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THEORETICAL BASIS OF ASSESSMENT OF STANDARDS AND STYLE IN
CONFLICT TEXTS IN LINGUISTIC EXPERTISE
Yakubova Sevara
Tashkent State Pedagogical University
Department of Uzbek Language and Teaching Methods
Acting Associate Professor, Ph.D.
Email:
tel: 90.915-55-01
ANNOTATION:
Conflict text is considered an important research object in linguistic expertise.
In the linguistic examinations aimed at identifying the author, mainly cases of literary norms and
deviations from norms are important in the process of identification. In this case, it is necessary
to analyze separately the cases of departure from the literary norm and the literary norm in
manuscript and printed texts. The article focuses on issues such as the concept of norms, non-
literary elements and assessment of the stylistic features of the text in linguistic expertise.
Key words:
linguistic expertise, norm, non-literary element, anonymity,
identification, attributes, norm, demand
Introduction
It is known that
the norm
and
style
are mutually exclusive concepts. The in-depth scientific
study of the norms of the literary language, its scientific and theoretical substantiation and
finding solutions to the problems associated with it are one of the most urgent issues facing the
applied linguistics field of linguistics .
.
It is impossible to draw reasonable conclusions about the
issues of applied linguistics without studying the specific aspects of the literary language, the
laws of its development, and the possibilities of using its language units in accordance with the
speech situation. “It is clear that language and speech have a norm. But it is not easy to
determine these norms, to determine their correctness, acceptability, and to evaluate them.
Because until now, the norms of languages, including the Uzbek language, their expediency,
their non-conformity from the point of view of each speech situation, situation, and speech style
requirements have not been sufficiently studied. The study of this issue, in turn, is connected
with the theory of language norms,
the doctrine of linguistic norms. Such a doctrine
exists. But until now, the concept of language norms,its understanding, interpretation, and
concrete many aspects of defining and evaluating norms are scientifically controversial or
unclear. In this regard, analyzing the ideas existing in contemporary linguistics about norms,
including literary norms, and drawing certain conclusions will undoubtedly serve the
development of the theory of linguistic norms in Uzbek linguistics” [1; pp. 9-10].
Literature review
Although various terms such as model, pattern, norm, rule are used in linguistics in relation to
the concept of norm, they serve a single purpose in content. This is also evident in the definitions
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given in linguistic dictionaries. Based on the existing ideas, “the essence of the norm can be
defined as follows: on the one hand, it is a law, a skill, a qualification, a mechanism that allows a
speaker or writer to choose normal options without errors in accordance with a certain
communicative task and a certain linguistic-speech situation, and on the other hand, it is the
language means selected by that speaker or writer to use a specific speech in communication,
that is, the implemented opportunities” [7; p. 39].
Since the literary language is in constant development, the problem of literary language norms is
considered as the main issue in every work devoted to the culture of speech. As they rightly
emphasize, “The language norm is of great social importance. It withstands the changes
constantly occurring in the language, protects it from distortions, ensures communication
between generations, the consistency of cultural speech traditions of different eras” [10; pp. 47-
74]. The questions of the literary language norm, its essence, its changes depending on the
development of the literary language , and in what the laws of development are manifested were
put on the agenda as the main issues in the second half of the last century [6; [p. 27] As noted by
S.I.Ojegov: “… the norm is a set of useful (correct, acceptable) language tools that serve society,
formed as a result of the selection of existing, newly emerging or rarely used language elements
(lexical, pronunciation, morphological, syntactic) in the social process, in a broad sense it is an
assessment of these elements” [8]. At a time when the general public in society is mastering all
the treasures of national culture, including the literary language, issues of speech culture become
of primary importance. The new structure of social life contributes to the development of new
forms of oral communication, the unprecedented development of mass, social speech. Public
activity, the press, literature, radio, television, sound films have become the property of the
general public. Therefore, it is necessary to ensure that speech as a means of communication is
exemplary, correct, clear and expressive, and to eliminate the obstacles that hinder
communication and It is very important to strive for the absence of units that impoverish the
language [9; 285-291b.]. The following points are also noteworthy in this regard: “The norm is a
practical feature of the language form, created by the people using it due to the need for mutual
understanding of language units. It is this need that causes people to prefer one option and
abandon another in order to achieve the unity of the language system. Together with the
aspiration of society to achieve such unity, the language norm rises to a high level and is
strengthened in the national literary language” [3; 234- 235b.]
Methods
The general norm is a set of known, for example, norms that are used in all forms of the
Uzbek language. The specific norm is the specific manifestation of the general norm in speech
forms, forms, and forms of language. We can talk about the following specific norms of the
Uzbek language:
1. The norm of the Uzbek literary language;
2. The norm of Uzbek dialects and dialects (dialectal norm);
3. The norm of Uzbek colloquial speech;
4. The social networks of the Uzbek language, that is, the norm of “social dialects”, “social
argots” (jargon, professional speech forms, norms specific to other types of argot)” [2; 19-b].
Today, the somewhat developed and to a certain extent standardized norms of the Uzbek literary
language are shown as follows:
lexical-semantic norm – lexical (word usage) norm; pronunciation (orthoepic) norm;
accentological (correctness of stress in words and forms) norm; phonetic norm; grammatical
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(morphological and syntactic) norm; word formation norm; spelling norm; writing (graphic)
norm; punctuation norm; stylistic norm [5; p. 39]
KENT STATE PEDAGOGICAL
UNIVERSITY SCIENTIFIC NEWS 2024, ISSUE 3
Deviation from the literary norm can be phonetically, lexically, grammatically, or stylistically
can be realized. As a result of deviation from the literary norm, non-literary
phonetic, lexical, grammatical units arise. In particular, the lexical unit "
black" denoting color
is
in accordance with the literary norm, but its dialectal variant
- "kulpi"
or its translation into a
foreign language - is outside
the literary
norm. Or if the use of the conjugation forms
-ning, -ni
in the same form or in the abbreviated form -
in
is considered a literary norm, the use of the
suffixes -ni instead of
-ning , -ti , -di
instead of -ni causes the emergence of non-literary units.
In linguistic examination, it is important to create a database of non-literary units and apply them
in practice. Therefore, in cases related to anonymity, non-literary lexical elements play an
important role in determining the identity of the author of a written text. Usually, people use a
general and specific lexical base in everyday communication in terms of age, gender, and
specificity to a particular region. Non-literary units occupy a key place among units expressing
individual specificity. In the issue of text authorization, the study, analysis, and practical
application of non-literary units serve as an important factor in establishing the authorship of the
text. In linguistic examination, text authorization is considered a broad concept.
In this case, clarifying questions such as “How to determine the author of the text?”, “What are
the attributes of determining the author?” is among the tasks of the linguist-expert. The linguistic
features of the text are carefully examined to determine the frequency of use of words in the text,
signs of age, region, social affiliation, gender identity. In world linguistic expertology,
significant work has been carried out by Malcolm Coulthard on the issues of determining the
author of a conflicting text [4; p. 250].
Results
IC NEWS OF TASHKENT STATE PEDAGOGICAL UNIVERSITY 2024, ISSUE 3
The above-mentioned research is based on the attributes of identifying the author of various
written texts in a general sense. In Uzbek linguistics, a number of studies have been created on
the lexical-semantic types and forms of expression of non-literary elements. However, from the
point of view of linguistic expertology, the number of studies on the characterization of non-
literary elements according to age characteristics is not sufficient. In the research carried out on
Uzbek linguistic expertology, the following aspects are especially emphasized:
Recently, the number of lawsuits filed on social networks, as a result of the increase in messages
and comments that affect the social security, honor and dignity of a person, and the attention of
the general public, has been increasing. In particular, as a result of the development of the
Internet, the number of political messages that violate the Constitutional order, incite national,
ethnic, racial and religious conflicts, and promote war, as well as the increase in the number of
cybercrimes, has led to the development of criminal linguistics, as well as the increasing need for
qualified linguist experts. Initially, experts who worked with handwritten texts have now had to
work with a large number of conflicting texts.
Conclusion
In the analysis of handwritten texts, experts emphasize the aspects of personal psychology,
personality, mental, graphology, belief systems, graphotherapy, and neural pathways. Various
studies have been conducted by scientists on the direct influence of these factors on handwriting.
In most countries outside the United States, the term graphology is actively used in the
examination of texts related to handwriting. However, the main goal of graphology is to
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determine aspects of a person's character based on handwriting. In France, Europe, India, and all
over the world, handwriting analysis is combined into one field. This is like concluding that you
are a doctor based solely on the forms in his handwriting. There are different fields and different
methodologies in this field. In particular, the Gestalt method is based on German research in the
early 1900s and is similar to Rorschach's inkblot tests. Roschach, as a Gestalt therapist, first
examines the entire manuscript, then begins to break down the subject into its parts. In his
opinion, the whole is greater than the sum of its parts [11; p. 15]. This involves taking into
account emotions and considering many personal characteristics. The Gestalt therapist, in fact,
works from a very broad perspective. The characteristic stroke method of handwriting analysis is
currently the most popular. This method was developed by Milton Bunker, who wrote many
books on the subject in the 1950s. He founded a training company in Chicago that was very
popular from the 1950s to the mid-1990s. Bunker was the expert who brought this approach to
handwriting analysis from France to America. This method considers every stroke in the
manuscript to be important and uses it to form the whole personality, taking into account all
factors, large and small.
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normaning tiplari) 2-qism. – Tashkent, 1998. – B. 9-10.
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Fan, 1983. – B. 19.
3. Golovin B.N. Introduction to Linguistics. – M., 1977. – P. 234-235.
4. Coulthard M. and Johnson A. Introduction to forensic linguistics. Book.
– New York: Routledge, 2007. – P. 250.
5. Jo'rayev T.T., Halimov S.G'. Nutq madaniyati. – Samarqand, 2021. – B.
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