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PRICE LEVELS IN THE GREEN ECONOMY AND THEIR APPLICATION
Bobojonova Madina Jumaniyoz kizi
Asia International University
ABSTRACT:
The transition to a green economy necessitates a comprehensive understanding of
price levels and their applications to effectively balance economic growth with environmental
sustainability. This article explores the mechanisms of carbon pricing, including carbon taxes
and emissions trading systems, and their roles in internalising environmental externalities. The
article goes on to examine the economic implications of these pricing strategies, including
potential inflationary effects and the need for substantial investments estimated at an additional
$3.5 trillion annually to achieve net-zero emissions by 2050. The discussion also highlights the
importance of aligning prices, subsidies, and incentives with true societal costs to promote
sustainable development. By analysing these factors, the article provides insights into how price
levels can be strategically applied to facilitate the green transition.
Keywords:
Green economy, carbon pricing, carbon tax, emissions trading system,
environmental externalities, sustainable development, net-zero emissions, investment, price
incentives.
The green economy is predicated on the dual objectives of fostering economic growth while
ensuring environmental sustainability and social inclusivity. A pivotal aspect of this objective is
the implementation of pricing mechanisms that accurately reflect the true costs of environmental
impacts. Such mechanisms are designed to incentivize businesses and consumers to adopt
greener practices. This article will explore the various aspects of price levels within the green
economy and their practical applications.
Carbon Pricing Mechanisms
A foundational approach to integrating environmental costs into
economic activities is through the implementation of carbon pricing. This strategy assigns a
monetary value to greenhouse gas emissions, thereby encouraging emitters to reduce their carbon
footprint. The two primary mechanisms for implementing carbon pricing are carbon taxes and
emissions trading systems (ETS).
Carbon pricing is a market-based strategy that aims to internalise the external costs of
greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, thereby incentivising emitters to reduce their carbon footprint.
The two primary mechanisms for carbon pricing are carbon taxes and emissions trading systems
(ETS), each with distinct structures and implications.
Carbon Taxes
A carbon tax is a direct imposition of a fee on the carbon content of fossil fuels
or on GHG emissions themselves. This approach ensures price certainty, enabling businesses to
factor these costs into their financial planning. Nevertheless, the precise reduction in emissions
resulting from a carbon tax can be uncertain, as it is contingent on the responses of producers
and consumers to the increased costs.
Emissions Trading Systems (ETS)
.An ETS, also referred to as a cap-and-trade system,
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establishes an upper limit (cap) on the aggregate volume of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions,
and allocates or auctions off emission allowances to corporate entities. Firms that curtail their
emissions below their assigned allowances can sell the surplus permits to others, thereby creating
a financial incentive for emission reductions. This system is designed to ensure a specific
environmental outcome by controlling the total level of emissions, but it can also lead to price
volatility, which may create uncertainty for businesses planning their investments.
Global implementation and challenges.
In recent years, the proportion of global greenhouse
gas (GHG) emissions subject to carbon pricing mechanisms has increased from 5% in 2010 to
approximately 22%, representing a substantial rise. The European Union's Emissions Trading
System (EU ETS), for instance, has been instrumental in reducing emissions within the EU.
However, the implementation of carbon pricing varies worldwide, with some major emitters yet
to adopt such measures. The challenges associated with the implementation of carbon pricing
mechanisms include the establishment of appropriate price levels, the consideration of potential
economic impacts, and the assurance of global cooperation to prevent issues such as carbon
leakage, where businesses relocate to regions with less stringent emission constraints.
One of the most significant hurdles is the political resistance stemming from concerns over
national sovereignty and economic competitiveness. Countries with heavy reliance on fossil
fuels may perceive carbon pricing as a threat to their economic interests, leading to reluctance in
adoption. Furthermore, apprehensions regarding diminished industrial competitiveness may
impede nations from implementing carbon pricing unilaterally, as industries may seek to relocate
to regions characterised by less stringent regulations – a phenomenon termed 'carbon leakage.
The equitable distribution of costs and benefits associated with carbon pricing is a critical
concern. Developing nations often argue that stringent carbon pricing could impede their
economic growth and that developed countries, having historically contributed more to
greenhouse gas emissions, should bear a greater burden. This discrepancy necessitates the
establishment of mechanisms to ensure that carbon pricing policies are equitable and take into
account the varying capabilities of nations. The issue of fragmentation and the lack of global
coordination is of particular concern. The absence of a unified global carbon pricing framework
leads to a patchwork of systems with varying prices and regulations. This fragmentation can
result in inefficiencies and market distortions, which in turn complicates efforts to reduce
emissions effectively. The establishment of a harmonised approach is imperative to establish a
level playing field and prevent issues such as carbon leakage.
The issue of carbon leakage and its impact on competitiveness is a matter of significant concern.
Businesses may opt to relocate their operations to countries with less stringent emission
constraints in order to avoid the costs associated with carbon pricing. This phenomenon not only
undermines the environmental objectives of such policies but also raises concerns about global
economic competitiveness. Addressing this issue necessitates the implementation of carefully
designed policies, such as border carbon adjustments, to ensure a level playing field.
The establishment and management of carbon pricing mechanisms necessitate significant
administrative efforts. These include the establishment of appropriate price levels, the accurate
monitoring of emissions, and the enforcement of compliance. The development of the necessary
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infrastructure and governance frameworks can present significant challenges for countries with
limited institutional capacities. It is imperative to note that gaining public support for carbon
pricing is of crucial importance, albeit challenging. Concerns regarding the potential increase in
living costs, particularly in energy prices, have the potential to give rise to public opposition.
Ensuring transparent communication about the benefits of carbon pricing and implementing
measures to mitigate adverse social impacts, such as using revenues to support vulnerable
populations, are vital for public acceptance.
The Economic Implications of Carbon Pricing Mechanisms
.
The implementation of carbon pricing mechanisms has been demonstrated to have significant
economic implications. A study by McKinsey & Company estimates that achieving net-zero
emissions by 2050 will require an additional $3.5 trillion in annual investments, highlighting the
substantial financial commitment needed for the green transition (McKinsey & Company, 2023).
Furthermore, the implementation of carbon pricing has the potential to influence inflation rates.
Policies that increase the cost of carbon-intensive goods and services may lead to higher overall
price levels, at least in the short term. However, these effects can be mitigated through the
judicious design of policy, such as the utilisation of carbon tax revenues to offset other taxes or
to fund rebates for low-income households.
While carbon pricing is a pivotal tool in mitigating climate change, its global implementation is
fraught with challenges that require careful consideration and collaborative effort. Addressing
political resistance, ensuring fairness, enhancing global coordination, preventing carbon leakage,
overcoming administrative hurdles, and securing public acceptance are essential steps toward an
effective and equitable global carbon pricing framework.
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Volume 15 Issue 02, February 2025
Impact factor: 2019: 4.679 2020: 5.015 2021: 5.436, 2022: 5.242, 2023:
6.995, 2024 7.75
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