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UDK 634:631.674.6(575.146
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TOMCHILATIB SUG‘ORISHDA SUG’ORISH TEXNIKA
ELEMENTLARINI TAKOMILLASHTIRISH
Fazliyev Jamoliddin Sharofiddinovich
Buxoro davlat texnika universiteti “Transport vositalari muhandisligi”
kafedrasi katta o’qituvchisi t.f.f.d. (PhD), Buxoro shahri, O’zbekiston Respublikasi.
Email:
jamolliddinfazliyev@gmail.com.
Raxmatova Maftuna Jamshid qizi
Buxoro davlat texnika universiteti Suv taminoti muhandislik tizimlari
yo’nalishi talabasi. Buxoro shahri, O’zbekiston Respublikasi
Annotatsiya
. Maqolada olma bog‘larini tomchilatib sug‘orish texnologiyasi orqali
sug‘orish rejimlari o‘rganilgan va natijalari keltirilgan. Sug‘orish texnika elementlari
takomillashtirilishi natijasida hosildorlikning oshishi va suv resurslarining iqtisod
qilinishiga erishilgan. Agarda intensiv bog‘larda tomchilatib sug‘orish texnologiyasi
joriy etilsa, suv resurslari 40-60 foiz, mineral o‘g‘itlar 50 foiz va yoqilg‘i-moylash
materiallari 30 foizgacha iqtisod qilinishi isbotlangan. Bundan tashqari, sug‘orish
rejimi o‘simliklarning suvga bo‘lgan ehtiyojiga mos kelishi va ortiqcha suv
ishlatilmasligi, namlik faqat o‘simliklarning ildiz tizimiga yaqin joyda to‘planashi,
natijada suv butun dala bo‘ylab tarqalmasligi keltirilgan.
Kalit so'zlar:
sug‘orish, tomchilatib sug‘orish, sug‘orish usullari, yer osti suvlari,
suv resurslari, ildiz, bug‘lanish, suv tanqisligi, suvni tejash texnologiyalari, sug‘orish
tezligi, cheklangan dala nam sug‘imi (CHDNS), mineralizatsiya, sug‘orish texnikasi,
vegetatsiya davri.
O‘zbekiston Respublikasi suv xo‘jaligini rivojlantirishning 2020-2030 yillarga
mo‘ljallangan konsepsiyasida mamlakatimiz bo‘yicha suv tejovchi sug‘orish
texnologiyalarini qo‘llaydigan maydonlarni 2030 – yilgacha 2 mln. gektarga yetkazish
vazifasi belgilangan. Bu borada 2021-yilda 433 ming gektar, 2022-yilda 355 ming
gektar, 2023-yilda 285 ming gektar, 2024-yilda 894 ming gektarda joriy qilingan
bo’lsa, 2025-yilda 1116 ming gektarga qo’llash belgilangan. Shundan joriy yilda
qishloq xo’jaligi ekinlarini sug’orishda tomchilatib sug’orish texnologiyasini qo’llash
79 ming gektarga yetkazish rejalashtirilgan.
O‘simlikdagi hayotiy jarayonlar – fotosintez, o‘suv nuqtasida hujayralar bo‘linishi
va boshqa jarayonlar hujayralarda suv yetarli bo‘lgandagina yaxshi o‘tadi. Suvning
yetarli bo‘lishi ikki jarayonni, ya’ni ildiz tizimining suv berib va barglar yuzasining
bug‘lantirib turish jarayonlarining o‘zaro moslanishi bilan ta’minlanadi.
Meva daraxtlarining qancha suv sarflashi iqlim omillari, daraxtlarning tabiati,
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ularning yoshi, hosilning miqdori va agrotexnika tizimiga qarab belgilanadi. Sug‘orish
butun yil mobaynida bog‘larni namlik bilan ta’minlabgina qolmay, balki bog‘
mikroiqlimiga ijobiy ta’sir etadigan omil hamdir.
Tuproqning namligi va sug‘orish, mevalarning sifatiga ta’sir qiladi. Suv miqdori
kamroq, shuningdek, kechiktirib sug‘orish mevalarning to‘kilib ketishiga sabab
bo‘ladi. Olma daraxtlari yetarli miqdorda sug‘orilmasa, mevasining saqlanish muddati
2 haftagacha qisqarib, ular tarkibidagi qand va kislotalar miqdori kamayadi.
Mevali bog‘larni sug‘orishda maqbul sug‘orish rejimini aniqlash bo‘yicha juda
ko‘p olimlar ilmiy tadqiqot ishlarini olib borganlar, ular jumlasiga B.B.Malichenko,
T.I.Gorin, M.N.Bagrov, A.D.Axmedov va boshqalarni kiritish mumkin. Ularning olib
borgan tajriba natijalari qayd etishicha mevali daraxtlar uchun tuproqning eng maqbul
namlik darajasi CHDNSga nisbatan 75...80 % ni tashkil qiladi. Mevali bog‘larni
tomchilatib sug‘orishning me’yorlarini tadqiqot doirasida o‘rganishlar natijalari mevali
bog‘larni tomchilatib sug‘orish rejimi (sug‘orish me’yori va soni) bog‘ni tomchilatib
sug‘orish tizimining turiga (har bir tup yonidan, daraxtlar qatorining polosasi bo‘ylab)
bog‘liq ekanligini ko‘rsatdi. Mevali daraxtlarining qancha suv sarflashi iqlim omillari,
daraxtlarning tabiati, ularning yoshi, hosilning miqdori va agrotexnika tizimiga qarab
belgilanadi. Sugʼorish butun yil mobaynida bogʼlarni namlik bilan taʼminlabgina
qolmay, balki bogʼ mikroiqlimiga ijobiy taʼsir etadigan omil hamdir. Intensiv yoki
yarim intensiv olma bogʼlari eski usulda ariqdan sugʼorilganda, tuproqning ortiq
darajada nam boʼlib ketishi bogʼ uchun zararlidir. Bu holda tuproq botqoqlanib, uning
fizik xossalari, ayniqsa, havo muhiti yomonlashadi, ildiz tizimining faoliyati uchun
noqulay sharoit paydo boʼladi. Zaxlatib sugʼorilgan bogʼlardagi daraxtlarning kuzgi
oʼsishini kechiktirib yuboradi va ularning sovuqqa chidamliligini kamaytiradi.
Ekinlarni sug‘orishda ilg‘or usullardan hisoblangan tomchilatib sug‘orish
texnologiyasini joriy qilish borasida O‘zbekistonda keng ko‘lamli ishlar amalga
oshirilmoqda. Tomchilatib sug‘orish usuli o‘zining yuqori samaradorligi, ya’ni suv
resurslari cheklanganlik sharoitida kam suv sarflab, barqaror yuqori hosil olish
imkonini berishi bilan ajralib turadi.
2019-2021 yillarida tomchilatib sug‘orish texnologiyasida bog‘larni sug‘orish
tartibini ishlab chiqish maqsadidi dala tajribalari o‘tkazildi. Tajriba maydonining
tipikligi (o‘xshashligi) V.V.SHabanov va E.P.Rudachenko uslubi bo‘yicha aniqlandi.
Tajriba maydoni tuprog‘i granulometrik tarkibiga ko‘ra o‘rta qumoq o‘tloqi
allyuvial, kuchsiz sho‘rlangan tuproqlardir. Sizot suvlari joylashuvi 2,1-3,0 m
mineralizatsiyasi bo‘yicha 1-3 g/l kam minerallashgan hisoblanadi.
Tajriba uchastkasining maydoni 2.04 gektar. U to‘g‘ri to‘rtburchakli 200x36 m,
250x24 m, 300x24 li maydonlar tanlab olindi.
Dala tadqiqot ishlari TIQXMMI, ISMITI, PSUEAITIlarining uslublari asosida
tomchilatib sug‘orish texnologiyasini takomillashtirish asosida “Golden” navli olmani
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sug‘orish tartibini o‘rganish bo‘yicha dala tadqiqotlari olib borildi.
Tomchilatib sug‘orishning texnika elementlari sug’orish quvurining uzunligi 200,
250 va 300 m, tomizgich orasidagi masofa 2 m, sug’orish quvuri orasidagi masofa 3
m, tomzgichning suv sarfi 4,8 l/soat, sug’orish quvurining suv sarfi 0.13 l/s ni tashkil
etadi. 1-rasm.
1-rasm.Tomchilatib sug‘orishning texnika elementlari
Tajribaning tomchilatib sug‘orish texnologiyasi orqali sug‘orilgan variantlarida
sug‘orish oldi tuproq namligi CHDNS ga nisbatan 70-75-60 va 70-80-65 % tartibda
amalga oshirildi. Egatlab sug‘orilgan nazorat variantda bu ko‘rsatkich faktik
kuzatuvlar orqali tajribada aniqlandi.
Tajribada olma bog‘i egatlab sug‘orilgan nazorat variantida sug‘orishlar 1-3-1
sxemada 5 marotabani tashkil etib, sug‘orish me’yorlari 720-790 m
3
/ga va mavsumiy
sug‘orish me’yorlari 3748 m
3
/ga ga teng bo‘ldi.
Tajribada sug‘orish quvuri 200 m bo‘lgan tomchilatib sug‘orish texnologiyasida
sug‘orish oldi tuproq namligi CHDNS ga nisbatan 70-80-65% da bo‘lgan nazorat
variantda bo‘lgan sug‘orishlar 2-11-5 sxemada 18 marotabani tashkil etib sug‘orish
me’yorlari
87-145 m
3
/ga va mavsumiy sug‘orish me’yorlari 1940 m
3
/ga teng.
Tuproq namligini boshqarishda tajriba tizimida belgilab olingan CHDNS
qiymatlariga amal qilish zarur. Shuni ham ta’kidlash joizki, ko‘chat uchun namlik bilan
birga qatorda ozuqa-havo-issiqlik-yorug‘lik faktorlarini me’yorida bo‘lishi katta
ahamiyatga ega hisoblanadi. Tajriba dalasining barcha variantlarida tajriba tizimida
keltirib o‘tilgan ko‘rsatkichlarga asosan bajarildi. Vobkent tumani “Garden Buxoro
Agroklaster” MCHJ ning kuchsiz sho‘rlangan, mexanik tarkibi bo‘yicha o‘rta qumoq
tuproqlarida ishlab chiqarish nazorati ya’ni 1-variantida tuproqdagi namlik: 68,9-70,4
foiz atrofida bo‘ldi. Olmani sug‘orishda tomchilatib sug‘orish texnologiyasi
qo‘llanilgan 2-4-6-variantlarda CHDNSga nisbatan 70-75-60 % va 3-5-7-variantlarda
CHDNSga nisbatan 70-80-65 % bo‘lganda, olmani 100 sm. qatlamni sug‘orish me’yori
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aniqlandi. Shu asosda olmani suvga bo‘lgan talabi boshqarildi. Tuproqdagi namlik
olma gullashigacha bo‘lgan fazada hamda gullash-meva tugish fazasida tuproq namligi
CHDNSga nisbatan 69,0-79,9 % atrofida bo‘ldi. Pishish davrida esa tuproqdagi
CHDNSga nisbatan 64,5-66,4% bo‘ldi. Tajriba dalalarda bajarilgan ilmiy-tadqiqot
ishlaridan olgan natijalarga asosan tajriba tizimidan belgilangan sug‘orish oldi tuproq
namligi ± 2,0 foiz atrofida bo‘lganligi kuzatildi.
Buxoro viloyatining oʼtloqi allyuvial, mexanik tarkibiga koʼra oʼrta qumoq
tuproqlari sharoitida “Golden” navli olma bogʼlarida tomchilatib sugʼorish
texnologiyasida mavsum davomida 18 marta 87-145 m
3
/ga sugʼorish meʼyorlari va
1940 m
3
/ga mavsumiy sugʼorish meʼyorlari bilan sugʼorilganda undan olinadigan
hosildorlik 216 s/ga teng boʼlib, nazoratdagi egatlab sugʼorishga nisbatan 48 foizga
suv resurslari tejalishi va qoʼshimcha 106 s/ga olma hosili olishga erishilgan.
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