovetsky sport, 2007.
