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APPROACHES TO ENHANCING THE DESCRIPTIONS OF IRRIGATION AND
MELIORATION TERMS IN EXPLANATORY DICTIONARIES OF THE UZBEK
LANGUAGE
Ahmedova Mahliyo Toshtemirovna
Basic doctoral student of Shakhrisabz State Pedagogical Institute
Abstract:
This article discusses the development of explanatory dictionaries in the Uzbek
language up to the present day, methods for improving the descriptions of irrigation and
melioration terms in existing Uzbek explanatory dictionaries, and the practical significance of
the results obtained.
Keywords:
explanatory dictionary, word, phrase, entry, illustrative example, irrigation,
melioration, Uzbek language.
O‘ZBEK TILINING IZOHLI LUG‘ATLARIDAGI IRRIGATSIYA VA
MELIORATSIYA TERMINLARI TAVSIFLARINI TAKOMILLASHTIRISH
YO‘LLARI
Annotatsiya:
Ushbu maqolada o‘zbek tilida yaratilgan izohli lug‘atlarning bugungi kunga
qadar shakllanib kelishi, o‘zbek tilida mavjud izohli lug‘atlardagi irrigatsiya va meloratsiya
terminlariga berilgan tavsiflarni takomillashtirish yo‘llari va undan olinadigan natijalarning
amaliy ahamiyati haqida so‘z yuritiladi.
Kalit so‘zlar:
izohli lug‘at, so‘z, ibora, maqola, illyustrativ misol, irrigatsiya, melioratsiya,
o‘zbek tili.
ПУТИ СОВЕРШЕНСТВОВАНИЯ ОПИСАНИЙ ТЕРМИНОВ ИРРИГАЦИИ И
МЕЛИОРАЦИИ В ТОЛКОВЫХ СЛОВАРЯХ УЗБЕКСКОГО ЯЗЫКА
Аннотация:
В данной статье рассматривается процесс формирования толковых словарей
узбекского языка на современном этапе, пути совершенствования описаний терминов
ирригации и мелиорации в существующих толковых словарях узбекского языка, а также
практическая значимость получаемых результатов.
Ключевые слова:
толковый словарь, слово, выражение, статья, иллюстративный пример,
ирригация, мелиорация, узбекский язык.
Introduction
.To improve the lexicographic interpretation of terms in the field of irrigation and
melioration within explanatory dictionaries, attention should be paid to the following aspects:
a) expanding and enriching the definitions of terms included in the dictionary;
b) developing definitions for units that are not included in the dictionary but are widely used in
Uzbek texts and are comprehensible to a significant portion of the population, including non-
specialists;
c) identifying cases where the use of grammatical and stylistic markers (special labels) is
necessary.
According to the first point, attention should be given to cases in explanatory dictionaries where
terms are listed but their terminological meanings are insufficiently elaborated or not provided
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at all. The lexeme “
qasirg‘a”
can be included among such terms. The dictionary entry for this
lexeme provides the following definition:
“1
kt.
Uyurma, quyun.
2 Tashvishli voqealar, g‘alayonlar” [1:80].
In addition to the definition of the lexeme in the dictionary entry, the stylistic marker “k.t.”
(literary word) is also provided. This marker indicates that the defined meaning of the lexeme
pertains to a literary style. However, the illustrative example provided to support this meaning
does not align with a scientific style:
“
Nam tuproqlardan ko‘tarila boshlagan bug‘ siyrak tuman hosil qildi, u boya shiddat va
qasirg‘a orasida qo‘ylarini qaytarishga uringan cho‘ponning holini to‘sib qo‘ydi
” (I.Sulton,
Sofiya) [1:80].
In specialized dictionaries related to irrigation and melioration, the following dictionary entry is
provided for the lexeme
qasirg‘a:
“
Qasirg‘a – odatda, momaqaldiroqli jala bilan bir vaqtda boʻladigan kuchli shamol
” [2:77].
Analysis of the literature on the topic (Literature review).
In our opinion, the first meaning
of the lexeme provided in the explanatory dictionary is precisely its terminological meaning.
Therefore, it is advisable to rely on the information from specialized dictionaries when
formulating it. If the dictionary entry for the lexeme in the explanatory dictionary is structured
as follows, the definition will be more comprehensive and precise:
“1
kt.
Momaqaldiroqli jala bilan bir vaqtda bo‘ladigan kuchli shamol; uyurma, quyun”.
Through this definition, the reader gains a clear understanding of why a strong wind or
whirlwind is specifically referred to as
qasirg‘a.
This is because the term
momaqaldiroq
denotes “chaqmoq chaqib, elektr razryadi – yashin bilan kuzatiladigan, qisqa vaqt davom
etadigan atmosfera hodisasi; portlash to‘lqini” [3:221] and its inclusion in the definition of the
lexeme
qasirg‘a
enhances the necessity and relevance of its presence.
As emphasized, the issue of improving the definitions of lexemes in explanatory dictionaries is
addressed by adding or clarifying their terminological meanings. For instance, the lexeme
oqova
is present in all editions of explanatory dictionaries. The definitions of this lexeme in
explanatory dictionaries ensure its inclusion in the terminological system of irrigation and
melioration. In the latest edition of the explanatory dictionary, three meanings of the lexeme
oqova
are defined, one of which expresses a connotative meaning and is not used as a term in
the field under study. The following meanings of the lexeme, as provided in the Explanatory
Dictionary of the Uzbek Language, can serve as a specialized lexical unit within the domain of
irrigation and melioration:
“1 Hovuz, ekinzor kabi joylarga bir tomondan kirib, ikkinchi tomondan chiqib ketadigan suv.
2 Partov suv, chiqit, iflos suv” [3:508].
Both meanings of the lexeme
Oqova
are actively used in texts related to irrigation and
melioration. Lexicographic information concerning the phrase “
Oqova qilib sug‘orish
which
denotes “ekinni egatlardan suv oqizib qo‘yib, miriqtirib sug‘orish” confirms that the first
meaning is an element of the terminological system of the field under study. However, there
exists an additional terminological meaning of the lexeme that has not been included in the
Explanatory Dictionary of the Uzbek Language. In our opinion, if one terminological meaning
is included in the dictionary entry, it is advisable to also reflect the remaining ones. The
following meaning of the lexeme
Oqova
, which is not included in Explanatory Dictionary of
the Uzbek Language but is provided in specialized dictionaries, is as follows:
“Oqova, ortiqcha suvni chiqarish uchun qurilgan maxsus inshoot
”[2:10].
It is evident from the definition that this meaning of the lexeme is a result of the development of
its primary meaning. This is because the meaning of the lexeme
oqova
as “used water” has,
through metonymy, transitioned to denote a structure through which such water is discharged.
In our opinion, it is advisable to include this meaning of the lexeme, which is used in the field
of irrigation and melioration, in explanatory dictionaries. As a result, the definition of the
lexeme in the explanatory dictionary would be formulated as follows:
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“1 Hovuz, ekinzor kabi joylarga bir tomondan kirib, ikkinchi tomondan chiqib ketadigan suv.
2 Partov suv, chiqit, iflos suv.
3
q.x.
Ortiqcha suvni chiqarish uchun qurilgan maxsus inshoot.
4
ko‘chma s.t.
Bo‘lib o‘tgan ishning qoldiq asari, oqibati”.
Research Methodology.
Indeed, the initial two terminological meanings of the lexeme are
relatively widespread. However, including all meanings of the field's terminology in their
complete form within the explanatory dictionary entry enhances its informativeness. For the
purpose of creating modern language corpora and thesauri, explanatory dictionaries with a high
level of informativeness are essential as lexicographic resources. If the lexeme’s definition is
structured in this way, all its terminological meanings will be fully represented in the dictionary
entry. Generally, the fact that explanatory dictionaries are designed for a broad audience
requires that the information they contain be comprehensive and precise.
Among the terms in the field of irrigation and melioration, there are lexemes that are familiar to
a significant portion of the population but have not been included in explanatory dictionaries.
Incorporating such terms into explanatory dictionaries is one of the pressing requirements of the
present day. As previously mentioned, subsequent editions of explanatory dictionaries are
compiled with consideration of the changes occurring in the language over time. In particular,
terms that express concepts widely adopted in public life and integrated into everyday lifestyles
must be included in dictionaries. Concepts related to irrigation and melioration terms have
become increasingly significant in recent years due to the growing urgency of water scarcity
issues in our region. President Sh.Mirziyoyev, deeply aware of the water scarcity issue in the
region, emphasized at high-level platforms, “When discussing issues related to ensuring
security and stability in Central Asia, we cannot overlook the critical matter of the rational use
of the region’s collective water resources” [4]. Furthermore, our country is considered to be in
the most unfavorable position among Central Asian states in terms of “water stress,” i.e., the
volume of water extraction relative to available water resources. Consequently, focusing on
water conservation in agriculture and other sectors has become a vital necessity in recent years,
and it would not be an exaggeration to state so. Measures such as efficient irrigation, cultivation
of low-water-demand plant varieties, and the careful management of water resources in the
national economy have become guiding principles for every citizen. From this perspective, the
active use of new terms related to water resources and their conservation in field-specific texts
is, unsurprisingly, not an unexpected phenomenon.
In the field of irrigation and melioration in our country, the relatively new term “drip irrigation”
(tomchilab sug‘orish) is actively used in scientific and journalistic texts. This term has not been
included in explanatory dictionaries, yet a significant portion of the population currently
understands its essence and actively employs it in their speech. Indeed, the term under analysis
is structurally a collocation, which poses a challenge to its inclusion as a headword in an
explanatory dictionary. The phrase “drip irrigation” (tomchilab sug‘orish) can be classified
among relatively stable collocations, as recognized in English and Russian linguistics. In
collocations, the constituent elements are fixed, and the lexical units forming them frequently
appear together as a phrase in live speech. It is pertinent to cite the following statement
regarding the role of collocations in language: “Collocations are combinations of words that
frequently co-occur in a specific language” [5,6]. It is evident that the phrase “drip irrigation”
(tomchilab sug‘orish) which has become widespread in recent years in the Uzbek irrigation and
melioration domain, can be included in explanatory dictionary entries as a fixed collocation.
The section of the explanatory dictionary titled “Structure of the Dictionary and Its Usage”
outlines the procedure for including fixed collocations as follows: “Derived words and fixed
collocations formed from a headword through an auxiliary word (written separately) are
included within the dictionary entry for the headword, after the entry for the headword itself is
completed, in a new paragraph in bold type, with derived words listed first, followed by fixed
collocations as defined units” [7:15]. In this regard, the collocation “drip irrigation” (tomchilab
sug‘orish) could have been included in the dictionary entries for the lexemes tomchilamoq or
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sug‘ormoq. However, this terminological collocation is not included in the entries for either
to
drip
or
to irrigate
in the Explanatory Dictionary of the Uzbek Language. Notably, the
government resolution on “Tomchilatib sug‘orish tizimini va suvni tejaydigan boshqa sug‘orish
texnologiyalarini joriy etish va moliyalashtirishni samarali tashkil etish chora-tadbirlari” was
adopted in 2013, well before the last two editions of the explanatory dictionaries. Considering
the active use of this terminological collocation in live speech and its comprehensibility to a
large segment of the population, it is advisable to include the term “drip irrigation” (tomchilab
sug‘orish) in the dictionary entry for one of the two constituent lexemes. The definition for the
terminological collocation “drip irrigation” (tomchilab sug‘orish) would be formulated as
follows:
“Tomchilatib sug‘orish – suvni maxsus quvurlar orqali to‘g‘ridan to‘g‘ri o‘simlikning ildizlari
atrofiga kam miqdorda tomizib sug‘orish usuli”.
Analysis and results.
Structuring dictionary entries in this manner significantly enhances their
effectiveness and informativeness.
In various scientific fields and aspects of life, there exist opposing concepts grounded in the
dialectical law of the unity and struggle of opposites, which mutually necessitate each other[8].
If one term of such a pair is included in a dictionary while the other is omitted, it undermines
the logical coherence and systematicity of the dictionary. During our analyses, such pairs were
identified among the terms of irrigation and melioration. For instance, in the Explanatory
Dictionary of the Uzbek Language, the term
galofitlar
is defined with its etymological meaning
as “salt plants” and further elaborated as “sho‘radoshlar oilasiga mansub, o‘ta sho‘rlangan, tuzli
tuproqlarda (dengiz qirg‘oqlari, sho‘rxoklar kabi) o‘suvchi o‘simliklar” [9:181]. This lexeme
exhibits polyfunctionality through its terminological meaning, as it simultaneously pertains to
concepts in both irrigation and melioration and botany. Despite its clear terminological
significance, the dictionary entry lacks a specific marker indicating its terminological affiliation.
In contrast, the lexeme
galofoblar
, which denotes a concept with opposing characteristics, is not
included in Explanatory Dictionary of the Uzbek Language. The term
galofoblar
could be
incorporated into the explanatory dictionary as a term in irrigation and melioration with the
definition “tuzli tuproqda yomon o‘sadigan o‘simliklar”. Given the abundance of plants
classified as galofoblar in our country and the presence of galofit in the dictionary, it is
recommended that galofoblar be included as a headword in future editions of Explanatory
Dictionary of the Uzbek Language. Throughout our analyses, we have observed a significant
number of such lexical units in the field of irrigation and melioration.
Although explanatory dictionaries clearly indicate relevance to this field through definitions
and illustrative examples, they are not distinguished by stylistic or grammatical markers.
Certain terms, hierarchically higher in relation to the field under study, are marked with the
designation
“q.x.”
(agriculture) as pertaining to the broader agricultural domain. Other terms,
belonging to hydrology or hydraulic engineering, are marked with the “
gidr.”
(hydrology)
notation. In our view, incorporating the “
irr.”
(irrigation) and
“mlr
.” (melioration) notations
into a dictionary that employs over a hundred stylistic and grammatical markers would be
expedient. This would further specify the domain to which a term belongs and streamline the
process of gathering material for the compilation of specialized dictionaries in the future.
Conclusions and suggestions (conclusions/recommendations).
In summary, explanatory
dictionaries reflect linguistic changes by refining the definitions of lexemes, incorporating new
lexemes, and documenting stylistic and grammatical changes in headwords. As a crucial
lexicographic resource, explanatory dictionaries continuously evolve and improve, mirroring
the dynamic nature of the language itself.
LIST OF REFERENCES USED:
1.Explanatory dictionary of the Uzbek language: 6 volumes, volume 4. – Tashkent: Gafur
Ghulom, 2023. – 824 p.
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2.Azimzhanova S., Akhmedov O. Russian-Uzbek-English explanatory dictionary of terms
related to irrigation and land reclamation. – Tashkent: Nihol print OK, 2022. – 424 p.
3.Explanatory dictionary of the Uzbek language: 6 volumes, volume 3. – Tashkent: Gafur
Ghulom, 2023. – 844 p.
4.Speech of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan Sh.M.Mirziyoyev at the 72nd session
of the UN General Assembly. 20.09.2017. https://president.uz/oz/lists/view/1063
5. Varlamova E., Bashkirova K. Ponyatie collocation in Zarubezhnoy lingvistike: semantic
filling // Philology and culture. 2018. No. 1. – S 30-34.
6. Benson M, The Structure of the Collocational Dictionary, 1989.
7. Explanatory dictionary of the Uzbek language: 6 volumes, volume 1. - Tashkent: Gafur
Ghulam, 2023. - 964 p.
8.https://uz.wikipedia.org/wikiThe law of unity of oppositions and struggle [Electronic source:]
Date of application 01/28/2025.
9. Explanatory dictionary of the Uzbek language: 6 volumes, volume 2. - Tashkent: Gafur
Ghulam, 2023. - 1036 p.
