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THE BASIC CLASSIFICATION OF TOURISM
Kazakbayeva Dilfuzakhon Ilhomjon kizi
Senior teacher, PhD in philological sciences
Andijan State Institute of Foreign Languages, Uzbekistan
Ibrahimova Ayten
Lecturer, Department of Modern Azerbaijani Language
Azerbaijan State Pedagogical University, Azerbaijan
Abstract:
Tourism is the most dynamic sector of the global services sector. China has
established itself as a leading Asian tourism market. The prerequisites for the positive dynamics
of the tourism market in the world are such a set of factors as the growth of the population's
solvency and the consistent development of tourism infrastructure, the formation of the state's
identity in the international arena to improve the country's reputation, the growth of the level of
penetration of remote banking services, the Internet, online services, etc.
Keywords:
tourism, international tourism, travel, countries, tourism industry.
Tourism, for its centuries-old existence, as a socio-economic and cultural-cognitive phenomenon,
still does not have a clearly formulated definition. There is also no unambiguous formulation of
the science that studies the tourism industry. In this regard, experts in this field, scientists and
tourism organizations interpret these concepts differently. Due to the pace of tourism
development: its variations, forms and classifications, significant changes in the world over the
past few years, and the terminology is subject to change.
The World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) is a specialized intergovernmental agency of the
United Nations system, uniting 158 member countries. UNWTO operates on the basis of the
Charter, which entered into force on January 2, 1975. The main goal of UNWTO is to promote
tourism as a key factor in ensuring international peace and mutual understanding, world trade,
and strengthening cultural and economic ties between countries [1]. UNWTO is part of the UN
system and has the right to compile standards of definitions in the tourism industry. For these
purposes, in 2001, the UNWTO Thesaurus of Tourism and Leisure Activities was published in
three world languages (English, French and Spanish), which provides basic terms and
concepts of tourism. Based on the definitions presented in the Thesaurus, it should be concluded
that "tourism" is a category of travel that has certain distinguishing characteristics.
Speaking about the classification of tourism, first of all, it is necessary to note tourism within the
country in which a person lives and international tourism. The second type of travel means
crossing territorial borders between states. Here it is necessary to note some difficulties that
await a person who undertakes this type of tourism, for example, visa control in some countries,
or the epidemiological situation, which is especially relevant in our time. As for tourism within
one's own country, there are no formalities such as a visa. If we define domestic tourism, it is the
departure of people beyond their permanent location, which is limited to the territorial borders of
the same country.
International tourism is divided into two subgroups, such as outbound and inbound tourism. The
difference between these types is in the direction of the tourist flow. That is, outbound tourism
means leaving the country in which it is located, and inbound tourism means the arrival of a
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person in a particular country. There are also other names for these types, for example, receptive
- this is the host country to which they travel and initiative, that is, sending from their country.
Business tourism, or as it is also called, business tourism means travel and trips that pursue
business goals. As a rule, this type of tourism is paid for not by the person himself, but by his
employer. Business tourism includes trips to participate in negotiations or seminars, which
directly depends on the cooperation of one company with another.
Each person has their own purpose for traveling. Someone visits certain countries for medical
purposes, to receive good medical care, someone to visit an important holy place, and someone
to see natural diversity. The main purpose of the trip determines the form of tourism, so tourism
can be classified as follows:
1. Archaeological Tourism
This type of tourism is an alternative form of cultural tourism. Archaeological tourism helps
people increase their knowledge of excavations, preserve historical sites, find something new
and unknown in their country, reveal the mysteries of millennia that are “buried” deep
underground. Also, one of the main goals of this tourism is to popularize public interest in
excavations and archeology in general. Tlurists gather from all over the world in one place,
spend the night under the starry sky and hope to dig up something significant for themselves or
the history of their country. There are a large number of agencies in the world that are ready to
organize this type of vacation. This tourism also implies not only active participation in
excavations, but also visiting various infrastructure dedicated to this topic, for example,
museums or other architectural monuments. This type of tourism can involve both independent
travel and being in a group. Although archaeological tourism is a relatively new phenomenon,
many international organizations and governments have already begun to think about viable
alternative activities for sustainable economic and social development. Several countries have
been involved in programs resembling the basic principles of archaeological tourism for many
years to generate economic income.
2. Cultural Heritage Tourism
Cultural heritage tourism (or simply heritage tourism) is a direction that focuses on the culture of
the place where tourism is carried out. It should be noted that culture has always been the main
object of travel. Cultural heritage plays an important role in tourism at all levels; from global
attractions of world culture to attractions that are the basis of local identity. This type of tourism
includes visits to historical or industrial sites such as old cities, railways, battle sites, etc. The
general goal of cultural heritage tourism is to gain an understanding of the past of a particular
country.
3. Pilgrimage Tourism
A special type of tourism that depends on the faith of the person and his spiritual component. For
believers, this type of tourism is of great importance. Pilgrimage tourism implies both visiting
various holy places and sources of power in the world, and a more detailed theoretical
acquaintance with the history of pilgrimage. Representatives of all major religions participate in
pilgrimage. A person making such a journey is called a pilgrim. The Holy Land is the center of
pilgrimage for many religions, such as Judaism, Christianity and Islam. Pilgrims were an
important element of long-distance trade before the beginning of the modern era and brought
prosperity to successful pilgrimage sites - an economic phenomenon unrivaled until the advent of
the tourist trade in the twentieth century. Encouraging pilgrims was an incentive for the
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manufacture of relics and the writing of lives of local saints, filled with inspiring stories of
miraculous healings.
4. Adventure tourism
One of the most interesting, exciting and thrilling types of tourism. The fact is that this type of
tourism is usually directly related to exoticism and travel to countries that are radically different
from a person’s usual location. It is worth noting that this type of tourism is gaining popularity,
as tourists seek different types of recreation. In order for tourism to truly be called adventure, it
is necessary to meet certain conditions. The first of them is physical activity. It can consist of
different types of activities, for example, mountaineering or rock climbing, bungee jumping or
swimming with sharks. The second is cultural exchange. This condition implies communication
between a tourist and local residents, who can be the first to explore the territory of an exotic
country. Third, but no less important, is close interaction with nature. It is worth noting that
adventure tourism is not suitable for everyone. Those tourists who are not ready to leave their
comfort zone, as a rule, choose another type of tourism for their travels.
5. Agritourism
Agritourism is a type of recreation that is usually carried out on farms. This type of recreation
means providing the tourist with the opportunity to try themselves in performing agricultural
work during a visit to a particular area. Such work includes: picking fruits and vegetables,
planting trees, and there is also the opportunity to feed domestic animals. Other parts of this type
of tourism include such activities as tasting various products, such as homemade goat milk,
cheese, honey or wine, as well as buying farm souvenirs and much more. Due to the fact that
people are increasingly interested in what they eat, what this or that product consists of,
agritourism is gaining more and more popularity among other types of tourism. Agritourism is
often practiced in many countries around the world. This form of extended agritourism has led to
the emergence of so-called "entertainment farms". These farms offer not only regular farm
products, but also places for family recreation, such as picnics or interaction with domestic
animals.
6. Sightseeing Tourism
A sightseeing tour is a trip taken by a group of people, usually for leisure or educational
purposes. It is often an addition to a longer trip or visit to a place, sometimes with other (usually
work-related) purposes. Government companies issue sightseeing tickets at reduced prices to
attract this type of business. Often these tickets are limited to days where occupancy is minimal,
such as weekdays, or to times, such as during business hours. Short excursions for educational
purposes or to observe natural phenomena are called day trips. Such excursions are often
organized by educational institutions as extracurricular activities, for example, to visit a natural
or geographical site.
7. Medical Tourism
Medical tourism (also called medical travel, health tourism, or global health) is a term originally
coined by travel agencies and the media to describe the rapidly growing practice of traveling
across international borders for medical care. Such services typically include elective procedures,
such as consultations with a specialist, as well as complex, specialized surgeries. Factors that
have led to the rise in popularity of medical travel include the high cost of medical care, long
wait times for certain procedures in the home country, and improved technology and service
standards in many countries around the world. Convenience and speed are also important for
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medical travel. Countries with public health systems are often so taxed that non-urgent medical
care can take a long time to get, so when this situation arises, people turn to tourism.
8. Eco-tourism
Eco-tourism is an industry that aims to have a minimal impact on the natural environment and
local culture, while helping to generate income and jobs for locals. Global economists predict
continued growth in international tourism, between 3 and 6 percent per year, depending on the
location. As one of the largest and fastest growing industries in the world, this continued growth
will put great pressure on the remaining bio-diverse habitats and indigenous cultures that are
often exploited to support mass tourism. Tourists promoting this type of tourism are sensitive to
these threats and seek to protect tourist destinations in various ways, such as: maintaining the
integrity of local cultures by embracing traditional values, educating about the culture of a place,
supporting the economy of a given country by purchasing local goods, and practicing tolerance.
9. Water Tourism
Water tourism is a boat trip during a vacation with the express purpose of seeing something that
cannot be seen on land. This can be a trip on a luxury yacht or a boat. Water tourism is very well
known and quite popular. In ancient times, people resorted to this type of transport only, since
the infrastructure of cars, railways and aviation was not developed. However, after these
industries began to improve actively, water transportation lost its importance to the extent that it
was. In recent years, the growth of water tourism has been growing. In old cities of various
countries, which still have ports that are not used in our time, are now usually converted for
tourists. Travelers who enjoy this type of travel are a strong motivation for countries to preserve
water tourist routes and canals.
10. Wildlife Tourism
Wildlife tourism, in its simplest sense, is the observation of wild animals in their natural
habitat. Wildlife tourism can be eco-friendly and friendly to both captive animals and wild
animals. In recent years, this type of tourism has been rapidly developing all over the world.
Wildlife tourism is also a multi-million dollar industry offering individual tour packages, such as
safaris, and also includes parks and reserves with wild animals.
Conclusion
. The classification of tourism into various categories allows stakeholders—
governments, businesses, and communities—to better understand the diverse needs and
preferences of travelers. By recognizing these distinctions, they can develop more effective
strategies to enhance visitor experiences while promoting sustainable practices that benefit both
tourists and host destinations. As the tourism industry continues to evolve, these classifications
will help adapt to changing trends and emerging markets.
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4. Kabia, K. Sunil (2005): Tourism Industry, Reference Press, New Delhi, p.3.
5. Coleman, Simon and John Eisner (2018): Pilgrimage: Past and Present in the World Religions.
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