Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Research Fundamentals
01
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TYPE
Original Research
PAGE NO.
1-7
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SUBMITED
02 May 2025
ACCEPTED
03 June 2025
PUBLISHED
01 July 2025
VOLUME
Vol.05 Issue07 2025
COPYRIGHT
© 2025 Original content from this work may be used under the terms
of the creative commons attributes 4.0 License.
The Interplay of Youth
Gambling and Joblessness
in Nigeria: A Socio-
Economic Perspective
Dr. Fatima Bello
Department of Social Work, Bayero University Kano, Nigeria
Abstract:
Nigeria faces a persistent challenge of high
youth unemployment, particularly among its rapidly
growing young population. Concurrently, there has
been a noticeable surge in the involvement of Nigerian
youth in various forms of betting and gambling games.
This article critically examines the socio-economic nexus
between the increasing participation of young Nigerians
in betting activities and the prevalent issue of
unemployment. Drawing upon a comprehensive review
of existing literature, official statistics, and theoretical
frameworks, this paper explores the motivations driving
youth towards gambling, the economic realities
underpinning their choices, and the potential
consequences for individual well-being and national
development. The analysis highlights how perceived
limited economic opportunities and the allure of quick
financial gains contribute to the normalization and
proliferation of betting behaviors. The study concludes
by underscoring the urgent need for multi-faceted
interventions, including robust job creation initiatives
and public awareness campaigns, to mitigate the
adverse effects of this complex socio-economic
phenomenon.
Keywords:
Youth gambling, unemployment, socio-
economic impact, Nigeria, youth behavior, economic
hardship, addiction, livelihood strategies, social
consequences, policy interventions.
Introduction:
Nigeria, Africa's most populous nation, is characterized
by a significant youth bulge. This demographic dividend,
however, is increasingly challenged by an alarming rate
of youth unemployment, which has remained a critical
socio-economic concern for decades [Alanana, 2003;
Ayinde, 2008]. Official statistics from the National
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Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Research Fundamentals
Bureau of Statistics (NBS) consistently highlight high
unemployment
and
underemployment
rates,
particularly among young people, signaling a
substantial portion of the labor force without
productive engagement [NBS, 2018, 2020]. This
pervasive joblessness creates an environment of
economic insecurity, frustration, and a desperate
search for alternative means of livelihood or quick
financial gains.
In parallel with this unemployment crisis, Nigeria has
witnessed an unprecedented rise in the popularity and
accessibility of various betting and gambling games,
particularly among the youth population [Akanle &
Fageyinbo, 2016; Mustapha & Enilolobo, 2019]. The
proliferation of online platforms, dedicated betting
shops, and extensive advertising, including shirt
sponsorships by gambling companies in popular
football leagues [Bunn et al., 2019], has made sports
betting, casino games, and lotteries pervasive. This
surge is not merely a global trend but reflects specific
socio-cultural and economic factors within the
Nigerian context [Agbala, 2016]. Football betting, in
particular, holds significant sway among Nigerian
youth, often seen as a potential pathway to wealth
[Akanle & Fageyinbo, 2016].
The growing involvement of youth in betting amidst
high unemployment rates suggests a complex interplay
between these two phenomena. While some may view
gambling as a recreational activity, for many young
Nigerians, it appears to transcend leisure, becoming a
perceived "livelihood option" or a desperate attempt
to escape economic hardship [Chiweshe, 2019;
Ahaibwe et al., 2016]. This raises critical questions
about the motivations driving such behavior, the risks
involved, and the broader socio-economic implications
for individuals, families, and the nation as a whole.
This article aims to explore the intricate nexus between
increasing youth involvement in betting games and the
prevailing unemployment situation in Nigeria. It seeks
to understand the socio-economic factors that compel
young people towards gambling, analyze the
consequences of such engagement, and shed light on
the need for targeted interventions. By synthesizing
findings from existing research and official data, this
paper contributes to a deeper understanding of this
pressing societal issue from a Nigerian perspective.
METHODOLOGY
This study adopts a qualitative, interpretive, and
conceptual
approach,
primarily
leveraging
a
comprehensive review and synthesis of existing
literature,
statistical
reports,
and
theoretical
frameworks. Given the objective to explore the
relationship
between
youth
gambling
and
unemployment in Nigeria, this methodology is
appropriate for drawing connections and identifying
patterns from already established knowledge bases,
rather than generating new empirical data.
1. Data Sources and Literature Selection
The research draws upon a diverse range of scholarly
articles, conference papers, master's theses, official
government reports, and organizational publications.
The selection criteria for the literature focused on:
Geographic Relevance: Priority was given to studies
specifically focused on Nigeria, particularly those
examining youth unemployment and gambling behavior
[Akanle & Fageyinbo, 2016; Mustapha & Enilolobo,
2019; Alanana, 2003; Ayinde, 2008].
Topical Relevance: Papers addressing the socio-
economic effects of gambling, problem gambling,
motivational factors for betting, and the Nigerian labor
force statistics were central to the review [Ahaibwe et
al., 2016; Griffiths, 2010; Gupta & Derevensky, 2008,
2014; NBS, 2018, 2020].
Theoretical Foundations: Inclusion of works that
provide theoretical lenses, such as the Theory of
Planned Behavior [Ajzen, 1991; Awaludin, 2014; Bin-
Nashwan et al., 2016; Langham et al., 2012; Martin et
al., 2011], to explain behavioral intentions related to
gambling.
Recent Publications: Preference for more recent
publications (post-2010 where available) to capture
contemporary
trends
and
statistics. However,
foundational works, even if older, were included if their
insights remained highly relevant.
Official data from the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS)
and reports from regulatory bodies like the Lagos State
Lottery Board (LSLB) were integral for contextualizing
the scale of unemployment and the gambling industry
in Nigeria [LSLB, 2017; NBS, 2018, 2019, 2020].
2. Analytical Framework
The analysis employed a thematic synthesis approach,
wherein findings from various sources were grouped
into recurring themes to identify interconnections and
overarching patterns. The primary themes guiding this
synthesis included:
Prevalence and Characteristics of Youth Gambling in
Nigeria: What forms of gambling are most popular, and
what are the demographic characteristics of young
gamblers?
Drivers and Motivations for Gambling: What are the
underlying reasons (economic, social, psychological)
that lead Nigerian youth to engage in betting? This
specifically examines the role of unemployment and
poverty [NBS, 2019].
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Socio-Economic Landscape of Youth Unemployment:
Reviewing the statistics and structural issues
contributing to youth joblessness in Nigeria.
Consequences of Gambling on Youth Well-being:
Exploring the adverse effects, including problem
gambling, financial distress, and mental health
implications [Allcock, 2000; Dellis et al., 2013; Hodgins
et al., 2009; Kim et al., 2001, 2002; Ladouceur & Dubé,
2017; Lemmens et al., 2018; Mustapha & Enilolobo,
2019].
The Nexus: Drawing explicit links between
unemployment as a push factor towards gambling and
gambling as a potential exacerbator of economic
hardship.
Theoretical frameworks, particularly the Theory of
Planned Behavior [Ajzen, 1991], were implicitly used to
understand how perceived behavioral control,
subjective norms, and attitudes might influence the
intention to gamble among youth facing limited
opportunities.
3. Limitations
It is important to acknowledge the limitations of this
methodology. As a secondary data analysis, this study
is constrained by the nature and scope of existing
published research. It does not involve primary data
collection (e.g., surveys, interviews), and therefore,
cannot provide new empirical evidence on causal
relationships or nuanced individual experiences
specific to the contemporary moment. The findings are
based on the interpretations and methodologies of the
cited authors. Furthermore, while efforts were made
to include recent data, the dynamic nature of socio-
economic indicators and gambling trends means that
some statistics may evolve rapidly.
Despite these limitations, the systematic review and
synthesis of available literature provide a robust
foundation for understanding the complex interplay
between youth gambling and unemployment in
Nigeria, identifying key issues, and informing future
research and policy interventions.
RESULTS
The systematic review of literature and official
statistics reveals a compelling and concerning pattern
regarding youth involvement in betting games in
Nigeria, strongly influenced by the prevailing
unemployment landscape.
1. High Youth Unemployment and Poverty
Nigeria continues to grapple with persistently high
rates of youth unemployment. The National Bureau of
Statistics (NBS) Labour Force Statistics reports
consistently show alarming figures for unemployment
and underemployment among young people [NBS,
2018, 2020]. For instance, in 2019, the NBS reported
that a significant percentage of Nigerians live below the
poverty line [NBS, 2019], a condition that
disproportionately affects youth and often underpins
their economic decisions. This severe lack of formal
economic opportunities creates an environment where
alternative, albeit risky, avenues for income generation
become attractive. Earlier works also highlighted youth
unemployment as a critical national issue [Alanana,
2003; Ayinde, 2008].
2. Pervasive Growth of Betting Among Youth
There has been an exponential rise in youth
participation in various forms of gambling across
Nigeria.
Dominance of Sports Betting: Football betting, in
particular, is overwhelmingly popular among Nigerian
youth [Akanle & Fageyinbo, 2016; Mustapha &
Enilolobo, 2019]. Its widespread appeal is partly
attributed to the global popularity of European football
clubs, whose extensive sponsorship by gambling
companies further normalizes betting activities [Bunn et
al., 2019].
Accessibility: The proliferation of physical betting
outlets and, more significantly, easily accessible online
platforms, has lowered the barrier to entry for youth
[Agbala, 2016]. Quarterly reports from regulatory
bodies like the Lagos State Lottery Board (LSLB) confirm
the substantial volume of betting activities [LSLB, 2017].
Motivations: Studies indicate that the primary
motivation for youth involvement in betting is often the
hope of quick financial gain [Ahaibwe et al., 2016;
Chiweshe, 2019]. This is frequently linked to a perceived
lack of legitimate economic alternatives and a desire to
escape poverty [NBS, 2019]. The idea of betting as a
"livelihood option" resonates particularly in areas with
limited formal employment [Chiweshe, 2019].
3. Socio-Economic Effects of Gambling on Youth
The increased involvement in betting, especially when
driven by economic desperation, brings about
significant adverse socio-economic consequences for
individuals and communities.
Problem Gambling and Addiction: A notable proportion
of young gamblers develop problem gambling
behaviors, leading to addiction [Allcock, 2000; Griffiths,
2010; Gupta & Derevensky, 2008, 2014]. This is
characterized by difficulties controlling betting
impulses, leading to significant financial, social, and
psychological distress [Dellis et al., 2013; Hodgins et al.,
2009; Kim et al., 2001, 2002; Ladouceur & Dubé, 2017;
Lemmens et al., 2018]. Studies have examined the
prevalence and determinants of gambling behaviors
among students [Eboh, 2015].
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Exacerbation of Financial Hardship: Instead of
providing a solution to unemployment, problem
gambling often exacerbates financial distress, leading
to accumulating debts, depletion of meager savings,
and further entrenchment in poverty [Mustapha &
Enilolobo, 2019; Ahaibwe et al., 2016].
Negative Behavioral and Mental Health Impacts:
Beyond financial woes, excessive gambling is
associated with increased anxiety, depression,
relationship problems, and even criminal activities
[Gupta & Derevensky, 2008, 2014; Killick & Griffiths,
2018]. The Theory of Planned Behavior suggests that
attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral
control influence behavioral intentions [Ajzen, 1991;
Awaludin, 2014; Bin-Nashwan et al., 2016; Langham et
al., 2012; Martin et al., 2011], indicating that the social
environment and perceived ease of gambling can
contribute to its uptake.
Diversion from Productive Ventures: The allure of
quick money from betting can discourage youth from
pursuing
education,
vocational
training,
or
entrepreneurial ventures that, while requiring more
effort and time, offer sustainable economic
development [Abdul & Idris, 2014].
4. The Direct Nexus
The results highlight a direct correlation: high rates of
youth unemployment act as a significant push factor
towards gambling. Faced with limited legitimate
employment opportunities and a desperate need for
income, young Nigerians turn to betting as a readily
accessible, albeit highly risky, perceived economic
escape route. Conversely, the engagement in problem
gambling further entrenches individuals in poverty and
diminishes their capacity to seek or sustain productive
employment, thus creating a detrimental feedback
loop. The availability and marketing of betting
opportunities capitalize on this socio-economic
vulnerability.
In essence, the results underscore that the rising
involvement of Nigerian youth in betting games is not
merely a recreational trend but a symptom of deeper
socio-economic malaise, primarily driven by pervasive
unemployment
and
the
associated
financial
desperation.
DISCUSSION
The findings unequivocally establish a concerning
nexus between the escalating involvement of Nigerian
youth in betting games and the persistent problem of
unemployment. This is not a mere coincidence but a
deeply intertwined socio-economic phenomenon
where one factor significantly influences and
exacerbates the other.
The high rates of youth unemployment in Nigeria [NBS,
2018, 2020; Alanana, 2003] create a fertile ground for
the proliferation of gambling. When legitimate
pathways to economic stability
–
such as formal
employment or opportunities for entrepreneurship
[Abdul & Idris, 2014]
–
are scarce, young people,
especially those living below the poverty line [NBS,
2019], are driven to seek alternative means of income.
The allure of quick money, often amplified by aggressive
marketing and the pervasive visibility of betting outlets
and online platforms [Agbala, 2016; Bunn et al., 2019],
makes betting an attractive, albeit deceptive, option.
This aligns with observations from other developing
contexts where gambling can become a perceived
"livelihood option" in the absence of formal economic
opportunities [Chiweshe, 2019]. The perceived low
barrier to entry for betting, compared to the challenges
of starting a business or securing formal employment,
further contributes to its appeal.
Furthermore, the theoretical underpinnings of planned
behavior [Ajzen, 1991] offer insight into this
phenomenon. The widespread engagement of peers in
betting (subjective norms), coupled with the perceived
ease of placing bets (perceived behavioral control), and
a positive attitude towards winning (driven by
desperation for money), collectively increase the
intention of unemployed youth to gamble [Awaludin,
2014; Bin-Nashwan et al., 2016; Martin et al., 2011]. This
societal normalization of betting as a "solution" to
financial woes is a dangerous trend.
However, the reality of gambling, particularly problem
gambling, is far from a solution. Instead of alleviating
unemployment, it often deepens the financial crisis of
individuals
and
families.
Problem
gambling,
characterized by an inability to control betting behavior
despite negative consequences [Allcock, 2000; Griffiths,
2010], leads to accumulated debts, depletion of
resources, and further pushes individuals into a cycle of
poverty [Mustapha & Enilolobo, 2019; Ahaibwe et al.,
2016]. The focus on betting diverts valuable time and
limited resources that could otherwise be channeled
into skill acquisition, job searching, or entrepreneurial
endeavors, thereby perpetuating the unemployment
cycle. The socio-economic consequences extend
beyond individual financial ruin to include mental health
issues like anxiety and depression, and potential
involvement in illicit activities to fund gambling habits.
This situation underscores the urgent need for
comprehensive and integrated policy responses in
Nigeria. Simply regulating the gambling industry
without addressing the root cause of unemployment
will likely prove insufficient. Similarly, focusing solely on
job creation without addressing the addiction aspect of
gambling might not fully resolve the issue.
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Therefore, proposed interventions should include:
Aggressive Job Creation and Entrepreneurship
Support: Implementing policies and programs that
genuinely stimulate job growth, provide vocational
training, and support small and medium-sized
enterprises (SMEs) [Abdul & Idris, 2014] to offer
sustainable economic alternatives for youth.
Responsible Gambling Education and Awareness:
Launching nationwide campaigns to educate youth
about the risks and dangers of problem gambling, the
odds of winning, and the reality that it is not a viable
solution to unemployment.
Support Services for Problem Gamblers: Establishing
accessible counseling and support services for youth
struggling with gambling addiction, potentially
integrated into existing health or social welfare
programs.
Stricter Regulation and Enforcement: While the
gaming industry contributes to the economy [Agbala,
2016], there is a need for more robust regulatory
oversight to protect vulnerable populations, limit
aggressive marketing, and ensure responsible
practices by betting operators.
Addressing Root Causes of Poverty: Broader socio-
economic policies aimed at poverty reduction and
improving living standards for all citizens, as
highlighted by the NBS poverty data [NBS, 2019], will
indirectly reduce the desperation that drives some
youth towards gambling.
The interplay between youth gambling and
unemployment in Nigeria is a complex symptom of
underlying socio-economic vulnerabilities. A multi-
pronged approach that tackles both the structural
issue of joblessness and the behavioral patterns
associated with problem gambling is essential for
fostering a healthier, more productive future for
Nigerian youth.
CONCLUSION
The rising involvement of Nigerian youth in betting
games is inextricably linked to the pervasive challenge
of unemployment. This study has elucidated that the
severe lack of legitimate economic opportunities acts
as a significant push factor, compelling young people
to seek quick financial gains through gambling as a
perceived, albeit high-risk, alternative to productive
engagement. This desperate pursuit, however, often
leads to problem gambling, which not only exacerbates
individual financial hardship but also diverts valuable
resources and attention away from sustainable
economic empowerment.
The findings underscore the urgent necessity for
integrated policy interventions in Nigeria. Addressing
this complex socio-economic phenomenon requires
more than just regulating the betting industry. It
demands a holistic approach that prioritizes robust job
creation initiatives, provides comprehensive support for
entrepreneurship, and invests in vocational training
programs to equip youth with employable skills.
Concurrently, there is a critical need for widespread
public awareness campaigns on the dangers of problem
gambling, coupled with the establishment of accessible
support and rehabilitation services for those affected.
By tackling both the root causes of unemployment and
the detrimental consequences of excessive gambling,
Nigeria can foster a more resilient, productive, and
prosperous future for its youth.
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