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PHONETIC FACTORS IN BORROWING WORDS.
Kuchkarov Iskandarbek Alisher ugli
1st-year PhD student at ASPI,
Email: ula20061985@gmail.com.
Abstract:
This article demonstrates how the interaction between world nations has had an
impact on various fields, including the field of language. It highlights the significant aspects of
how words enter society based on extralinguistic factors and how these words are adapted to the
linguistic factors of the language, specifically phonetic aspects. In this process, both the
similarities and differences are also discussed. Clear and precise examples have been provided
for all the presented ideas.
Key words:
phonetics, Uzbek, English, borrowed words, linguistics.
The entire existence has been created in such a way that only humans have been gifted the great
blessing of communication through words, creating mutual words and expressions over a certain
society, and communicating through them. A language, which emerges over centuries, has been
shaped through the test of time, much like steel that has been polished in fire, and embodies the
ancient cultural and educational richness, social and spiritual being, customs, and literary
heritage of one or more nations. At the same time, it has its own distinctive phonetic, lexical,
phraseological, and grammatical features, with expressions used in daily life effortlessly by
speakers, their development history, and the influence of other languages, giving it a unique
character. No language in the world, whether Eastern or Western, can develop without the
influence of another language. For this reason, the vocabulary of a language is an open and
dynamic system, subject to colorful changes. Over time, new words and expressions emerge in
all languages based on daily needs, some outdated words fall out of use, or their original
meanings are lost, leading to a phenomenon of meaning transfer. Our independence, membership
in international organizations, and the phenomenon of globalization have accelerated the
occurrence of this phenomenon. In this process, words and terms have started to enter a language
from another dominant language based on extralinguistic factors.
Linguistic factors play an important role in the process of word borrowing which borrowed
through extralingustic factors. The most important components include phonetic, morphological,
syntactic, and semantic factors. In word borrowing, the phonetic factor is decisive in the
localization of new words entering the language in terms of pronunciation, structure, and
orthography. Since each language has its own phonetic system, words borrowed from other
languages are adapted to this system. This phenomenon is clearly evident in simplifications,
sound substitutions, stress placement, syllabic structures, and changes in writing. Z.M. Jumayeva
states in her research:
"Phonetic adaptation of a word is often related to changes that bring ease to pronunciation, which
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arise from the natural internal development needs of the language"
Linguist A.H. Mo‘minov, in his work, divides words adapted based on phonetic changes into
two groups: completely adapted (e.g., factory, newspaper, model) and partially adapted (e.g.,
manager, printer, blogger)
. This approach allows us to evaluate phonetic adaptation not only as
a phonological process but also as a sociolinguistic one.
When a foreign sound does not exist in Uzbek, it is replaced with the closest phoneme. For
example:
Original word (source
language)
Uzbek
form
Phonetic change
television (English)
televizor /ˈtelɪvɪʒn/ → /te.le.vi.zor/ — "ʒ" sound replaced by "z"
chocolate (English)
shokolad /ˈtʃɒklət/ → /sho.ko.lad/ — "tʃ" sound replaced by "sh",
"ə" replaced by "a"
restaurant (French)
restoran
/ˈrestərɒnt/ → /res.to.ran/ — "ə" sound dropped or
replaced by "o"
taxi (French via English) taksi
/ˈtæksi/ → /tak.si/ — "æ" sound replaced by "a"
jeans (English)
jinssi shim /dʒiːnz/ → /jin.ssi/ — "ʤ" sound replaced by "j", plural "-
s" rendered as Uzbek form
office (English)
ofis
/ˈɒfɪs/ → /o.fis/ — "ɒ" sound replaced by "o"
bank (English)
bank
/bæŋk/ → /bank/ — "æ" replaced by "a", "ŋ" replaced by
"n+k"
Such sound adaptation primarily ensures pronunciation ease and aligns with the phonetic rules of
the language
In Uzbek, syllables typically center around vowel sounds. Additionally, stress usually falls on
either the last or the first syllable. Therefore:
strategy → strategiya — an extra syllable (-iya) is added.
machine → mashina — stress shifts to the first syllable.
1
Jumayeva Z.M. “Fonetik moslashuv – til o‘zlashuvi mexanizmlaridan biri sifatida”. – “O‘zbek tili va adabiyoti”
jurnali, 2019, №2.
2
Mo‘minov A.H. “Global til o‘zgarishlari va o‘zbek tili leksikasining yangilanishi”. – Toshkent: Ilm ziyo, 2020. – B.
78.
3
Qodirov M. “Leksikologiyaga kirish”. – Toshkent: O‘zbekiston nashriyoti, 2018. – B. 102.
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computer → kompyuter — stress changes.
This process occurs based on phonotactic norms
.
Phonetic adaptation is also reflected in writing. Here are examples of orthographic adaptation:
Original word Uzbek form Explanation
football
futbol
Written according to pronunciation
blogger
bloger
Two "g"s simplified
chat
chat
Directly based on pronunciation
These adaptations demonstrate the influence of the phonetic system on writing
.
Borrowed words are also adapted according to Uzbek rules in terms of morphemic structure. For
example:
"informatsiya" (Russian "информация") — the suffix "-tsiya" is changed to "-siya" in
Uzbek, showing both morphemic and phonetic changes
globalization → globalizatsiya (via Russian)
visualization → vizualizatsiya (phonetic + affixal adaptation)
Thus, phonetic and morphemic adaptations work together, and this is referred to as
morphophonemic change in linguistics
In the world of the internet, which demands quick and simple communication, borrowed words
enter in simplified phonetic forms:
Original form Usage on the internet Phonetic simplification
insta
abbreviation + stress shift
Application
ilova / app
fully adapted and shortened form
Google it
gugllash / gugllamoq sound adaptation + word-forming suffix
4
Sultonova G. “Hozirgi o‘zbek adabiy tili fonetikasi”. – Toshkent: Fan, 2007. – B. 88-90.
5
Jo‘rayev O. “O‘zbek tilida xorijiy so‘zlarning fonetik moslashuvi”. – “Filologiya masalalari” jurnali, 2021, №3.
6
Alimova S. “Fonetik moslashuvdagi morfemik unsurlar”. – “Tilshunoslik tadqiqotlari”, 2022, №1.
7
G‘ulomov B. “O‘zbek tilining morfofonetik xususiyatlari”. – Toshkent: Fan, 2017.
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Through this process, borrowed words are phonetically adjusted to the receiving language,
leading to the creation of new words
.
Every language has its phono tactic rules — that is, which sounds can or cannot be combined.
For instance, in English, consonant clusters like "st," "sp," "sk" can appear at the beginning of a
word:
student → student (directly borrowed)
sport → sport
However, words borrowed from other languages violate these rules:
psychology → psixologiya — the "ps-" consonant cluster is not pronounced in Uzbek,
but is retained in writing.
gnostic → gnostik — phonotactic difficulty leads to rare usage.
Also, some sounds (such as the English "th" /θ/ or "w") are not present in Uzbek, so they are
replaced by /s/ or /v/:
theme → tema
website → vebsayt
These phonotactic restrictions also play a major role in phonetic adaptation
.
Phonetic adaptation is not just a matter of sound changes; it also involves phonotactic adjustment,
morphemic changes, stress and syllabic structure shifts, orthographic simplification, and
adaptation based on the modern language (internet language) requirements.
In conclusion, linguistic factors in word borrowing are essential in determining how foreign
words are integrated into a language. These factors, including phonetic, morphological, syntactic,
and semantic influences, play a significant role in how borrowed words adapt and become part of
the new language system. Phonetic factors help adjust the pronunciation of foreign words to
match the phonological system of the borrowing language. Ultimately, linguistic factors ensure
that borrowing is not just about the assimilation of foreign terms but also about preserving the
syntactic harmony and meaning coherence within the target language. These processes enhance
the adaptability of a language, allowing it to grow and evolve, particularly in response to new
technological, cultural, and social developments.
References
8
Ergashev M. “Internet tili va uning fonetik xususiyatlari”. – “Zamonaviy til va adabiyot”, 2021, №2.
9
Xolboyev D. “Fonotaktika va o‘zlashma so‘zlar”. – “Filologiya va til ta’limi” jurnali, 2019, №3
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1.
1. Alimova S. “Morphic elements in phonetic adaptation”. – “Linguistic studies”, 2022,
No. 1.
2.
2. Ergashev M. “Internet language and its phonetic properties”. – “Modern language and
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5. Jumayeva Z.M. “Phonetic adaptation as one of the mechanisms of language
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6. Muminov A.H. “Global language changes and renewal of the Uzbek lexicon”. –
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