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PUBLICATION OF TEXTBOOKS AND TEACHING MANUALS BY THE JADIDS
Shodiyeva Gulruh Khairullayevna
Bukhara State Pedagogical Institute
Independent Researcher
Abstract:
This article presents information on the collection, publication and important areas of
publishing activities of educational and methodological books, didactic and pedagogical manuals
by Jadid educators.
Keywords:
Jadids, books, didactics, pedagogy, manual, textbook.
The Jadids' reform of public education required them to publish textbooks and teaching manuals
for schools using the new method. The successful operation of Jadid educational institutions
largely depended on the large-scale educational and publishing work of the new methodists.
Therefore, this area of Jadid activity acquired vital importance.
One of the supporters of Jadidism, Tashkent teacher Saidrasul Aziziy (1886-1933) compiled
the first work in the old Uzbek language on the sound method of teaching, “Ustodi avval” (“First
Teacher”). This very popular manual appeared in 1900, and then in a short time went through 17
editions in various publications. Thus, in 1909 this textbook was published in 2000 copies. S.
Aziziy is the author of the first textbook, having graduated from an old-style school and
madrasah, and taught in a Russian-language school. Academician V.V. Bartold calls Saidrasul
Aziziy one of the local teachers who introduced some kind of reform in teaching. He writes:
“Local teachers themselves carried out some reforms in teaching. Seyid-Rasul Seyid-Azizov
(Saidrasul Aziziy) created a primer for teaching literacy using the sound method (Ustod-i avval,
“First Teacher”). In 1905, the newspaper “Russian Turkestan” noted the merits of S. Aziziy’s
textbook, finding it original and useful.
The continuation of S. Aziziy’s textbook “Ta’lim-us-soni” (“Second Lesson”) was written
by the Kazakh Jadid Aliaskar Bayramali Kalin (Kalinin). For didactic purposes, the author and
compiler used examples of Russian classical literature - the stories of Leo Tolstoy and the fables
of Krylov. The first edition of A. Bayramali's anthology was published in 1903 in two thousand
copies.
Mahmudkhodja Behbudiy is one of the first authors of textbooks and study guides for
teachers and students of new method schools in Central Asia. He actively participated in
publishing, was the author of such educational and methodological books as "Alifboi maktabi
islomiya" ("Alphabet of the Islamic School", 1906), "Asbobi savod" ("The subject of
knowledge", 1906). "Kitobat-ul-atfol" ("Book for children", 1908), "Amaliyoti islomiya"
("Islamic behavior", 1908), "Mukhtasari tarikhi islom". (“A Brief History of Islam”, 1909), as
well as “Map of Turkestan, Bukhara and Khiva” (1913) and other textbooks. These textbooks by
M. Behbudi were regularly published on the pages of the “Samarkand” newspaper and the “Oyna”
magazine.
Mahmudkhodja Behbudi’s textbook “Kitobat-ul-atfol”, which was reprinted several times
in Tajik and Uzbek languages, provided basic but necessary moral education. It contained
materials on spelling and counting. In addition, it contained not only examples of writing
numbers and letters, but also materials necessary for adults in life. Its content and essence were
determined by the demands of life and, above all, the intensification of work, the desire of the
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Jadids to more actively involve representatives of local nationalities in the management system.
At the same time, the book taught children to conduct entrepreneurship and personal
correspondence. The author here follows the rule - “The golden mean is good in everything”,
that is, in letters where a person tries to describe events and phenomena, he calls on people to be
restrained, balanced and impartial.
Mahmudkhoj Behbudiy is the publisher of “Map of Turkestan, Bukhara and Khiva” (1913),
which describes the geography of these countries, their population, the internal railways of
Central Asia, the movement of ships and the cities of the 20th century there is detailed
information about the sights. The history, plan and general appearance of the Turkestan region,
in particular Samarkand, in particular the Ulugbek Observatory, are described.
Judging by the advertisements that were placed in several issues of the “Samarkand”
newspaper, M. Behbudiy’s textbooks were very cheap. Despite this, M. Behbudiy informed
students that his textbooks and study guides were sold to schools at a 25% discount from the
price indicated in the newspaper. The advertisements themselves were very bright and were
printed in a prominent place on the first page of the newspaper and were reprinted for three
months - from July to September 1913. Advertisements about the sale of M. Behbudiy’s
textbooks at low prices were also published in the “Oyna” magazine in 1913-1914.
One of the first textbooks and study guides for new-style schools in Central Asia was the
book by the Tashkent Jadid Munavvarqori Abdurashidkhanov. In 1907, he wrote the textbooks
"Adibi avval" ("First Instructor") and "Adibi Soniy" ("Second Instructor") on literacy and
language teaching for his new-style schools. Munavvarqori Abdurashidkhanov also wrote
textbooks on religious subjects. In particular, he was the author of the manual "Tajvid"
("Correctness and Purity of Singing Spiritual Songs"), designed to facilitate learning to read the
Quran correctly, structured in a question-and-answer format. Munavvarqori also prepared books
such as "Hovoidji Diniya" for students of Jadid schools in 1912. It includes “Tarihi anbiyo”
(“History of the Prophets”), “Tarihi Islamiya” (“History of Islam”), and others, and children can
learn about their origins in a very easy and understandable way.
The new domla from Samarkand Abdukadir Shakuriy wrote textbooks for his school, using
his own funds to publish them. An example of this is the textbook “Rahnamoi savod” (“The
Direction of Literacy”), which he co-authored with Khoja Muin Shukrullo. A. Shakuri also wrote
the work “Jome-ul-khikoyot” (“Collection of Stories”), an anthology of short but instructive
stories from the classics of world literature - from Firdawsi to Krylov’s fables and included
stories by Leo Tolstoy.
The author of several textbooks was Ismatullo Rahmatullozoda, a student of another new
style teacher, Abdukadir Shakuriy. His first manual was called “Rahbari maktab yo khud alifboi
toza ba tarzi usuli savtiya” (“School teacher or a new alphabet using the sound method”),
compiled in 1913 using the sound letter-syllable method and reprinted three times until 1917.
The preface to this textbook states that “any illiterate person, if he uses this book with interest
and desire, will learn to read and write in a short time.”
On the first pages of I. Rahmatullozoda’s work “Rahbari maktab,” the Tajik (Persian)
alphabet is placed with examples of simple and uncomplicated words and phrases. In the
following pages, the author gives students various rules for constructing sentences and several
short stories of an educational and educational nature that are accessible to children. At the end
of the work, ten poems are given, nine of which are by A. Shakuriy and one by Mullo Nodir.
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Rahim Hashim, a graduate of the Jadid school, writes in his memoirs that Ismatullo
Rahmatullozoda's "Rahbari Maktab" is the easiest, most convenient and best work printed in old
Tajik graphics. The author of these lines studied at the Shakuriy school using this work.
The new method teacher Majid Qodiriy wrote the textbook "Hisob" ("Calculation") in
order to teach basic arithmetic in Jadid schools. The first part of his small book, intended for
younger grades, consisted of 35 pages and was published in the form of a student's notebook and
printed in Tatar block font. It was published in Tashkent in 1913 and went through only one
edition. For the larger sections, M. Qodiriy wrote the second part of "Hisob". The second part of
the small book of "Hisob" consisting of 120 pages was published in 1914.
In 1912, Shokirjon Abdurahimjonov a teacher at the New Method School in Tashkent,
compiled a small book called “Tarixi muqaddas” (“Sacred History”), consisting of 52 pages. The
widespread distribution of Sh. Abdurahimjonov’s textbook is explained by the fact that until then
there had been no book in schools that briefly described sacred history. The textbook “Tarihi
muqaddas” consisted of two parts. The first book covered the history of the creation of the world,
the lives of Adam and Eve, and the prophets; the second was devoted to describing the life and
teachings of the Muslim prophet Muhammad and his homeland of Arabia. In general, the book
was written in an easy, without heavy Arabic terms, and was very accessible to children. For a
better understanding of the content of the textbook, the compiler included short sentences at the
end of each story.
In 1909-1917, Abdullo Avloni wrote textbooks in Uzbek, including the 6-part "Birinchi
muallim" ("First teacher"), "Ikkinchi muallim" ("Second teacher"), "Adabiyot yo khud milliy
sherlar" ("Literature or national poems") in 4 parts, and "Gulistoni maktab" ("School flower
garden"). The book "Birinchi muallim" was intended for primary grades of new-style jadid
schools. It was such a necessary and effective textbook that it was reprinted 5 times until 1917.
The book "Ikkinchi muallim", which was reprinted 3 times, was aimed at developing students'
oral speech, correct intonation and figurative reading.
The compilation and distribution of textbooks and teaching aids in the Bukhara Emirate
was an extremely labor-intensive, even unbearable task.
Despite the prohibitions and
persecutions of local authorities, the Bukhara Jadidists managed to publish textbooks and study
guides in their native language.
One of the first Bukhara Jadidists, Mirzo Abdulvohid Munzim, published a 21-page
masterpiece for new schools in 1908 called “Rahbari Khat” (“Writing Guide”). The advantage of
Munzim’s work is that the author offers two different writing methods:
1. At the beginning, the student should write several lines of each letter along the red line. If the
student has writing skills, he will have to write in another notebook, not in “Rahbari Khat”.
2. The teacher should hold the child's fingers, move the pen along the red line, and teach
the child to write slowly. Children want to write quickly, but this will damage their handwriting.
Therefore, writing quickly at this stage is not recommended.
The printed copies of this book do not indicate the year and name of the publisher. On the last
page of "Rahbari hut" there is Munzim's ode "School". This ode consists of 22 verses, which is 9
verses less than the magazine edition of the ode published in the magazine "Oyna" in 1914. In
general, this ode was created by the author in 1908, when the first Tajik school of the "usuli
jadid" type was formed in Bukhara.
It is worth noting that these books describe such beautiful qualities as educating young
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people, striving for knowledge, being polite, humane, honest, intelligent, respecting and listening
to parents, being neat in everyday life, moral standards, loving nature and life on earth, and
helping people. All textbooks and books written and published by the Jadids of Turkestan
replaced the texts of medieval authors, which were very difficult for children to understand. Thus,
the collection and publication of educational and methodological books, didactic and
pedagogical manuals by the Jadids became an important direction of their publishing activities,
which initially served to form secular and other European elements in educational publishing in
Turkestan. In this process, prominent representatives of Turkestan Jadidism, such as Saidrasul
Azizi, Saidahmad Vasli, Mahmudkhoj Behbudi, Abdukadir Shakuri, Sadriddin Ayni,
Abdulvohid Munzim, Siddiqi Adji, Khoja Muin Shukrullo, Munavvarqori Abdurashidkhanov,
Muhammad Rasuli, Hamza Hakimzoda Niyozi, Abdullo Avloni, made a significant contribution.
LIST OF REFERENCES
1. Makhmadaminov A. Shinokte andar risolahoi rizhimand va dastrkhoi sudmand // Sayyid
Ahmadi Vaslii Samarkandi. Culture and lore. Islamic law and cultural development, - Dushanbe:
Shujoiyon, 2011.- P. 15.
2. Central state administration of the Republic of Uzbekistan.- F. 47.- Op. 1.-D. 1065.-Ll. 346-
346 vol.
3. Mullo Abdulkadir Shakuriy. Zubdat-ul-ashor or Khud adabiyati milli persi va Turkiy, -
Samarkand, 1329 (1911).
4. Mullo Ismatullo (Rahmatullozoda). The head of the school or the pure alphabet is a method of
writing. - Tashkent: Asia, 1913.
5. Khoshim R. Sukhan az ustowon va duston. - Dushanbe: Irfon, 1983. - P. 77.
6. Majid Qodiriy. Hissob. Zhuzi 2. - Tashkent, 1914.
7. Tabarov S. Munzim. - Dushanbe: Irfon, 1991, - P. 29.
8. Munzimi Bukharai. Maktab oyna. - 1914. - No. 23. - P.358-359.
