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EXCLAMATION WORDS: LINGUISTIC ANALYSIS
Yodgorov Jaloliddin Jamolidinovich
Senior Lecturer, Academy of the
Ministry of Internal Affairs, PhD
97.4322124
Annotation:
In this article, the importance of exclamations in conveying the content and
pragmatic purpose expressed in the artistic text is analyzed at the linguopoetic level. At the same
time, it is considered that exclamations are derivatives of the historical and cultural harmony of
the language of a certain nation (uzbek) and a language unit that reveals the psyche of the
language owner.
Key words:
synchronic and diachronic language, linguistic identity, gestures and facial
expressions, communicative process, cognitive-pragmatic feature, emotional evaluation.
A number of sharp opinions have been expressed by scholars throughout history about
the functional-semantic and cognitive-pragmatic properties and aspects of exclamations, which
shows that this topic has been a very controversial topic since ancient times. In particular, S.
Usmanov noted in his study [Usmanov, 3:5], while A. Askakov did not see exclamations as
elements requiring semantic and logical requirements [Askakov, 1:7,8] and emphasized that they
are of no importance in the development of human thinking and are “only expressions that
indicate an ambiguous situation”. Although this view resonated in scientific circles for a certain
period and there were scholars who widely promoted this idea [Peshkovsky, 6:203; Ovsyanikov-
Kulikovsky, 6:132; R.Avanesov and V.Sidorov, 6:156], later such views began to lose their
influence. The Russian scientist V. Vinogradov revealed the contradictory aspects of such radical
views and currents of thought [Vinogradov, 2:30-44].
In modern linguistics, as attention to the human factor in language increases, it is shown
that interjections are “related to the human mind and its behavior, and this is manifested in all
processes of its interaction with other people around it” [Kubryakova, 2:9]. Indeed, since the end
of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century, there has been an increasing interest
and empirical research in the study of individual language in the context of speech. The
manifestation of subjective reality in speech, that is, the reflection of linguistic identity in speech
acts, is associated with the awareness of the synchronous and diachronic language base of the
speaker and his associative-verbal competence. The study of the internal and external "I" as a
dual phenomenon, the analysis of the individual's planning of his speech and his state in speech
realization are considered urgent issues.
In our opinion, exclamations are considered an active layer of language, and one can say
that they are an active stylistic and emotional-tonal figure of language that fully forms the
individual characteristics of a person (mental, gender, era, age, etc.) in communication. Also, the
meaning of exclamations is understandable only in combination with a certain intonation and
sometimes with certain gestures and facial expressions.Depending on the topic, the intonation of
the interlocutor and the gestures accompanying his speech can indicate the meaning of the
logical conclusion and determine the degree of emotional saturation of the sentences.
Exclamations are distinguished from lexical units in a literary text by the characteristic of
emphatic stress:
Valijon bu qarashning ma’nosini uqib “
Xudo ursin,
bilmayman”, deganday
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yelka qisdi
(T.Malik, “Shaytanatning jin ko‘chalari”);
Mirzo Ulug‘bek boshini ohista tebratib,
dardli jilmayib qo‘ydi.
– Tashakkur
, Ali...
(O.Yoqubov, “Ulug‘bek xazinasi”)
It is undeniable that the elevation of a literary work to the level of art depends on its
linguistic composition and the maturity of the author's artistic expression [Yuldoshev, 4:3]. At
the same time, the process of creating a literary text is so complex that it is necessary for the
world of mental and conscious imagination of the subject creating it to be reflected in the text in
an associative-verbal manner. When an emotional process occurs at the intersection of textual
factors, the creator (subject) linguistically models the external world based on the requirements
of specific conflicts, that is, linguistic norms in the creation of the text. In such processes,
creating a text by subordinating emotional units to artistic units is a rather difficult task. And the
transformation of the internal lexicon of the phenomenon of a person, a complex being, in a
similar way to its external lexicon is considered a rather difficult task.
Bog‘da izing bor-u o‘zing qanisan,
Ha,
otingdan aylanay, Oynisa!..
(M.Yusuf, “Shoir sevgisi”)
The communicative process (creator and reader) is not only an exchange of ideas and
informational contact, but also a moment directly related to human emotions, moods, feelings,
and total views on existence. The reader creates his own world, devoid of the reality of existence,
precisely as a result of the spiritual and emotional aura of the text. In this case, the role of the
coordinates of the use of exclamation words in the text and their situation in the motivational
integrity of the text are also incomparable. Therefore, exclamations have a diachronic-
hierarchical stage of development and are considered integral stylistic means of speech. They not
only enrich our speech emotionally, but also determine the semantic, cognitive-pragmatic,
mental, temporal, emotional and gender characteristics of speech:
– Voy! Voy o‘lmasam!
– dedi
oyoq-qo‘lidan mador ketib
(O‘.Hoshimov, “Tushda kechgan umrlar”);
–
Xex!
Jang qilish
yoqmay qoldimi? Xotiningni sog‘indingmi!.. Ha-a, gap bu yoqda degin! Nemisning kuchi ko‘p
ekanmi? Yaxshi-i-i!
Qani, marsh
“shtrafnoy”ga!
(O‘.Hoshimov, “Tushda kechgan umrlar”)
In our opinion, it is not difficult to determine the gender characterization of speech from
the above examples according to the mental product of thought. Speech fragment 1 (Wow! Wow,
I'm not going to die!) is female, and speech unit 2 (Hex! Come on, march) are speech realizations
of the male gender. In addition, the sound envelope and total scope of use of exclamations
encourage the reader to make such judgments and gender categorization. Since emotional
exclamations addressed to the listener have internal differentiation in meaning, they
(exclamations) can be divided into the following groups: 1. Vocative exclamations. 2. Imperative
exclamations. 3. Customary exclamations. 4. Congratulatory exclamations [Usmonov, 3:68].
This classification, proposed by S. Usmonov, is interpreted at the linguistic level and creates its
own formal-grammatical limitations in studying it from a linguopoetic aspect. In particular,
exclamations in dialogues in a literary text create conditions for the character's mental state and
sympathy for his interlocutor, as well as linguistic laconicism:
“
He
, o‘pkangga qurt tushsin,
iloyim shu yo‘tal olib ketsin-a...”
–
deb qarg‘adi.
(T.Malik. “Shaytanatning jin ko‘chalari”)
–
Hay, hay,
girgitton, tegma yong‘oqqa! – shunday deb ildam keldi-da, qo‘limdagi yong‘oqlarni
olib, rastak devor osha naryoqqa uloqtira berdi
(O‘.Hoshimov, “Daftar hoshiyasidagi bitiklar”)
Exclamations are used in literary texts, mainly in the climax of the work, or to show the
inner world, spirituality, and level of social awareness of the character. As a result, the time (text)
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that the subject would otherwise spend on describing the character traits of the characters and the
realization of the speech is saved. In a sense, the level of persuasiveness and pragmatic impact of
the literary text is increased:
– E-e!
– Grisha asabiy qo‘l siltadi. – Nasihatingizni nevarangizga
qiling!
(O‘. Hoshimov, “Tushda kechgan umrlar”)
– Hoy,
Nazirbuvi, shu bo‘ladigan ishmi, yo
raisning qo‘ynini puch yong‘oqqa to‘ldirib jo‘natdikmi?
(A.Qahhor, “O‘tmishdan ertaklar”)
Exclamatory words, first of all, express the speaker's emotional assessment, and secondly,
at the same time, when reporting something, they express their attitude to reality and are
distinguished by a special sound composition (emphasis). According to the sound system and
intonation, many exclamations are monosyllabic words pronounced with one air stroke:
Oh, voh,
eh, dod, voy, uh, e, o, i,
etc. In oral speech, there are no phonetic units that would fully explain
(verbalize) their conditional spelling. The ability of any language speaker to phonetically and
articulatorily formulate in the text all the moments related to human mental and psychological
states and emotions is limited. In linguistics, these sentences are emotional assessments, and
exclamatory sentences can have an approximate value. This meaning serves to subjectively
assess objects, persons or events and is expressed with strong expression, emotion. Sentences
that convey emotional assessments are also special exclamatory sentences:
– Ha, ha,
siz
Shamayga ham bordingizmi? – deb Ziyo shohichi ajablandi.
(A.Qodiriy, “O‘tkan kunlar“)
As human language development progresses, the scope of application of exclamations
also expands, reflecting the coordinates of real existence in its speech units. Any phenomenon
reflected in the reality of existence increasingly manifests the linguistic, semantic,
psycholinguistic, cognitive-pragmatic properties of exclamations in the literary text. In addition,
the aesthetic function and radius of influence of the word in the literary text are expanding.
REFERENCES:
1. Aksakov A. About grammar in general. – Moscow: Nauka, 1875.
2. Vinogradov V. Russian language. – Moscow: Vysshaya shkola, 1943.
3. Usmonov S. Uzbek language. Philological sciences cand... diss. – Tashkent, 1952.
4. Yuldoshev M. Good language skills. – Tashkent: 2007.
5. Kubryakova E. Language and knowledge. – Moscow: Nauka, 2004.
6. Peshkovsky A. M. Russian syntax in scientific interpretation. – Moscow: Nauka, 1934;
Ovsyanikov-Kulikovsky D. Syntax of Russian language. – Moscow: Nauka, 1912; R. Avanesov
and V. Sidorov. Russian language. – Moscow: 1934.
7. Khakimov M. Ozbek pragmalingvistikasi asoslari. – Tashkent: 2013.
