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THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF SPEECH AND FUNCTIONAL TYPES OF
SPEECH
Odiljonova Tursunoy Odiljonovna
Termiz State Pedagogical Institute
Muminova Umida Qarshiyevna
f.f.f.d.
Abstract:
This article analyzes the theoretical foundations of the concept of speech and its
functional types. The linguistic nature, structure and main features of speech are considered, and
its manifestation in oral and written forms is highlighted. Also, the official, scientific, artistic,
journalistic and oral types of speech and their linguistic and communicative aspects are studied.
The article also analyzes the practical importance of types of speech and their role in social
communication.
Keywords:
speech, functional styles, linguistics, communication, oral speech, written speech,
formal style, scientific style, artistic style, journalistic style, colloquial style.
Speech is the process of using language tools in the process of expressing thoughts and
communication. It is studied from the point of view of linguistics, psychology and sociology, and
represents the connection between thinking and language. Scientific studies of speech are aimed
at studying its dependence on the linguistic system, as well as the influence of communicative,
cognitive and psychological factors.
1. The difference between speech and language. Language is a system of symbols formed by
society and based on rules, and speech is the process of using this system. Language exists as a
static phenomenon, which includes rules of grammar, lexis, and phonetics. Speech is a dynamic
process and means the form of using language units in real communication. According to the
linguistic theory of Ferdinand de Saussure, the concepts of "language" and "speech" differ from
each other:
2. Til (langue) – umumjamiyatga xos bo‘lgan belgi va qoidalar tizimi.
Speech (parole) is an individualized use of language, that is, an act of personal communication.
Although speech can be formed by each person in his own way, it is based on the norms of the
general language system. Therefore, the level of speech specificity depends on individual lexical
coverage, grammatical competence and psycholinguistic factors.
2. Structural structure of speech. Speech is a complex and multifaceted phenomenon, which
consists of the following main structural components:
Phonetic aspect - speech is formed through sounds and is based on the system of phonemes. Oral
speech is expressed through sounds, tone and accent. Lexical aspect - the content of speech is
formed through words. The richness and clarity of speech depends on the vocabulary.
Grammatical aspect - word and sentence units are connected according to grammatical rules.
Syntactic and morphological structure ensures the logic of speech. Semantic aspect covers the
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processes of formation of speech content, giving meaning and its perception. These structural
aspects of speech are inextricably linked, and their harmony is important for clear and effective
communication.
3. Psycholinguistic foundations of the speech process. Speech is not only a linguistic
phenomenon, but also related to psychological and cognitive processes. A person's ability to
create and perceive speech is closely related to his brain and thinking. From the point of view of
psycholinguistics, speech formation includes the following processes:
1. Motivation - a person's need to communicate arises.
2. Selection of language units - relevant lexical and grammatical elements are selected to express
the idea.
3. Speech formation - phonetically and syntactically formed speech is expressed orally or in
writing.
4. Reception and perception of speech - the listener or reader understands the speech
semantically, grammatically and contextually. According to Chomsky's teaching, in the process
of creating speech, a person combines language units based on "generative grammar" and has the
ability to create new sentences.
4. Communicative function of speech
The main task of speech is the exchange of information between people. In the process of
communication, speech performs various functions: The function of information delivery is to
convey ideas and knowledge to others. The function of reflecting the outside world is to describe
reality and concepts through speech.
Emotional function - expression of feelings and influence.
The regulatory function is the management of actions by command, advice or direction. Verbal
and non-verbal (mimicry, gestures) tools also play an important role in the communicative
process. The effectiveness of the speech is determined by its logic, clear structure and relevance
to the context. Speech is a high product of human thinking, and it is a communication process
carried out through the medium of language. In different literature, speech is classified based on
different criteria. Below we will discuss each of them separately.
1. The main types of speech. Speech is classified according to several main characteristics: By
modality (means of expression): oral and written speech.
According to the form of communication: dialogic and monologic speech.
According to the method of expression: internal and external speech.
Oral and written speech Oral speech is used in direct communication between people. Its main
features are realized directly with the participation of the listener. Enriched with intonation,
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gestures and facial expressions. Corrections and changes can be made during the communication
process. Speech speed and rhythm are important. Written speech is expressed in the form of
writing and has the following characteristics: It requires a clear and fluent structure, it must be
grammatically correct and understandable. There is no direct connection between the reader and
the writer. It is in the form of official documents, scientific articles, literary works. Dialogic and
monologic speech. Dialogic speech is a process of exchange of ideas between two or more
people. It has the following features: Active participation of interlocutors is required. It can
consist of questions and answers and short sentences. It can be direct or remote (for example,
phone conversations). A monologue is a continuous speech by one person, mainly in the form of
formal speeches, lessons and lectures. Monological speech is characterized by the following: It is
required to be logically connected. It is often prepared in advance. It is aimed at listeners and can
be long.
Internal and external speech.
Internal speech is the speech process of a person in his thinking.
Internal speech teaches the student to external speech, to speak with a sense of responsibility.
Thinking in the process of internal speech is an important tool in the growth of the student's
speech and thinking. This type has the following characteristics: It is not heard by others, it is
formed only in the mind. It is used in the formation of ideas, planning and analysis. Often, it is in
an abbreviated form. External speech is a type of expression carried out in the form of oral or
written speech, it can be dialogic or monologic. The physiological nature of internal and external
speech is the same; difference - in external speech, the sound is produced or written down as a
result of the movement of the speech organs; In internal speech, the movement of speech organs
occurs without sound
2. Types of functional speech.
Speech is divided into the following functional forms depending
on different social situations.
Scientific speech.
It is mainly used in education and research. It is evidence-based and serves to
convey accurate information. Has complex syntactic structures.
Artistic speech.
Its main purpose is to have an aesthetic effect. It will be enriched with imagery
and pictorial means. It is used in literary works.
Journalistic speech.
Widespread in journalism and mass media. It is used to convince and
attract the attention of the audience. It is widely used in the press, radio, television and the
Internet
.
Formal speech.
It is used in government offices, legislation and diplomatic correspondence.
Short and precise expression is required. There are oral and written forms.
Daily speech.
A simple form of communication used in everyday life. It will be in a free,
informal style. Enriched with intonation and gestures.
3. The practical importance of speech.
Speech plays an important role in all aspects of human
life. It is relevant in the following areas: Education: the process of imparting and assimilating
knowledge takes place with the help of speech.
Communication:
speech is the main tool in
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establishing relationships between people. Creativity: Writers, poets, and artists use speech
effectively in their work.
Leadership:
Public speaking plays an important role in leading a team
and building trust.
4. Psychological and physiological bases of speech formation.
Speech is closely related to
human nervous system and brain activity. The formation of speech in the fields of
psycholinguistics and neuroscience is described as follows: Speech centers - Broca and Wernicke
centers in the brain are responsible for the formation and understanding of speech. Speech
development - the process of learning speech during childhood is based on hearing and repetition.
Speech disorders - defects in the development of speech are studied in speech therapy and
neurology.
5. The role and functions of speech in society.
Speech is an integral part of human life, it
performs the following functions: Communication function - ensures communication between
people. The explanatory function is a means of conveying knowledge and experience. Influence
function - serves to change and direct people's opinion. Expressive function - allows you to
express personal feelings and thoughts.
In short, speech is the main expression of human thinking, and it has different forms and types.
Oral and written speech, dialogic and monologic speech, internal and external speech - each has
its own definitions. Functionally, there are scientific, artistic, journalistic, official and everyday
types of speech. Speech is not only a means of communication, but also an important factor
determining a person's place in society. Understanding each type and using it correctly will
increase the effectiveness of communication.
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