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THE MEDICAL IMPORTANCE OF SULFUR-CONTAINING Α-AMINO ACIDS
Xudayqulova Diyora Odiljon kizi
Samarkand State Medical University, Faculty of Treatment
Karjabov Abdixakim Rakhmonovich
Scientific supervisor
Email:
xudoyqulovolim64@gmail.com
Abstract:
This article provides information about amino acids that are highly important for the
organism. It mainly covers the medical significance of sulfur-containing α-amino acids, their
properties, processes occurring through them, and their role and significance in the div.
Additionally, the biological important reactions of α-amino acids are discussed. Foods that
contain both exchangeable and non-exchangeable α-amino acids, as well as the changes that
occur in the human div due to their deficiency, are also analyzed.
Keywords:
Sulfur-containing amino acids, cysteine, methionine, taurine, antioxidant properties,
immune system strengthening, cardiovascular health, cystine.
Amino acids form the basis of all plant and animal proteins. They exist in the form of peptides
and proteins, or combined with other compounds. Amino acids can be viewed as substances in
which the hydrogen atom in the carboxyl group radical is replaced by an amino group. Amino
acids, as heterofunctional compounds, contain two different functional groups—amino and
carboxyl groups—simultaneously.
Amino acids are classified according to the nature of their radical:
1.
Aliphatic;
2.
Aromatic;
3.
Heterocyclic.
Amino acids with an aliphatic radical include alanine, valine, and leucine. Aromatic and
heterocyclic α-amino acids have an aromatic or heterocyclic ring, which is separated from the
main fragment of the α-amino acid by a single methylene group.
There are also amino acids that retain other functional groups in their aliphatic radical. These
include:
1.
Serine and threonine, which retain an OH group;
2.
Cystine, cysteine, and methionine, which retain S-S, -SH, and -S-CH groups;
3.
Asparagine and glutamine acids, which retain an additional -COOH group;
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4.
Lysine, which retains an additional -NH group;
5.
Asparagine and glutamine, which retain an amide group.
Amino acids can be classified as either exchangeable or non-exchangeable based on their ability
to be synthesized in the organism. The number of essential amino acids in proteins is 20. Some
of these amino acids are not synthesized in the div and are called non-exchangeable amino
acids. Non-exchangeable amino acids enter the div through dietary intake. These include valine,
leucine, isoleucine, threonine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, and tryptophan. Amino acids
synthesized in the div are called exchangeable amino acids. These include glycine, alanine,
serine, asparagine, glutamic acid, cysteine, tyrosine, histidine, and proline. The 20 amino acids
present in human proteins differ by their R group. For example, alanine has a methyl group in
place of the R radical. If the positive and negative charges in an amino acid are balanced, the
overall charge will be "0," corresponding to a specific pH value known as the isoelectric point
(pI). The R group of amino acids determines their properties in aqueous solutions. Non-polar
amino acids have R groups that are hydrogen, alkyl, or aromatic, making them hydrophobic
(water-repellent), while polar amino acids have R groups that can interact with water, making
them hydrophilic (water-attracting).
Sulfur-containing amino acids, such as cysteine, methionine, and taurine, play a significant role
in various physiological processes in the div. For example, cysteine can form disulfide bonds
that stabilize protein structures.
The Medical Importance of Sulfur-Containing α-Amino Acids
:
Cystinuria
: Cystine is primarily excreted through urine. If cystine metabolism is disrupted, it
can accumulate in the urine, leading to the formation of cystine stones, known as cystine lithiasis.
This can cause kidney problems, including pain, difficulty urinating, and kidney failure.
Antioxidant Properties
: Cystine acts as an antioxidant and helps neutralize free radicals and
toxins in the div.
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Collagen Synthesis
: Cystine is involved in collagen production, which is essential for skin, hair,
nails, and connective tissues. Cystine deficiency can affect the health of these tissues.
Medical Use
: Cystine is used in certain medicinal supplements to reduce oxidative stress,
strengthen the immune system, and aid in the healing of damaged tissues. Sulfur-containing α-
amino acids, such as cysteine, methionine, and taurine, are crucial in various physiological
processes, including detoxification, antioxidant protection, immune system strengthening, and
supporting cardiovascular and neurological health. Their medicinal significance is multifaceted
and contributes to physical and psychological health.
Their Role and Importance in the Body
:
Detoxification and Antioxidant Properties
: Cysteine and taurine act as antioxidants. Cysteine,
in particular, is a major component in the production of glutathione, a powerful antioxidant that
neutralizes free radicals and oxidative stress, while also playing a key role in detoxifying the
liver. This helps protect the div from harmful substances and toxins.
Protection During Crisis and Liver Protection
: Methionine and cysteine participate in
detoxifying harmful toxins, such as ammonia, by supporting the methylation process.
Methionine also produces a compound called S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe), which helps
protect the liver and supports its metabolism.
Kidney and Urinary System Health
: Cysteine and taurine play important roles in kidney
function. A deficiency in cysteine can lead to the formation of cystine stones in the kidneys,
which causes urinary system diseases, including cystinuria (the formation of cystine stones).
Taurine also supports normal urinary system function.
Immune System Strengthening
: Cysteine and taurine help strengthen the immune system. They
support the effective function of white blood cells, helping the div fight infections and diseases.
Cysteine also supports the production of glutathione, which protects the div from
immunosuppression and oxidative stress.
Physical Activity and Muscle Mass
: Methionine and cysteine assist in muscle recovery,
especially after intense physical activity or trauma. These amino acids support protein synthesis
in muscles and accelerate the recovery of damaged tissues.
Neurological Health
: Taurine and cysteine have beneficial effects on the nervous system.
Taurine supports the normal functioning of neurons, stabilizes the nervous system, and reduces
hyperactivity. Cysteine protects brain activity by supporting glutathione production, shielding it
from oxidative processes.
Cardiovascular Health
: Taurine is beneficial in supporting cardiovascular health. It helps lower
blood pressure, normalize heart rate, and prevent cardiovascular diseases. Taurine’s
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cardioprotective properties are especially shown in heart muscles and blood vessels.
Hair and Skin Health
: Methionine and cysteine also play an important role in hair and skin
health. Methionine is involved in producing keratin, which is necessary for healthy hair and skin.
Cysteine and methionine ensure the strength, health, and growth of hair.
Sulfur-containing α-amino acids play a critical role in various systems in the div, especially in
detoxification, antioxidant protection, immune system strengthening, and supporting
cardiovascular and neurological health. Their medical significance is expressed in their
multifaceted properties, which help improve both physical and psychological health, and they
can be used as supportive additions in healthcare.
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