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MANIFESTATIONS OF PSYCHOLOGICAL STATES IN THE PROCESS
OF ORGANIZING PHYSICAL EDUCATION CLASSES WITH
PRIMARY SCHOOL STUDENTS
Yusupova Zulfizar Sharipovna
Teacher at Bukhara State University
Abstract: The article
studies the theoretical and practical aspects of forming
interest in physical education classes among primary school students . The study of the
interest of younger schoolchildren in physical education reveals the main motives and
methods for increasing children's interest in physical education classes.
Abstract.
V state rassmatrivayutsya teoreticheskie i prakticheskie aspekti
razvitiya interesa k zanyatiyam fizicheskoy kulturoy u uchashchixsya nachalnyx
klassov. Izuchenie interesa mladshikh shkolnikov k zanyatiyam fizicheskoy kulturoy
pozvolyaet vyyavit osnovnye motivy i puti povysheniya interesa detey k zanyatiyam
fizicheskoy kulturoy.
Annotation.
The article examines the theoretical and practical aspects of
developing interest in physical education classes in primary school students. Studying
the interest of young school students in physical education reveals the main motives
and ways to increase children's interest in physical education classes. This, in turn, will
have a positive impact on increasing the interest of young schoolchildren in physical
education and sports, their participation in physical education classes, and improving
their physical fitness.
Keywords:
primary school, student, interest, motivation, physical education,
sport.
Key words
:
primary school, teacher, interest, motivation, physical education,
sport.
Keywords:
elementary school, student, interest, motivation, physical education,
sports.
The physical education teacher should be able to distinguish the age
characteristics and psychological processes of students and children in the process of
physical education, the development of personality traits, mental processes (attention,
speech, sensations, perception, imagination, memory, thinking, feelings, etc.), mental
states (emotions, surprise, trust, creative inspiration, faith, apathy, curiosity, endurance,
vitality) and personality traits (temperament, ability, talent, responsible character) with
physical education and sports. He should know the importance of the training process,
its impact, the formation of relationships between the team during and after the
competition . The goal of physical education of students is to help form a well-
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developed and loyal personality to the Independent Motherland , and this goal is
achieved in the process of educating students. It is revealed and clarified in the general
tasks. Also, educational, educational, and health-improving tasks are set. In solving
these tasks, one should not be allowed to prioritize one over the other. Sometimes
teachers with a sports orientation forget about educational and general education tasks
and focus on the physical development of students. Otherwise, both educational and
health-improving tasks suffer. Regardless of the type of activity of a physical education
teacher , the component of activity is usually related to the same feelings and
perceptions, such as perception (for example, observing students), memorization and
reproduction of information. The activity is carried out in several stages, a preparation
stage, a plan execution stage (main stage), and a progress evaluation stage (final stage).
At the first stage, the physical education teacher performs a very large amount of
work. He draws up a plan, prepares for them, prepares the premises (hall, pond, sports
field, stadium). Prepares all the sports equipment and weapons required for the lesson.
This stage includes creating comfortable conditions for students for more successful
implementation of the activity and the psychological preparation of the physical
education teacher.
The second stage includes controlling students (participants) , educating them (in
terms of moral, intellectual, aesthetic, labor duties ), maintaining order, protecting them
from injuries, etc. It is associated with the practical implementation of the assigned
tasks, controlling the actions and discipline of students, eliminating difficulties that arise
at the beginning of the lesson , and adjusting the lesson plan according to changes in
the situation. At this stage, the constant distribution and transfer of attention between
students who are left behind is characterized by the teacher's mental tension, which is
conditioned by the teacher's vigilance in order to prevent situations that lead to physical
injuries, in other words, the physical education teacher is subjected to not only
psychological, but also physical loads.
The third stage (final stage) is when the achievements and shortcomings of the
lesson are assessed. The results achieved are evaluated, the function of the physical
education teacher's activity should be based on the goals and objectives of physical
education. When re-performing the activity, it is associated with making adjustments
to the plan, requires a complete analysis of the lesson, generalization of some incorrect
arguments, and searching for answers to questions that have arisen in the scientific
methodological literature. The main goal of the physical education teacher is to help
them develop harmoniously and become loyal to society, patriotic . It is also necessary
to perform educational, scientific, organizational, managerial, design, administrative
and economic functions.
The solution to the three aforementioned tasks is determined by the variety of
work performed by the physical education teacher. The forms of activity of a physical
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education teacher are diverse. This primarily consists of work at school, which consists
of classroom and extracurricular work . Classroom work is conducting physical
education classes: it constitutes the main educational load of the teacher.
Extracurricular work is conducting training in sports clubs and sections . It includes
organizing and holding intra-school sports competitions , holding sports holidays,
holding tourist, travel, military sports games. This also includes the educational work
of a physical education teacher with junior class teachers, educators, students, and their
parents.
The work of a physical education teacher outside the school is related to ensuring
the physical education of students in recreation camps and labor camps . It also includes
the work of physical education of students in residential areas . Currently, great
attention is paid to the physical education of the growing generation. A school with
sports facilities and physical education workers should popularize physical education
among students and youth, attract as many students as possible to regular physical
education according to their interests, and use physical education as a means of
preventing violations and re-educating children with difficult upbringing. There should
be a specific Regulation on the implementation of this work.
Forms of activity of a physical education teacher:
a)
Group work, conducting lessons;
b)Extracurricular work, conducting classes in sections, holding sports festivals,
holding competitions at the educational institution, conducting educational work with
students and parents, tourist trips, holding games in the spirit of military patriotism;
Work carried out outside the educational institution:
a)
Work carried out in families and neighborhoods;
b)Work in holiday camps;
c) Participation in district and city competitions.
Conditions of the physical education teacher's work: The work of a physical
education teacher takes place in specific conditions compared to the work of other
teachers . These conditions can be divided into three groups. These are psychological
stress, physical exertion, and external environmental factors associated with
conducting classes in the open air.
The nature of the conditions of the physical education teacher's work is to
demonstrate physical exercises and ensure the safety of students when performing
physical exercises, as well as the need for students to move together with students
during classes held outdoors and on trips . The presence of several classes a day creates
a large physical load for the physical education teacher. It should be taken into account
that the teacher's standing and movement all day long creates a load on the legs and
posture . Taking into account the deterioration of physical condition with age, it is
inevitable that the physical load experienced by physical education teachers in physical
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education classes will be one of the factors that complicate the implementation of
pedagogical activities . This is especially true for female teachers, whose physical
abilities are lower than those of male teachers.
Losses due to the growth of physical fitness force the teacher to use excessive
force when demonstrating exercises. As a result, the aesthetic aspect of the
demonstrated exercises, the novelty and freedom of their execution are lost. This has
negative pedagogical consequences, since the teacher is an example of strength, agility,
endurance, flexibility for the child. To prevent this, the teacher must regularly maintain
his physical fitness, which again leads to an increase in physical load .
One of the unique aspects of the work of a physical education teacher is that he
often conducts training sessions (clubs) in the open air . This factor has both positive
and negative aspects. Everything depends on the weather and depends on climatic
conditions. For example, in Central Asia and the South, there are cases of overheating,
and in winter (during precipitation) the air cools down, which poses a danger to the
teacher. These conditions require the teacher to be hardy and in good health.
Pedagogical activity implies the continuous solution of pedagogical tasks. Their
solution is to find a method that is appropriate for a given pedagogical situation, to
achieve a pedagogical goal. The reason is the attention of the teacher and the student,
their attitude to the educational material, the relationship between the teacher and the
student, and the relationship between the students themselves. Therefore, it is most
convenient to work with a method that has been tested once and for all to achieve the
goal. It is always necessary to regularly change the methods of achieving the goal,
choosing the best method for a given pedagogical situation.
Solving a pedagogical situation goes through several stages: analysis of the
pedagogical situation; methods for achieving the desired goal, preliminary evaluation
of these methods and selection of the best one; implementation of the decision made;
analysis of the achieved result and its comparison with the planned one;
The complexity of the assessment of the pedagogical situation by the teacher often
lies in the distribution of activities over a certain period of time. As a result of working
with a group of students and having to evaluate the resulting group and individual
impact, the teacher finds himself in a somewhat difficult situation, which leads to
psychological stress. This can lead to the fact that the object of his analysis is
insignificant signs of the situation that lead to a deviation from the correctly chosen
method of achieving the goal. The pedagogical situation includes the level of
preparedness of the students of this class, their attitude to physical education in general
and physical education lessons in particular, the interaction between the teacher and the
student, the interaction between the students, the material provision of the lesson,
weather conditions (outdoor classes) and other circumstances. Having analyzed all
these results, the teacher determines the situation in which the pedagogical task is to
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be solved, putting forward an idea of \u200b\u200bpossible ways of solving it. This
can be achieved only if the physical education teacher has extensive knowledge of
pedagogy, psychology, physiology, hygiene, and the methodology of physical
education theory. Then, with the identification of strengths and weaknesses, a
diagnostic assessment of the methods used to achieve the goal begins. A systematic
comparison of these methods leads to the choice of the best method in a given situation
from the teacher's point of view. Accordingly, a specific plan is developed for solving
this pedagogical task (or changes are made to the developed plan). The teacher's further
management activities are aimed at implementing the plan created by him into practical
life. After implementing the program, the teacher must necessarily analyze the results
achieved, and if there was a failure, identify its causes. As a result, when a similar
situation arises in the future, he will be able to act better and approach the optimal
option for solving it. By solving pedagogical tasks, the teacher accumulates experience
that depends on his pedagogical skills. The physical education teacher, first of all,
teaches children the social environment surrounding them, the relationships between
peers and adults, from the first day. The teacher encounters various and individual
differences in the same class. These include the teacher's knowledge of the
temperament types of students, their behavior (skills and abilities), how students
remember and master educational materials, how they participate in sports
competitions, sports holidays and relay races (in other forms of work).
The younger school age period includes students of primary (I-IV) grades 6-10
years old. The child is prepared for school education while being raised in kindergarten.
In this case, he gets acquainted with the various requirements imposed on students at
school, becomes biologically and psychologically ready to study the basics of science.
Psychological readiness for school education means the child's objective and subjective
suitability for school requirements. He is first prepared for school education
psychologically. Consequently, his psyche must be sufficiently developed to acquire
knowledge, the sharpness, clarity, accuracy of perception of a child of this age is
distinguished from children of other ages by his curiosity, goodwill, trustworthiness,
vivid imagination, strong memory, and clarity of thinking. Attention in a child
preparing for school education is relatively long -term and conditionally stable. The
characteristics of a child's attention are evident in role- playing and plot games (action
games: role-playing, team, individual), drawing and construction, physical education
(behavior) classes, making toys from clay and plasticine, perceiving and understanding
the speech of others, solving mathematical operations, listening to and composing
stories. Children have a certain level of skill in directing, concentrating, and
distributing their attention to a specific objective , and strive to control their attention
and concentrate it at the right time. Their memory is able to accurately remember ,
retain, and recall interesting, amazing, and surprising information and events.
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Nowadays, youth education (grades I-IV) is more important and relevant than ever,
raising children has completely changed, because the tasks of raising a
comprehensively developed and labor- ready young person are expressed in the Law
"On Physical Education and Sports", the Decrees "For a Healthy Generation", "On the
Establishment of the Fund for the Development of Children's Sports of Uzbekistan".
These tasks are achieved, of course, theoretically or on the basis of methodological
experiments, certain psychological views, in accordance with the individual
characteristics of children (temperament, activity, abilities, giftedness, mental
potential, behavioral motivation, responsibility) and in full and successful
implementation of psychological theories in practical pedagogical work.
A change occurs in a child's life when they enter school. Once they start studying,
their mission, their main activity in life, becomes studying.
The child systematically receives news at school, which is the source of the
student's knowledge of a diverse content that is increasing day by day . Through this,
his knowledge base also expands. Mental processes develop, and at the same time, the
emotional and volitional characteristics of the child begin to be re-formed and
developed. The educational process in physical education lessons (sports holidays,
sports competitions, relay races) itself places new demands on the child's mental
processes (attention, speech, sensations, perception, memory, imagination, thinking,
feelings (will), mental states (stability, alertness, curiosity , reliability, faith, emotions,
creative inspiration), mental characteristics (temperament, character, abilities, talents,
mental potential, responsibility).
requires highly organized, goal-directed, and highly voluntary mental processes.
The purpose of physical education classes is to strengthen and improve the health
of the child, to help him develop harmoniously and physically , and to increase his
mental and physical abilities. Therefore, in developing children's perception, such
exercises should be selected so that they can correctly observe the process of
performing these exercises themselves . For example: exercises in throwing, catching,
and throwing the ball (up and down, far, to the target, to a partner). In this case, such
cognitive processes as eye contact and coordination of movements (elements to each
other), feeling the ball, and being able to correctly assess direction develop. In this
regard, the role of the word in perception increases. The perception of space and time
in children of primary school age has its own characteristics. As is known, the
perception of space and time depends on the child's life experience.
At the younger school age, the ability to control attention is also limited. Of course,
the attention of students of this age differs from the weakness of attention of students
of other ages. Physical education classes (sports festivals, sports competitions, relay
races) play an important role in the development of voluntary attention. Therefore,
during physical education classes (sports festivals, sports competitions, relay races), the
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introduction of imitations of birds flying, animals walking, catching monkeys or rabbits,
swinging like trees , etc. , will help develop the child's attention. It should also be said
that in the process of teaching, it is advisable to use a simplified method of teaching
the exercises as a whole, rather than teaching them in parts. For example: running and
jumping long (jumping like a goat (goat)), running and jumping high (like jumping
over a ditch). The process of physical education education creates favorable conditions
for the development of voluntary, stable, strong, concentrated, distributed, active,
conscious attention of primary school students . Voluntary, conscious attention is
formed in independent mental work to obtain knowledge ( performing one or another
exercise, element), repeating exercises, and exerting willpower. Also, its most necessary
properties are improved, which provides the opportunity for conscious control. The
process of using language in children's communication is called speech. In physical
education (sports holidays, sports competitions, relay races) or sports, how each
exercise we perform, the gross actions we take in participating with our bodies are
conveyed through speech (language). By expressively describing the exercises by a
physical education teacher, it can directly affect not only the thoughts and actions of
children, but also their feelings. Children of primary school age show sufficient
readiness to understand the tasks and conditions of various motor activities suitable for
them . This allows for the widespread use of verbal influence (encouragement,
reprimand) methods in the formation of motor skills. They increase not only the speed
of mastering skills, but also their quality. At the later stages of the student's
development, traces of previous impressions are revived in new combinations and
combinations using the verbal (speech) influence system . This is mainly due to the
fact that for the first time , it becomes possible to establish contact in a new relationship,
to form new knowledge and skills using purely verbal instructions and explanations.
One of the most important features of the memory of students of primary school age -
logical memory and understanding of the meaning of words, increases the weight of
memory. The student has the opportunity to consciously manage his memory,
coordinate the processes of remembering, recalling, and retaining in memory with the
goal of the activity.
due to the slight superiority of the first signal system over the second signal system
, demonstrative motor memory plays a more important role in students than logical
memory. Therefore, they remember concrete information, information, events and
phenomena, images and objects faster and more firmly than theoretical laws and rules,
abstract concepts, and retain them for a long time. At the younger school age, memory
develops in two ways under the influence of education: 1) The role of word-logical
memorization increases and the child acquires the ability to control his memory. 2) As
a result of the dominance of the first signal system at this age, concrete-figurative
memory develops. It is also advisable to pay great attention to active games (with and
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without a plot, individual, team active games (sports holidays, sports competitions,
relay races)). Nevertheless, they have a strong ability to memorize mechanically.
PFLesgaft wrote: "If a child learns a certain movement or some technique without
fully understanding its meaning, then he acts mechanically - he cannot apply this
movement." Therefore, empty imitation is unacceptable in learning movements.
It is at this age that the requirements for learning activities are formed on the basis
of imagination. A characteristic feature of children's imagination at this age is that
when they are telling a story, they involuntarily fill it in with their own words and they
imagine. Students' imagination is formed through the influence, demand, opportunities
and conditions of their own educational activities. The child's imagination is formed by
sufficiently reflecting the surrounding impressions, the wonders of the world, and the
demonstration (the use of visual methods in teaching actions, the correct and clear
demonstration of actions or certain elements of actions by the teacher; the use of aiming
when covering a distance; visual aids - films, kinograms, television broadcasts ,
photographs, slides, etc.). Also, the word (speech) spoken during the assignment of the
action helps to imagine the content and structure of the action. When mastering these,
connections are formed (skills and qualifications are transferred positively), and even
when repeating any exercises in their minds, these connections are polished, as a result,
the practical implementation of the exercises also improves (ASPuni)
In conclusion,
systematic
measures are being taken to ensure the development of
children's mass sports as an extremely important condition for the formation of the
physical and spiritual health of the growing younger generation , the pursuit of a
healthy lifestyle and the instillation of love for sports . In this regard , it is necessary to
provide for various measures to educate and bring up the younger generation, which
provides the education system in our country . The main task of this farm is to equip
students with theoretical knowledge in physical education, to familiarize them with
physical movement skills and qualifications in this area. Improving the health of
students, their physical development, providing children with physical training and
sports knowledge is carried out in physical education classes at school, in classroom
and extracurricular activities. Fulfilling these tasks, preserving the health of children,
their comprehensive harmonious development, and raising a well-rounded generation
should continue from the youngest age on the basis of a continuous education system,
from primary school to primary school.
Regular 2-hour weekly physical education classes held in educational institutions
cannot meet the needs of students for weekly movement and ensure their physical
fitness. To implement these tasks, it is necessary to improve the skills of independent
physical education work carried out outside the classroom, sports clubs, and families,
to correctly explain its necessity and value, and to form the ability to select the
necessary exercises and create a complex. In increasing the motor activity of children,
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health-improving events held on the agenda, especially mass sports holidays and
competitions, play a leading role.
Taking into account the needs of the times, school programs in all subjects have
changed, including physical education, and high requirements are set for students. In
order to meet the requirements of this program, students are engaged in educational
work at school and at home to acquire know ledge . Of course, to perform such
a large mental load, one must be strong and physically healthy. It is no secret that a
healthy child performs all tasks with high quality, he has willpower, a keen interest.
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