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FEATURES OF GRADUATION IN DIALECTS AND ACCENTS
Qurbonmurodova Aziza Shavkatovna
Teacher of the Department of Philology at the Renaissance
University of Uzbekistan
E-mail:
Badriddinova Umida Yaxyoyevna
Independent researcher at the Public Safety University of the National
Guard of the Republic of Uzbekistan
Annotation:
This scientific article analyzes the phonetic, lexical, grammatical, and semantic
features of gradation in Uzbek language dialects and accents. Clarification is provided on the
concepts of dialect and accent, highlighting their differences from the standard language. The
phenomenon of gradation is studied through the inter-semantic relationships of language units,
lexical-semantic relationships such as synonymy, antonymy, and gradation. The phonetic, lexical,
and grammatical characteristics of the Kipchak, Oguz, and Chig'ftloy dialects in the Uzbek
language are illustrated with examples. Geographic, social, historical, and communicative factors
that influence the gradation of dialects and accents are analyzed. The integration of dialects and
accents into literary language, the normalization process, and their social significance are
discussed. The article emphasizes the necessity of scientific research and practical measures for
the preservation and development of dialects and accents.
Keywords:
Dialect, variant, stratification, phonetic characteristics, lexical characteristics,
grammatical characteristics, semantic characteristics, geographical factors, social factors,
historical factors, communicational factors, standardization process, place in literary language,
social significance.
Introduction
. Dialects and variants are important phenomena in linguistics that reflect
the richness of a national language and its geographical and social diversity. The dialectical
system of the Uzbek language reflects its historical development process, the lifestyle of the
people, their culture, and social structure. The stratification of dialects and variants occupies a
specific place in the overall system of the language.
General approach to the concepts of dialect and patoisa
Dialect is the phonetic, lexical, and grammatical features specific to a certain region or
social group of a common language. Patois, on the other hand, is a smaller unit of a dialect,
considered a form of language specific to a particular village or local area. Stratification refers to
the differences between dialects and patois and their place in the overall language system.
The characteristics of the stratification of dialects and accents
In Uzbek linguistics regarding word formation were profoundly discussed by Prof. A.
G‘ulomov, whose thoughts are significant for both his time and the present day. Since the 1960s,
serious achievements have been made in the study of word formation issues. From this
perspective, akad. A. Hojiyev's monograph dedicated to the theoretical issues of word formation
in the Uzbek language emphasizes that the phenomenon of word formation is equally related to
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the vocabulary and grammar of the language, establishing it as a distinct field that constitutes a
separate section of linguistics. Sh. Shaxobitdinova, in her work dedicated to the dialectical
interpretation of Uzbek language morphology, analyzed the category of degree more deeply and
substantiated her views on distinguishing between the categories of degree and comparison.
1. Phonetic characteristics:
There are sound changes and pronunciation differences in
dialects and varieties. For example, in Kipchak dialects, the word "yo'l" is pronounced as "jo'l."
2. Lexical characteristics:
There are differences in vocabulary, synonyms and antonyms,
and local terms in dialects and varieties. For instance, in Karluq dialects, the word "aka" is used
as "oka."
3. Grammatical characteristics:
There are morphological and syntactic differences as
well. For example, in Kipchak dialects, "ning" genitive case is replaced with "ni" accusative case.
4. Semantic characteristics:
Changes in the meanings of words and their usage
according to context constitute dialectal differences.
Examples of the stratification of dialects and accents in the Uzbek language
•
Kipchak dialects:
spread in regions such as the Ohangaron valley, Mirzacho'l,
Kashkadarya, Surkhandarya, and Northern Khorezm.
•
Oghuz dialects:
dialects of Southern Khorezm (Khiva, New Urgench, Shovot, Gazavot,
Khazorasp, New Tashkent).
•
Chagatai dialects:
Samarkand-Bukhara dialects, especially formed under the influence
of Iran.
•
Buvayda district dialects:
there are unique lexical-semantic characteristics in the
Buvayda district of Fergana region.
There is a unique categorization in various regional dialects:
Fergana dialect:
• Zo‘rrroq emas, zo‘rraday (zo‘rdek) – to intensify.
• Issiqcha – a bit warm.
Kashkadarya dialect:
• Yaxshi-gina – very good.
• Qora-qo‘ng‘ir – quite dark (description of an intermediate color).
Factors affecting the categorization of dialects and regional varieties.
1. Geographic factors:
Regional separations, mountain and river systems.
2. Social factors:
The social status of the population, level of education, profession.
3.
Historical factors:
Historical events, migrations, cultural connections.
4. Communicative factors:
Media, education system, language policy.
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The standardization of dialects and their place in the literary language.
The standardization process: Integration of dialects and vernaculars into the literary
language, methods of standardization.
The standardization process involves developing a system of rules necessary to shape the
literary language and widely apply it in society. In this process, the distinctive features of
dialects and vernaculars are integrated into the literary language.
For example
, words found in the dialect of the Olot district of Bukhara region, such as
'mujek' (insect), 'do'rji' (flood), and 'deza' (aunt), reflect the traditional lifestyle of this area.
Although these words may not be widely used in the literary language, they can be integrated
into it, which leads to the enrichment of the language.
The Role of Literary Language: The influence of dialects and vernaculars on literary
language and their reflection in literature.
The role of literary language refers to the influence of dialects and vernaculars on literary
language and how they are reflected in literature. Dialectal elements enrich literary language and
expand its expressive possibilities.
For example:
in the early 20th century, the word "kupe" was replaced by "bo'lma",
"avans" was replaced by "bo'nak", and "mardikor" was substituted with "kunlukchi". These
dialectal elements, when used in literature, have enhanced the diversity of literary language.
The social significance of normalization: Its role in preserving and developing the national
language
The social significance of standardization plays an important role in preserving and
developing the national language. The standardization of dialects and varieties ensures the unity
of the language and strengthens its place in society.
For example:
In the process of the formation of the Uzbek literary language, the
standardization of dialects ensured national unity of the language. This process strengthened the
role of the language in society and contributed to its development.
Conlusion.
The characteristics of the stratification of dialects and varieties reflect the
richness and diversity of the language. A deeper understanding of the dialectical system of the
Uzbek language and shedding light on their unique features is of great importance for scientific
research. Scientific research and practical measures are necessary for the preservation and
development of dialects and varieties.
References
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Uzbek language and their analysis in the morphological analyzer: PhD thesis at the international
scientific conference - Tashkent, 2023, pp. 249-260.
2. Eshboyev Q. Foundations for creating a hierarchical educational dictionary: PhD
dissertation - Andijan, 2022, p. 138.
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