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HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY NEUROSECRETORY SYSTEM UNDER THE
INFLUENCE OF EXTREME FACTORS.
Shukurova Dilorom Bakhodirovna
assistant of the Department of Physiology,
Samarkand State Medical University, Uzbekistan
Khamraeva Shakhzoda Shodievna
student of Samarkand State Medical University
Abstract:
The hypothalamic-pituitary neurosecretory system plays a key role in regulating the
div's adaptive processes, ensuring a balance between neural and endocrine regulation. Extreme
factors such as stress, physical exertion, temperature changes, hypoxia, and toxic environmental
exposure significantly affect its functioning. In response to stressors, the system activates
neuroendocrine regulation mechanisms aimed at maintaining homeostasis and adapting the div
to adverse conditions. Imbalance in the functioning of this system can lead to metabolic
disorders, immune dysfunction, and the development of pathological conditions such as chronic
stress, depression, and endocrine disorders. This article examines the main adaptation
mechanisms of the hypothalamic-pituitary system to extreme conditions, the influence of various
factors on hormone secretion, as well as the possible consequences of prolonged dysregulation of
this system. Studying these processes will help develop effective strategies for correcting and
preventing stress-induced disorders.
Keywords:
hypothalamus, pituitary gland, stress, adaptation, hormones, extreme factors,
neurosecretion, cortisol, adrenocorticotropic hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, hypoxia,
metabolism, endocrine regulation, physiological adaptation, homeostasis.
GIPOTALAMO-GIPOFIZAR NEYROSEKRETOR TIZIMI EKSTREMAL OMILLAR
TA'SIRIDA.
Shukurova Dilorom Baxodirovna
fiziologiya kafedrasi assistenti,
Samarqand Davlat Tibbiyot Universiteti, O’zbekiston
Xamrayeva Shaxzoda Shodiyevna
Samarqand Davlat Tibbiyot Universiteti talabasi
Rezyume:
Gipotalamo-gipofizar neyrosekretor tizimi organizmning moslashuv jarayonlarini
tartibga solishda muhim rol o‘ynaydi, nerv va endokrin boshqaruvi o‘rtasidagi muvozanatni
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ta’minlaydi. Stress, jismoniy yuklamalar, harorat o‘zgarishi, gipoksiya va atrof-muhitning toksik
ta’siri kabi ekstremal omillar uning faoliyatiga sezilarli ta’sir ko‘rsatadi. Stressorlarning ta’siriga
javoban, bu tizim neyroendokrin boshqaruv mexanizmlarini faollashtirib, gomeostazni saqlash
va organizmning noqulay sharoitlarga moslashishini ta’minlaydi. Ushbu tizimning ishlashidagi
muvozanatsizlik metabolizm va immun tizimi buzilishlariga, shuningdek, surunkali stress,
depressiya va endokrin kasalliklar kabi patologiyalarning rivojlanishiga olib kelishi mumkin.
Ushbu maqolada gipotalamo-gipofizar tizimining ekstremal sharoitlarga moslashuv
mexanizmlari, turli omillarning gormon sekretsiyasiga ta’siri va bu tizimning uzoq muddatli
buzilish oqibatlari ko‘rib chiqiladi. Ushbu jarayonlarni o‘rganish stress bilan bog‘liq
buzilishlarning oldini olish va ularni korrektsiya qilish bo‘yicha samarali strategiyalarni ishlab
chiqishga yordam beradi.
Kalit so‘zlar:
gipotalamus, gipofiz, stress, moslashuv, gormonlar, ekstremal omillar,
neyrosekretsiya, kortizol, adrenokortikotrop gormon, tiroidni rag‘batlantiruvchi gormon,
gipoksiya, metabolizm, endokrin boshqaruv, fiziologik moslashuv, gomeostaz.
ГИПОТАЛАМО ГИПОФИЗАРНАЯ НЕЙРОСЕКРЕТОРНАЯ СИСТЕМА ПРИ
ВОЗДЕЙСТВИИ ЭКСТРЕМАЛЬНЫХ ФАКТОРОВ
Шукурова Дилором Баходыровна
ассистент кафедры физиологии,
Самаркандский Государственный Медицинский Университет, Узбекистан
Хамраева Шахзода Шодиевна
студент Самаркандского Государственного Медицинского Университета
Резюме:
Гипоталамо-гипофизарная нейросекреторная система играет ключевую роль в
регуляции адаптационных процессов организма, обеспечивая баланс между нервной и
эндокринной регуляцией. Экстремальные факторы, такие как стресс, физическая нагрузка,
изменения температуры, гипоксия и токсическое воздействие окружающей среды,
оказывают значительное влияние на её функционирование. В ответ на воздействие
стрессоров система активирует механизмы нейроэндокринной регуляции, направленные
на поддержание гомеостаза и адаптацию организма к неблагоприятным условиям.
Дисбаланс в работе данной системы может привести к нарушениям метаболизма,
иммунной функции и развитию патологических состояний, таких как хронический стресс,
депрессия и эндокринные расстройства. Данная статья рассматривает основные
механизмы адаптации гипоталамо-гипофизарной системы к экстремальным условиям,
влияние различных факторов на секрецию гормонов, а также возможные последствия
длительной дисрегуляции данной системы. Изучение этих процессов поможет разработать
эффективные стратегии коррекции и профилактики стресс-индуцированных нарушений.
Ключевые слова:
гипоталамус, гипофиз, стресс, адаптация, гормоны, экстремальные
факторы, нейросекреция, кортизол, адренокортикотропный гормон, тиреотропный гормон,
гипоксия, метаболизм, эндокринная регуляция, физиологическая адаптация, гомеостаз.
Introduction
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The hypothalamic-pituitary system is the central link in neuroendocrine regulation, providing a
link between the nervous and endocrine systems. Its work plays a decisive role in the adaptation
of the div to changing environmental conditions.
The functioning of this system is based on the complex interaction of the hypothalamus and
pituitary gland, which regulate the release of hormones necessary to maintain homeostasis. The
hypothalamus produces releasing hormones that stimulate or inhibit the secretion of tropic
hormones of the pituitary gland. In turn, the pituitary gland controls the activity of peripheral
endocrine glands, such as the adrenal glands, thyroid gland and gonads. Thus, the hypothalamic-
pituitary system is involved in the regulation of metabolism, immune response, reproductive
function and adaptive reactions to stress.
Exposure to extreme factors, such as acute or chronic stress, climate change, oxygen deficiency,
or excessive physical activity, causes adaptive responses aimed at mobilizing the div's
protective resources. However, prolonged or excessive exposure to these factors can cause
pathological changes that lead to endocrine system disorders, decreased immunity, increased
fatigue, and the development of chronic diseases.
Studying the effect of extreme factors on the hypothalamic-pituitary system is of great
importance for understanding the mechanisms of the div's adaptation and developing methods
for preventing and treating endocrine and neurological disorders.
Literature Review
Studies show that exposure to extreme factors, such as stress, physical activity, and hypoxia,
causes activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, leading to increased secretion of
corticotropin and cortisol (Sapolsky et al., 2000; McEwen, 2007). Long-term exposure to stress
factors can lead to dysfunction of this system, causing hypersecretion of cortisol and subsequent
adrenal exhaustion (Chrousos, 2009; Herman & Cullinan, 1997).
Changes in temperature can also affect the level of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and
thyroid hormones, which has a significant impact on thermoregulatory processes and overall
metabolism of the div (Kalsbeek et al., 2012; Rivier & Vale, 1984). Research shows that
extreme temperatures can cause changes in the functioning of the hypothalamic neurosecretory
centers, which leads to changes in hormonal balance and adaptive responses of the div (Selye,
1976). In addition, chronic stress can alter the activity of the somatotropic and gonadotropic
systems, which leads to metabolic disorders, suppression of immune function and a decrease in
reproductive capacity (Chrousos, 2009; Sapolsky et al., 2000). According to studies, chronic
activation of the stress axis leads to persistent changes in the functioning of the hypothalamus
and pituitary gland, which can lead to neuroendocrine disorders and an increased risk of
developing psychosomatic diseases (McEwen, 2007; Herman & Cullinan, 1997). Thus, modern
research confirms that the hypothalamic-pituitary neurosecretory system plays an important role
in adaptation to extreme conditions, and its imbalance can lead to serious physiological disorders.
Further study of these mechanisms is necessary to develop effective methods for the prevention
and treatment of endocrine and stress-induced diseases.
Relevance
In modern conditions, the human div is often exposed to extreme factors, including
psychoemotional stress, climate change, physical overexertion, hypoxia, sleep and nutrition
disorders. These factors can significantly affect the physiological state of a person, leading to
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hormonal imbalance, metabolic changes and increased vulnerability to various diseases.
The hypothalamic-pituitary neurosecretory system plays a central role in the div's adaptation to
changing environmental conditions, regulating the processes of stress response, energy
metabolism and maintaining homeostasis. Long-term or chronic exposure to extreme factors can
lead to disruptions in the functioning of this system, which contributes to the development of
endocrine disorders, chronic fatigue, depressive states, cardiovascular disorders and immune
dysfunctions.
The study of the mechanisms of adaptation of the hypothalamic-pituitary system is an important
area in endocrinology, neurology and physiology. A deep understanding of these processes will
allow us to develop more effective strategies for the prevention and treatment of stress-induced
diseases, as well as to propose new methods for correcting disorders associated with the div's
adaptation to adverse environmental conditions.
Purpose of the study
This work is aimed at studying changes in the hypothalamic-pituitary neurosecretory system
under the influence of various extreme factors, analyzing the mechanisms of adaptation and
possible consequences for the div. The study examines the functioning of this system under
conditions of acute and chronic stress, physical and psychoemotional overstrain, hypoxia,
changes in temperature and other adverse effects.
Particular attention is paid to the physiological and biochemical processes occurring in the
hypothalamus and pituitary gland under extreme loads, as well as their effect on the secretion of
key hormones such as corticotropin, cortisol, thyroid-stimulating hormone and somatotropin.
The role of these hormones in maintaining homeostasis and adaptive reactions of the div is
analyzed. The obtained results will allow not only to better understand the mechanisms of
adaptation of the endocrine system to stress factors, but also to develop new strategies for the
prevention and correction of dysfunctions of the hypothalamic-pituitary system, which is of great
importance for medicine, sports, work and general human physiology.
Materials and methods of research
The study used methods of analyzing scientific literature, including modern publications on
endocrinology, physiology and neurobiology, as well as a retrospective analysis of clinical data.
Particular attention is paid to the study of works concerning the influence of extreme factors on
the functioning of the hypothalamic-pituitary system, including studies conducted under
conditions of chronic stress, hypoxia, physical overload and extreme temperatures.
The experimental base was laboratory research data, including monitoring the levels of
hormones of the hypothalamic-pituitary system under the influence of various stress factors. The
results of studies on animal models that allow a detailed study of physiological changes in
response to acute and chronic stress are considered, as well as clinical observations of changes in
endocrine status in people exposed to extreme conditions.The methods of the study included
biochemical analysis of blood and urine for the concentration of hormones, such as
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), cortisol, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH),
somatotropic hormone (STH) and prolactin. Brain imaging methods were also used, including
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to assess the activity of the hypothalamus and pituitary gland.
Neuropsychological tests and questionnaires were additionally used to assess cognitive and
emotional changes associated with exposure to extreme factors.
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An integrated approach to studying the hypothalamic-pituitary system under extreme conditions
allows for a deeper understanding of the mechanisms of adaptation and the development of
effective strategies for the prevention and correction of the identified disorders.
Results
Impact of stress: Stress factors activate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, causing
increased secretion of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH). This, in turn, leads to an increase
in the level of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) in the blood, which stimulates the
production of cortisol by the adrenal glands. Cortisol plays a key role in regulating energy
metabolism, modulating the immune response and maintaining homeostasis. However, a long-
term increase in its level can contribute to the development of chronic stress, depression,
hypertension and metabolic disorders.
Physical activity: Intense physical activity leads to activation of the somatotropic axis, which is
accompanied by an increase in the secretion of growth hormone (STH) and insulin-like growth
factor-1 (IGF-1). These hormones promote tissue growth and repair, increase metabolic activity
and improve the div's adaptation to stress. However, excessive physical activity can cause
depletion of the pituitary gland and hypothalamus, which can lead to a decrease in STH levels
and disruption of anabolic processes. Temperature changes: Exposure to low temperatures
activates the hypothalamic regulation of thermoregulation, which leads to increased secretion of
thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and a subsequent increase in the level of thyroxine (T4) and
triiodothyronine (T3). These hormones stimulate thermogenesis processes, facilitating the div's
adaptation to cold. In conditions of high temperatures, a decrease in the level of thyroid
hormones is observed, which can be accompanied by a decrease in the metabolic rate and
adaptation to a hot climate. Hypoxia: Oxygen deficiency activates compensatory mechanisms of
the hypothalamic-pituitary system, including increased secretion of erythropoietin, which
stimulates the production of red blood cells and increases oxygen transport to tissues. Hypoxia
also causes activation of stress-associated hormones, such as cortisol and adrenaline, which
contributes to the adaptation of the cardiovascular system. However, long-term hypoxia can lead
to chronic stress, neuroendocrine disorders and deterioration of cognitive functions.
Thus, the hypothalamic-pituitary system plays a central role in the div's adaptation to various
extreme conditions, but its overload or dysfunction can lead to the development of pathological
conditions. Further research in this area is necessary to understand the mechanisms of regulation
and develop methods for correcting emerging disorders.
Conclusion
The hypothalamic-pituitary neurosecretory system is the central mechanism of the div's
adaptation to extreme conditions. It plays a key role in maintaining physiological homeostasis by
regulating metabolic processes, immune response, thermoregulation, and stress adaptation.
Exposure to extreme factors such as stress, physical exertion, temperature fluctuations, and
hypoxia activates a cascade of endocrine changes aimed at the div's adaptation. These changes
include increased secretion of cortisol, thyroid hormones, growth hormone, and erythropoietin,
facilitating the mobilization of the div's reserves. However, prolonged or excessive exposure to
extreme factors can lead to dysfunction of the hypothalamic-pituitary system, which is
accompanied by the development of endocrine and neurological disorders. Chronic stress, for
example, is associated with increased secretion of cortisol, which can lead to adrenal exhaustion,
depression, sleep disorders, and metabolic disorders. Excessive physical activity can cause an
imbalance of growth hormone and IGF-1, affecting tissue repair processes. Long-term exposure
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to hypoxia can provoke cognitive impairment and cardiovascular diseases.
Thus, studying the mechanisms of the hypothalamic-pituitary system functioning under extreme
conditions is an important task of modern physiology and medicine. Further research in this area
will help not only to better understand the mechanisms of the div's adaptation, but also to
develop effective strategies for the correction and prevention of disorders caused by exposure to
extreme factors. This is especially important for medicine, sports, work in extreme conditions, as
well as for increasing the div's resistance to adverse environmental factors.
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