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FROM THE HISTORY OF THE PROTECTION OF MATERIAL AND CULTURAL
MONUMENTS IN UZBEKISTAN DURING THE YEARS OF SOVIET RULE
Yaminkhon Askarxodjayev
Tashkent State Technical University
Almalyk Branch "Social – humanities and languages"
teacher of the department
Annotation:
This article analyzes the policy implemented in Uzbekistan in the early years of
Soviet power on the preservation and protection of material and cultural monuments. The author
emphasizes that despite the coming to power of the Bolsheviks in Turkestan and the adoption of
documents such as the "Declaration of the Rights of the Peoples of Russia", the national and
spiritual values of the local population were practically destroyed. The article discusses the
organizations created under the People's Commissariat of Education to protect museums and
monuments, as well as decrees aimed at transferring material assets to the state treasury,
including the decree "On Land" and its impact on endowment properties.
The Soviet government's decree "On the Separation of Church from State and School from
Church", aimed at restricting religion, and its impact on cultural institutions is also analyzed. The
article discusses in detail the establishment of the Turkestan People's Museum, its activities, as
well as documents and measures adopted on the registration, accounting and protection of
cultural monuments. The author particularly noted the role of archaeological excavations in
Turkestan, the establishment of new scientific institutions, in particular, the Turkestan Oriental
Institute and the Art Research Institute.
Keywords:
culture, monument, museum, establishment.
INTRODUCTION
Soviet power first in their pain Turkestan material-cultural monuments to keep and protection to
do about many documents work released
But in October Bolsheviks by In Russia to do
increased state coup this to the process own the effect held on October 25-26 this year. of the
Bolsheviks In Petrograd All-Russia The Second Congress of Soviets passed. In it, V. I. Lenin
The head of the Soviet government is the People Commissioners Soviet [1] was created. Thus
together on October 27, 1917 In Tashkent started rebellion as a result present November 1, 2019
Arrived, Temporary the government Turkestan committee in full overturned. Highlight
appropriate, the People's Assembly of the RSFSR of November 2 of this year Commissioners
Soviet reception " Peoples of Russia". rights Declaration "[2] of the peoples of Russia, including
Turkestan country local of the population freedom, will and rights officially confession was done.
However in practice and Bolsheviks government great statesmanship policy take It's gone.
On November 15-22 of this year was Turkestan country worker, soldier and farmer deputies The
Third Congress of Soviets was Bolshevist government ( led by Kolesov ) - Turkestan country
People Commissioners Soviet chose [3]. His including 7 Bolshevik and 8 leftist representatives
was entered. This the whole country is included 95 percent of the population organization doer
earthly nationality from the population none both representative not entered. on November 22
People Commissioners Soviet "Russia and Of the East all Muslim "to the workers" named
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application reception did So it is said was: " Your religion and your customs, your national
and cultural your institutions from this since free and inviolable because announcement will be
done. national your life freedom with and Please correct me.
to do you are right Know that
your your right both In Russia all of the peoples right like protection will be done. Unfortunately,
in practice and Bolsheviks authority on top arrived initial from days first country local
population national and spiritual values to trample, no to do sincere movement did.
LITERATURE REVIEW
Soviet era initial during the times material to things and art to his works leadership to do
Education people commissariat in the presence of organization done museums, past monuments
and art protection to do works according to All-Union board on behalf of given. A little
opportunity after that, from May 1, 1918 starting All of this collegium museums activity
unifying Education people to the museum department of the commissariat converted. Turkestan
ASSR Education people commissariat in the presence of both exactly present the task to perform
circle was department and divisions organization was done. Material wealth state to the treasury
transfer about the Soviet government by special decrees released. In particular, the Soviets At the
Second All-Russian Congress reception "On Land" made to the decree mainly from October 26,
1917 starting all land, including monastery, church, endowment, cultural
to institutions
relevant lands nationwide property because announcement was done [4]. The decree itself in turn,
TASSR is local of the population spiritual and cultural to life both impact spent That's how it
is in the country before charity funds based on collected foundation properties and persons at
your disposal material things was also nationalized.
Nationalization is private property state to the property conversion, nationalization That
means.
Soviet government own dominance during in the country national culture and material wealth no
to do and religion to limit circle struggle take went to religion due initial restrictions and the
Soviet state with of the church mutual relationship Principles of People's Commissars of the
RSFSR " The Church" of January 23, 1918 from the state and the school from the church
separation about in the decree by designating given. This document from 13 articles consists of
is, then religion from the state separation highlighted was [5]. Decree announcement from being
done then centuries during charity at the expense of preserved arrived many material items,
unique art works and cultural to institutions relevant treasures state at your discretion was held.
DISCUSSION
Uz instead of of the decree announcement to be done local population religious feelings to beat
wide road open For example, Tashkent Soviet execution committee Turkestan training to the
chief inspector of their country of the country all training in " religious" institutions and belief
objects to teach stop on "[6] order to give offer He did it. mainly all schools from the church
separated. Even private training in their countries both religious teachings teaching and in them
education to take forbidding was put Teaching religion in schools for all loans closed was placed
and religious from the doctrine lesson giving teachers every what from the supply deprived
done
To all religions belonging training their country buildings people property as local
Soviets or Education people of the commissariat at your discretion passed [7]. Thus together,
national-cultural and educational organizations their property state at your discretion transfer
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works sharp in a way peak took In particular, Turkestan People Commissioners of the Soviet
Union (USSR) on April 19, 1918 at his command mainly of Prince Nikolay Konstantinovich
Romanov In Tashkent residence complexes state to the property converted, his at home
Turkestan people university to the museum basis was introduced [8]. Museum organization done
from the era first this on the ground descriptive art and literature samples, art and monumental
porcelain works
made things exists was. From July 1, 1918 starting before People of the
library one part as activity directly held by the museum Turkestan people of the university
initiative with independent institution as work started Museum works in development N.A.
Zarudniy, A.A. Divaev, K.F. Fedorovlar active The museum's activists participated in the event
in August of this year. exhibits systematized and from September Turkestan people museum
work started. New organization done to the museum for the first time, ornithologist N.A.
Zarudny manager meat was appointed. TASSR Education people commissariat at your disposal
given This museum is the first in times people University since 1920 and state university in the
composition It happened.
Separately emphasis it is permissible, above announcement done to decrees according to,
cultural of monuments both one part state for protection taken, but majority in cases they are
people in hand in name only holding just got up. A little time later, the Soviet government by
cultural monuments care and protection to do according to to the peoples appeals, special decrees
again announcement This was done. in documents cultural treasures exactly to the peoples
relevant that In particular, on October 5, 1918, the People's Commissioners Council «Some
individuals, society and institutions at your disposal art and ancient monuments list to create,
them to account to take and protection issued a decree on "[9]". This to the decree suitable all
cultural-historical monuments to whom relevant from being strict attention state for protection
taken.
It was in this year that the RSFSR "Museum Works, Ancient". monuments, art and nature
protection General Committee to make» organize done
of the committee main task cultural
and historical monuments protection to do, art his works from storage consists of was . Such
efforts Turkestan in the country both to oneself characteristic in a way take went Just this year
historical and cultural inheritance research verb for the purpose of In Tashkent Turkestan East
institute was opened on November 8, 1918. people commissariat and this About the Regulation
came out and confirmed [10]. In the institute mainly historians, archaeologists, ethnographers
and philologists activity showed. in Turkestan historical and cultural to the monuments
leadership doer the organization composition about issue first in 1919 RSFSR Education people
of the commissariat "Museum works and ancient monuments "storage" section at the meeting
seeing was released and then In Turkestan local department organization to do agreed. of 1919 at
the beginning Samarkand province Education people commissariat in the presence of regionalists
and of artists directly initiative with special An archaeological commission was formed and this
on the ground monuments storage, protection to do events started.
Ancient-cultural monuments search and them finding in his work of archaeologists place is big.
Among them, archaeologist M.E. Masson, artist M.V. Stolyarov and V.L. Vyatkin with the
participation of organization done In Afrosiab excavation works fruit giving, unique monuments
to be found reason It happened. This Field work on the ground on August 29, 1919 finished, one
how many in the box located sculptor trees example Samarkand to the museum take 12th
century monument Tamgochkhan Ibrahim to the palace relevant was monuments to a great stir
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reason it happened From the data known according to the Soviet authorities initial in the years
monuments to keep and protection to do circle one row events to do increased.
Cultural monuments to keep at work important place caught Turkestan people museum
regulation and program on August 29, 1919 confirmed. Museum of the country central scientific-
educational institution as work since, it is local the population historical their knowledge in
formation important to the place owner This is
of the institution from expositions history ,
ethnography and to culture circle materials place took From museum expositions except this
on the ground mobile exhibitions and museum aquariums , botanical and animals gardens exists
was For the museum necessary was samples collection , certain topic on the subject scientific
expeditions organizing , various in content excursions organization to do main to work
became
Little by little present events Medium Asia countries along to do increased ,
archaeological excavations during found material things to the museum submitted . Historical
and scientific works generalization work present institutions to the front task as This is
on
earth works museum department under the leadership of department from the leaders In 1919, he
managed the collegium 8 people in the museum researcher and 11 people
servants activity
conducted [11].
Turkestan people museum regional studies to the character owner is, then history department
(geography and numismatics department included), ethnography, anthropology and botany
department, as well as geology, industry and artistic departments both exists [12]. Every one to
the department relevant tasks loaded, they are permanent in a way to do over the bride came. In
particular, the main department calculated history department on behalf of Turkestan, moreover
Medium Asia to the history due written the information and ancient of monuments images
collection task was placed in the museum. together with religion and culture areas in learning
precious sources, that is numismatist items (coins). to collect both separately attention was
addressed.
Museum staff in 1919 in places all institutions control to do and two from a copy consists of
exhibits Turkestan people to the museum take arrival in the purposes Samarkand to the region
visit ordered. This from the ground and historical copper coins taken , given to the museum
present In February of this year former Governor General of Turkestan headquarters to the
museum given and from it new expositions , collections place took
It includes zoology,
ethnography, archeology and numismatics departments activity on the road was put in 1920
Turkestan people museum in the fund the number of exhibits is quite large In particular , this
year the "museum fund " There were about 10,000 exhibits , including 895 in ethnography , 798
in zoology, 2464 in numismatics, 3550 in archeology , 66 in botany, military-historical in section
- 958, art there are 31 exhibits in the department , and 250 exhibits in the geological department
was ”[13].
On November 11, 1919, TASSR Central Performance Committee Soviet ancient monuments and
art his works to keep and to study in order to «Ancient monuments and art protection verb on
"[14] issued a special decree. To him according to all documented and material items, historical
and art monuments who has from being strict attention urgency with them state from the list
transfer and to make, to account to take organization to do necessary that by designating was put
Also, "Museum works, art and ancient monuments protection to do collegium "[15] without
permission exists monuments one from the place other to the place to move them repair and
correction works banned.
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July 31, 1920 above According to the decree (October 5, 1918) by TASSR KKS « Turkestan in
the Republic separate persons and societies at your disposal was art works and ancient
monuments from the list transfer , account to take and protection on "[16] gi special decision
reception done
To the decision according to museums formalization and to account to take
order special instruction manual based on current to be done it happened Also re list from the
past later organization on account left behind complex as it is and separately art monuments state
under control was conducted . Some to individuals relevant was cultural monuments to the list to
take big attention focused on them special protection labels given [17].
In Turkestan unique architectural structures - madrasa and to mosques relevant foundation their
property state at your discretion transfer events little by little For example, the X Congress of
Soviets of the Turkestan ASSR (1921) discussed land policy about from the decision madrasa
and to mosques relevant foundation issue both place took The endowment in it property two
shape by designating given Including the mosque and to the graves dependent religious to the
point owner foundation properties; madrasah, school and other cultural to institutions relevant
cultural and educational significant from foundations consists of [18]. This as past at the
congress religious in goals foundation their lands nationwide to the fund to refuse to receive
decision was done.
On April 20, 1921 TASSR Education people commissariat only state museums network
composition and to the construction of the museum leadership to do further centralization for
"Museum works, art and nature monuments protection The General Committee approved the
Regulation on "Glavmuzey" [19]. In charge of this museum character and importance what from
being strict Look at the territory of the RSFSR all museums activity coordination and redirection
duties was given. next present to the museum in the country all museums activity inspection and
directions to give authority both uploaded.
In 1925 Medium Asia national-territorial state of limitation to be held and Uzbekistan of the
USSR organization finding relationship with the "Turkcomstaris "organization from January 16
of this year From the museum works, ancient monuments, art and nature monuments protection
to do according to Medium Asia committee - as "Sredazkomstaris". changed. of the committee
main task reaching, constructive- strengthening works take going important was historical and
cultural monuments protection from doing consists of it happened Also, the construction of the
museum and every one the internal structure of the museum, their specialty identify museums
again organization to do to their work both committee leadership did.
RESULTS
In 1928 In Tashkent Art history scientific research institute organization it is common people art
in line architecture history issues with both engaged. Including, Ayritom in memory of sculpture
samples find, Khorezm and In Bukhara archaeological news Uzbek architecture in history
separately to your attention owner It was. 1930-1940s during L. Voronin, B. Zasipkin, L.
Rempel, B. Baklanov, V. Voronina, G. Gaganov and another ethnographer, archaeologist and art
critic scientists by Medium Asia architecture and monuments history according to special
research take In 1938-1939 Fergana in the valley architecture monuments of the architect V.L.
Voronina and ethnographer A.K.Pisarchik by studied [20]. Thus together, this issue
archaeologists I.Ahrorov, N.G.Gorbunova, Yu. A. Zadneprovsky scientific from research
separately place took It was during this period protection on the list was of the valley various
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in the districts located 16th-19th century Fergana architecture to the art circle from a hundred
more monuments record done.
Architecture monuments wide in scope The study began in the 1950s. In particular, Tuprokkalya,
Varakhsha, Afrosiyab, Kuva, Kholchayon, Dalvarzintepa like archaeological of monuments
study as a result ancient architecture and sculpture of art unique examples in science known It
happened.
Conclusion as to say maybe Uzbekistan In the USSR material-cultural monuments to keep and
them for protection to take works Education people commissariat by to do increased Cultural
monuments state at your discretion transfer about of different contents of decrees announcement
to be done as a result before private owners in hand was material things state at your discretion
was held. This and own in turn, the Soviet government Uzbek national culture to limit circle to
do increased policy basically to do increased.
Conclusion
The article by Yuldasheva D.U. presents an important analysis of the history of the protection of
material and cultural monuments in Uzbekistan in the early years of Soviet power. According to
the author, during this period, the preservation of cultural monuments and their state protection
were mainly carried out by the People's Commissariat of Education. Various decrees, in
particular, the decree "On Land", led to the nationalization of endowment property, which in turn
had a serious impact on the religious and national values of the local population.
Although officially cultural heritage was declared the property of the people, in practice their
transfer to the state was carried out within the framework of the Soviet government's policy of
restricting national culture. While the establishment of museums and special committees,
archaeological excavations, and scientific research are positive aspects, the article reveals the
contradictory aspects of Soviet-era policy: on the one hand, the desire to preserve cultural
heritage, and on the other, the desire to control and restrict national, cultural, and religious values.
Overall, the article paints a complex and multifaceted picture of the processes of preserving
cultural heritage during the Soviet era.
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