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905
THE STUDY OF RELATIONS BETWEEN THE BUKHARA AND KHIVA KHANATES
THROUGH SOURCES
Nurullayeva Donoxon Azamat kizi
Mamun University, Faculty of “Social, Humanitarian, and
Exact Sciences”, History Department, 1st-year student
Tel: +998 94 525 15 88
Annotatsiya:
Ushbu maqolada Buxoro va Xiva xonliklari o‘rtasidagi munosabatlarning tarixiy
rivojlanishi va ularning o‘rganilishi bo‘yicha mavjud manbalar tahlil qilinadi. Xonliklar
o‘rtasidagi siyosiy, iqtisodiy va harbiy aloqalar, shuningdek, ular orasidagi raqobat va ittifoqlar
turli davrlarda qanday kechgani muhokama qilinadi. Tadqiqot davomida Sharq va G‘arb
manbalaridagi ma’lumotlar solishtirilib, ularning tarixiy jarayonlarni yoritishdagi o‘rni
baholanadi.
Kalit so‘zlar:
Buxoro xonligi, Xiva xonligi, siyosiy munosabatlar, iqtisodiy aloqalar, harbiy
to‘qnashuvlar, ittifoqlar, tarixiy manbalar, Sharq mualliflari, Yevropa tadqiqotchilari,
tarixshunoslik.
Annotation:
This article analyzes the historical development of relations between the
Bukhara and Khiva khanates and the available sources for their study. The political, economic
and military relations between the khanates, as well as the rivalry and alliances between them in
different periods, are discussed. During the study, information from Eastern and Western sources
is compared and their role in illuminating historical processes is assessed.
Keywords:
Bukhara Khanate, Khiva Khanate, political relations, economic relations,
military conflicts, alliances, historical sources, Eastern authors, European researchers,
historiography.
There are quite a few sources devoted to the description of historical events that occurred
in the 16th century in the historical geographical regions of Central Asia, such as the Dashti-
Kipchak, Maveraunnahr, Khorasan and Khorezm. Some of them also cover issues related to
statehood, military-political processes and socio-economic conditions of the Shaybanid era.
Despite the fact that the sources contain little information about the socio-economic policy of the
Bukhara Khanate (the era of the Shaybanid dynasty), they complement and enrich each other.
The historians of the Shaybanid era were the successors of the Timurid school of history,
who followed in the footsteps of their predecessors in describing events and processes and wrote
books that were suitable for the representatives of the new dynasty. We also witness in the
sources that the actions of khans, commanders, and military officials during wars and battles are
described with various adjectives in ironic lines and sentences. The majority of historians of the
Shaybanid period, unlike the Timurid period, were local historians who served in the khan's
court and directly participated in campaigns, hunting ceremonies, and other events. There are
works in Persian that provide information about the Shaybanid statehood, state administration,
and socio-economic situation, as well as about the military political processes of that period.
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906
The Persian-Tajik work "Fathnoma" written by Mulla Shodi and considered the first
source of information on the history of the Shaybanids from the point of view of the period is
included in this list. This work, written in 1502, is in the genre of poetic epic, and was
commissioned by Mahmud Sultan, Shaybanid Khan's younger brother. The epic covers
important political and military events that occurred in the Uzbek ulus and Transoxiana from the
day Muhammad Shaybanid Khan was born until June 1501. The work describes the military
actions of the founder of the dynasty in Turkestan, Andijan, Bukhara and Karshi regions, in
particular, the process of capturing the city of Samarkand in 1501, the lifestyle of the people,
taxes, the distribution of booty between the ruler and his commanders, and Shaybanid Khan's
skill in organizing troops and appointing commanders to units
. It has been determined that there
are 5 copies of this work in libraries around the world.
Another important source written in the Persian-Tajik language is the work
"Shaybaniynoma" by the poet and historian Kamaladdin (Sher) Ali Binoi, written by the poet
and historian Ustad Muhammadkhan architect Heravi (1453-1512) in 1505-1507. The work was
written by Binoi during the reign of Muhammad Shaybanikhan, while he was in his service,
under the supervision of the khan and his son. The work was written on the basis of "Tavarikh
guzidayi nusratnoma" with extensive use of the eloquence of the Persian-Tajik language and its
delicate expressions. It contains a lot of information related to the military sphere.
There are many manuscript copies of the "Shaybaniynoma", one of which was
translated into Uzbek by the Khorezm historian and translator Muhammad Yusuf Bayani (1858-
1923) in 1914-1915
. The work narrates the events that took place from the birth of Muhammad
Shaybani Khan until 1505, that is, until the conquest of Transoxiana and Khorezm by the troops
under his command. In the process of reflecting these events, Binaiy Shaybani provided valuable
information about the sieges of fortresses by the Shaybani clan, the material supply of the army
and the distribution of captured booty, the soldiers' activities during their free time from battle,
the construction of various structures by Muhammad Shaybani Khan to regulate the economic
system, in particular, the construction of a bridge over the Zarafshan River in 1502
, the repair of
the Samarkand fortress wall, weddings and feasts organized in the Khan's palace, and the
procedures for their conduct
. Fazlullah ibn Ruzbeh Khan, who was originally from Isfahan and
who fled from Iran to Maveraunnahr, dissatisfied with the Safavid policy of forcing people to the
Shiite sect, worked at the palace of Muhammad Shaybani Khan and Ubaydullah Khan, and lived
in this area, creating several historical and artistic works. Ibn Ruzbekhan perfectly mastered the
knowledge of his time, traveled a lot (he was in Hejaz, Egypt, Shiraz). Among the examples of
1
Аҳмедов Б. Ўзбекистон тарихи манбалари. – Т.: Ўқитувчи, 2001. – Б 199; Ахмедов Б.А.
Историокогеографичесая литература Средней Азии XVI–XVIII вв.(писмьменнпамятники). – Т.: Фан, 1985. –
Б. 59.
2
Аҳмедов Б. Ўзбекистон тарихи манбалари. –Б. 200.
3
Муқимов З. Қилич ва қалам соҳиблари. – Самарқанд: СамДУ нашриёти, 2008. –Б.12
4
Биноий К. Шайбонийнома // Ўзбекистон тарихи. Хрестоматия. XVI–XIX асрлар . –Fan va texnologiya ,
2014. –Б . 9,10,11.
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his work, the work "Mehmonnomayi Bukhara", written in 1509, occupies an important place in
the study of the history of military-political processes that took place in Transoxiana and
Khorasan at the beginning of the 16th century, and it describes the military campaign of
Muhammad Shaybani Khan against the Kazakh sultans Jani and Ahmad Sultans in 1508-1509.
Fazlullah Ruzbekhan was always with Shaybani Khan in the last 5-6 years of his life,
accompanied him, participated in almost all of his consultations and military campaigns, and
included what he saw and knew in this work
.
The work “Musaxhir al-bilad” (“The Conquest of Countries”), written by a local
historian known as Muhammadyar ibn Arab Qatagan, provides more extensive information
about the political, socio-economic events and military processes of the Shaybanid era.
“Musaxhir al-bilad” was translated into Uzbek and published in 2009. Although the events in the
work cover the period up to 1611, the part up to 1584 is known, and most of its information is
taken from “Abdulla-noma”, the rest from “Habib us-siyar”, “Mehmonnomayi Bukhara”. Like
“Abdulla-noma”, “Musaxhir al-bilad” also contains relatively little information about the
political, socio-economic life of the Shaybanids compared to other sources.
The period of the Shaybani dynasty is also characterized by the presence of sources
written in the Turkic language. The medieval Turkic language of Turan is also understood as the
"old Uzbek language". There are historical, historical-geographical, and artistic works that
provide some facts about the socio-political and economic history of the 16th century and are
products of the Turkic language, including Zahiriddin Muhammad Babur's "Boburnoma",
Muhammad Salih's "Shaybaniynoma", the author of which is unknown "Tavorikhi guzida",
"Nusratnoma", "Zubdat ul-osor" by Abdullah Nasrullahi, and "Shajarayi turk" by Abulgoziy
Bahodirkhan.
The last, IX chapter of the work "Shajarayi Turk" (1664) by the Khan of Khiva and
historian Abulgozi Bahodirkhan (1603-1664) contains information about the Shaybanids (Arab
Shahis) who ruled Khorezm from 1511, and their relations with the Shaybanids of Bukhara. The
work mentions the military campaigns organized by the Shaybanids of Bukhara - Ubaydullakhan
and Abdullakhan ibn Iskandarkhan - to Khiva and some military-political processes related to
them. In particular, there is some information about the reasons for the campaign of the Bukhara
khans, the number of their soldiers, the names of their commanders, the amount of booty taken
and the amount of tribute imposed on the people, and the battle tactics of the Bukhara troops.
Written information is of great importance in studying the history of the Khiva Khanate
during the Kungirat dynasty. Information related to the history of the khanate is mainly recorded
in the works of such Khiva historians as Muhammad Riza Erniyozbek oglu Ogahiy (“Riyoz ud-
dawla”, “Zubdat ut-tavorix”, “Jome’ ul-vaqeoti sultaniy”, “Gulshani davlat”, “Shohid ul-iqbol”)
and Muhammad Yusuf Bayaniy (“Shajarayi Khorezmshahiy”, “History of Khorezm”), Sayyid
Hamid Tora Kamyob (“Tavorix ul-khavanin”), who continued and developed the historiography
begun by Abulgozi Bahodirkhan in the 17th century. These authors, while also using the works
of their predecessors and contemporaries, expressed their own opinions and critical approaches
to events. The historical works of Ogahiy, Bayaniy, and Kamyab are of great importance in
terms of the abundance and accuracy of factual information.
5
Фазлаллах ибн Рузбехон. Меҳмонномаи Бухоро// Ўзбекистон тарихи. Хрестоматия. XVI–XIX асрлар . –
Fan va texnologiya, 2014. –Б. 30.
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References:
1. Abulgoziy Bahodirkhon. Shajarayi turk. - B. 110, 115.
2. Akhmedov B. Historical and geographical literature of Central Asia. - T.: Uqituvchi, 2001. - B
199; Akhmedov B.A. Historical and geographical literature of Central Asia in the 16th-18th
centuries (written monuments). - T.: Fan, 1985. -B. 59. Akhmedov B. Historical and
geographical literature of Central Asia. -B. 200.
3. Binoy K. Shaiboniynoma // Historical and geographical literature of Uzbekistan. Reader. 16th-
19th centuries. -Fan va texnologiya , 2014. -B . 9,10,11.
4. Fazlallah ibn Ruzbekhon. Mehmonomai Bukhoro // Uzbekistan Tarihi. Reader. XVI–XIX
asrlar. –Fan va texnologiya, 2014. –B. 30.
5. Mukimov Z. Kilich va kalam sohiblari. – Samarkand: SamDU Nashriyoti, 2008. –B.12
6. Musayev, O., Abidova, Z., Abdalov, U. M., Orzikulov, B., Narkulov, S. D., Rakhimov, S., ...
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7. Abdalov, U. M. (2023). The Iranian (Persian) Diaspora in Khorezm. In Ethnic Minorities in
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