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ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE: A GLOBAL HEALTH
THREAT AND STRATEGIES FOR PREVENTION
Kamoljonova Go‘zaloy Odiljon qizi
Abstract.
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has emerged as one of the most
significant public health threats of the 21st century. The misuse and overuse of
antibiotics, combined with the lack of new antimicrobial agents, has accelerated the
evolution of resistant pathogens. This article explores the global burden of AMR,
outlines contributing factors, and examines current and emerging strategies for
prevention.
Keywords.
Antimicrobial resistance; Antibiotics; Public health; Infection
control; Global health; Stewardship; Surveillance.
Introduction.
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is defined as the ability of
microorganisms to withstand the effects of drugs that once killed them or inhibited
their growth. This phenomenon has been recognised as a critical challenge to global
health, food security, and economic development. Infections caused by resistant
organisms are associated with prolonged illness, increased healthcare costs, and higher
mortality rates.
AMR is responsible for approximately 1.27 million deaths annually, with the
highest burden observed in low- and middle-income countries. Drug-resistant
tuberculosis, malaria, and bacterial infections have significantly undermined global
disease control efforts. The spread of multidrug-resistant organisms in hospitals and
communities has further complicated treatment protocols and weakened the efficacy
of standard antibiotics.
Inappropriate prescribing of antibiotics in both human and veterinary medicine
remains a primary driver of resistance. Self-medication, poor regulatory oversight, and
inadequate infection prevention measures have contributed to the acceleration of AMR.
Furthermore, the use of antimicrobials in livestock and agriculture has created
reservoirs of resistance genes transferable to human pathogens.
The lack of innovation in antimicrobial development has exacerbated the crisis.
Pharmaceutical investment in antibiotic research has declined due to high costs, low
returns, and scientific challenges in discovering novel compounds.
Effective prevention of AMR requires a multifaceted and globally coordinated
response. Antimicrobial stewardship programmes have been implemented in many
healthcare systems to promote rational prescribing and optimise treatment outcomes.
Improved diagnostic tools have enabled more targeted therapy, reducing unnecessary
antibiotic exposure.
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Infection prevention and control (IPC) measures such as hand hygiene,
vaccination, and environmental sanitation play a critical role in limiting transmission.
Surveillance systems such as the Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use
Surveillance System (GLASS) have enhanced data collection and facilitated
international collaboration.
Education and awareness campaigns targeting healthcare professionals and the
public are essential for changing behaviours related to antibiotic use. Moreover, global
action plans such as the WHO Global Action Plan on AMR have provided a framework
for national policy development and implementation.
Conclusion.
Antimicrobial resistance represents a mounting global health crisis
with far-reaching consequences. Without urgent and sustained intervention, common
infections and minor injuries may once again become fatal. An integrated approach
involving stewardship, surveillance, innovation, and public education is imperative to
mitigate the spread and impact of AMR.
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