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MEDICO-SOCIAL CHALLENGES FACED BY ORPHANS RESIDING IN ORPHANAGES IN
KADUNA
Soyobi Yewande Victoria, MBBS
Oni Memorial Children Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria; Riverside Nursing Home, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
Obohwemu Oberhiri Kennedy, PhD
Department of Health, Wellbeing & Social Care, Global Banking School/Oxford Brookes University,
Birmingham, United Kingdom; and PENKUP Research Institute, Birmingham, United Kingdom
Suberu Omeiza Peter
,
MPH
Cardiorespiratory Unit, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, United Kingdom
Abdelkader Nourhan, MSC
Department of Health, Wellbeing & Social Care, Global Banking School/Oxford Brookes University,
Birmingham, United Kingdom
Maame Ama Owusuaa-Asante, PhD
Department of Health, Wellbeing & Social Care, Global Banking School/Oxford Brookes University,
Birmingham, United Kingdom
Abayomi Gabriel, PhD
Department of Health, Wellbeing & Social Care, Global Banking School/Oxford Brookes University,
Manchester, United Kingdom
AB O U T A RT I C L E
Key words:
Orphans, Kaduna, Nigeria, Medical
challenges, Social challenges, Mental health,
Orphanages, Nutrition, Psychosocial support,
Education.
Received:
30.11.2024
Accepted
: 02.12.2024
Published
: 10.12.2024
ABSTRACT
Background:
The plight of orphans, particularly
in sub-Saharan Africa, has intensified due to
increasing incidences of disease, conflict, and
natural disasters. In Nigeria, the orphan crisis is
driven by factors such as the HIV/AIDS epidemic,
terrorism, and other forms of violence. Orphans in
orphanages often experience a range of
challenges, including abuse, malnutrition, poor
healthcare access, stigmatization, and behavioral
and psychological disorders. Although some
interventions address material needs, there
remains a significant gap in comprehensive care
that integrates medical, psychosocial, and social
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https://doi.org/10.55640/jsshrf-04-12-04
Pages: 21-40
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welfare support. This study examines the medical
and social challenges faced by orphans living in
orphanages in Kaduna, Nigeria.
Methodology:
A cross-sectional descriptive study
was conducted with 100 orphans in three
orphanages in Kaduna. Data collection involved
the
use
of
interviewer-administered
questionnaires to gather information on socio-
demographic characteristics, medical issues,
behavioral patterns, levels of stigma, psychosocial
well-being, and coping mechanisms.
Results:
The mean age of respondents was 10
years, with 68% of the participants being male.
Although 54.9% of the respondents had access to
balanced diets, 53.7% were underweight, pointing
to ongoing nutritional challenges. Medical
concerns included clinical signs of illness in 33.7%
of the children, and 46.7% were not fully
immunized. Behavioral disorders were prevalent,
with 27% of the children showing symptoms of
hyperactivity, 22.3% suffering from enuresis, and
1.8% diagnosed with major depressive disorder.
Despite these challenges, 83.3% of the orphans
reported positive peer relationships, 89.2% had
good self-esteem, and 97.8% attended school.
However, instances of bullying (11.4%) and
stigmatization (9%) persisted.
Conclusion:
The study highlights the significant
medical, social, and psychological challenges
facing orphans in Kaduna orphanages. While
access to education and peer support was
encouraging, the high prevalence of malnutrition,
under-immunization, and behavioral disorders
underscores the need for integrated care models.
A holistic approach to care, incorporating medical,
psychosocial, and educational interventions, is
crucial for improving the well-being of these
vulnerable children.
INTRODUCTION
Children residing in orphanages face a heightened set of challenges, many of which stem from the
absence of parental care, emotional support, and the constraints posed by institutional environments.
These children, often orphaned due to a combination of socio-economic hardships, regional conflicts,
disease outbreaks, or other dysfunctions within their families, are left to navigate life without the
foundational stability that parental figures typically provide. Orphanages, ideally, are institutions
designed to offer shelter, food, education, healthcare, and emotional support to children who have been
abandoned or are otherwise unable to remain with their families. However, the lived experiences of
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many orphaned children highlight significant discrepancies between these intended benefits and the
reality of life in orphanages.
Institutional care settings are fundamentally different from family environments. While they may offer
physical security, they often lack the personal attention and emotional stability that a family structure
can provide. As a result, children in these environments are more vulnerable to a range of physical and
psychological challenges, which can impede their development and wellbeing (Soyobi, Obohwemu &
Suberu, 2024). For many of these children, the trauma of losing their parents or being removed from
their families is compounded by the often-harsh realities of institutional life, including overcrowded
facilities, under-resourced care systems, and a lack of individualized attention. These factors
significantly shape the behavioural, emotional, and physical health outcomes of orphaned children.
The phenomenon of orphanhood is not a recent development. Historically, societies have grappled with
how to care for children who are without parental guardians. However, the orphan crisis has become
particularly pronounced in recent decades, especially in sub-Saharan Africa. This region has been
profoundly affected by multiple factors that contribute to the growing population of orphaned and
vulnerable children (OVCs). The HIV/AIDS epidemic, for example, has left millions of children without
one or both parents, and regional conflicts, economic instability, and poor access to healthcare have
further exacerbated the situation. In countries like Nigeria, and particularly in states like Kaduna, the
combined effects of poverty, conflict, and disease have placed immense strain on both families and
institutions tasked with caring for OVCs (UNICEF, 2020).
Nigeria has one of the largest populations of orphans in the world. According to recent statistics from
the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), as of 2020, over 17 million orphans were recorded in the
country. A significant portion of these children reside in northern states like Kaduna, where socio-
political instability, poor healthcare services, and economic hardship have further complicated the lives
of orphaned children. In Kaduna State, for instance, the Boko Haram insurgency, intercommunal
conflicts, and periodic outbreaks of diseases such as cholera and malaria have contributed to an ever-
growing number of children in need of care (UNICEF, 2014; UNAIDS, 2018). While orphanages exist to
meet the needs of these children, they often fall short of providing the holistic care that is necessary for
their well-being.
One of the most pressing medico-social challenges faced by orphans in orphanages in Kaduna, and in
Nigeria more broadly, is malnutrition. The National Population Commission (NPC) and the Nigeria
Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS) report alarmingly high rates of malnutrition among children
in Kaduna, with stunting rates reaching 44% in some regions (NPC, 2018). Orphanages, typically reliant
on limited funding and resources, often struggle to provide adequate nutrition to their residents. As a
result, many orphaned children suffer from undernutrition, which has long-term consequences for their
growth, cognitive development, and overall health. Malnutrition not only makes children more
susceptible to infectious diseases, but it also impairs their ability to concentrate and perform well in
educational settings, further disadvantaging them in their future prospects.
Infectious diseases also pose a significant threat to the health and well-being of children residing in
orphanages. Overcrowded living conditions, poor sanitation, and inadequate access to healthcare
services are all contributing factors to the high prevalence of diseases such as malaria, tuberculosis, and
respiratory infections among orphaned children. These diseases, which are preventable and treatable
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in many cases, often go unchecked in institutional settings due to a lack of proper medical care
(Oluwatoyin, 2019). The situation is particularly dire for children who are HIV-positive, a status that is
disproportionately prevalent among orphans in sub-Saharan Africa, where HIV/AIDS has claimed the
lives of millions of parents, leaving their children behind (UNAIDS, 2018).
Mental health challenges are another critical issue for orphans in institutional care. The trauma of losing
a parent, the social stigma attached to orphanhood, and the lack of consistent emotional support all
contribute to the psychological distress experienced by many orphaned children. Studies have shown
that children living in orphanages are at higher risk for developing mental health disorders such as
anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) than children living with their families
(Mugisha et al., 2018; Soyobi et al., 2024a; Soyobi et al., 2024b). In Kaduna State, where the effects of
poverty, conflict, and disease are particularly pronounced, orphaned children are often left to cope with
these stressors without adequate psychological support.
The social challenges faced by orphans in Kaduna are closely intertwined with their medical challenges.
Social stigma remains a significant barrier to the wellbeing of orphans, particularly those living in
institutional care (Soyobi et al., 2024c). Children without parental care are often viewed with suspicion
or pity by their communities, and this marginalization can lead to feelings of isolation, low self-esteem,
and a diminished sense of identity. In Nigeria, where family and social networks are central to one’s
social identity, the absence of parents can severely limit a child’s opportunities for so
cial integration
and upward mobility (Aliyu et al., 2018). This social marginalization, coupled with the physical and
emotional challenges faced by orphaned children, creates a cycle of disadvantage that is difficult to
break without targeted interventions.
Educational attainment is another area where orphaned children often face significant barriers. While
many orphanages strive to provide basic education to their residents, the quality of education in these
institutions is often substandard compared to what is available to children in more stable family
settings. Orphaned children frequently experience interruptions in their schooling due to illness,
malnutrition, or the need to work to support themselves, further compounding their disadvantages
(Mugisha et al., 2018). In Kaduna, where educational outcomes are already low due to broader socio-
economic challenges, orphaned children are particularly vulnerable to falling behind their peers. This
has long-term implications for their ability to secure employment and become self-sufficient adults,
perpetuating the cycle of poverty that contributed to their orphanhood in the first place.
The combination of physical, emotional, and social challenges faced by orphans in Kaduna State
highlights the urgent need for comprehensive interventions that address both the medical and social
dimensions of orphan care (Soyobi et al., 2024d). While orphanages play a crucial role in providing basic
care to these children, they often lack the resources and expertise to address the full range of challenges
that orphaned children face. Improving the quality of care in orphanages, particularly in terms of
nutrition, healthcare, and psychological support, is essential for improving the outcomes for these
vulnerable children. Additionally, efforts to reduce the social stigma attached to orphanhood and to
provide more inclusive educational opportunities are crucial for ensuring that orphaned children can
fully participate in society and reach their full potential.
The medico-social challenges faced by orphans in Kaduna State are not unique to this region, but they
are exacerbated by the specific socio-political and economic conditions present in northern Nigeria. The
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region’s high rates of poverty, conflict, and disease have created a parti
cularly difficult environment for
orphaned children, who are often left without the support they need to thrive. Addressing these
challenges will require a coordinated effort from government agencies, non-governmental
organizations, and the international community to provide the resources and support necessary to
improve the lives of orphaned children in Kaduna and beyond.
In essence, the situation of orphaned children in Kaduna State is a microcosm of the broader orphan
crisis in sub-Saharan Africa. The combination of medical, social, and psychological challenges faced by
these children underscores the importance of developing targeted interventions that address their
unique needs. By improving the quality of care in orphanages, reducing social stigma, and providing
better access to education and healthcare, it is possible to break the cycle of disadvantage that so many
orphaned children are trapped in. However, this will require sustained investment and a commitment
to addressing the root causes of orphanhood, including poverty, conflict, and disease.
METHODOLOGY
The research took place in Kaduna, a prominent city in Nigeria’s North
-West geopolitical zone, which
serves as the capital of Kaduna State. Situated along the Kaduna River, the state spans 3,080 square
kilometers and is home to over 60 ethnic groups, including the Gbayi, Hausa, Fulani, Gwong, Bajju, and
Atyab, among others (National Population Commission, 2019; Kaduna State Government, 2021).
Kaduna is not only an ethnic and cultural melting pot but
also plays a vital role in the region’s economy,
serving as a major trading hub and transportation center, connecting agricultural production areas and
other Nigerian states (Abdu et al., 2020).
RESEARCH SITES
The study involved three orphanages in Kaduna, each representing different aspects of orphanage care.
Adonai Orphanage Home, established in 2010 by Reverend Mrs. Elizabeth Afuape, is a non-profit faith-
based organization located in Banawa, Kaduna South, which focuses on providing holistic care to
orphaned children, including access to education and health services (Oluwatoyin, 2018). Mercy
Orphanage Home, founded in 2001 by Reverend Dr. Tunde Balanta, is similarly a non-governmental,
faith-based institution located in Ungwan Romi. This orphanage is particularly focused on emotional
and academic development (Balanta, 2020). Jamiyyar Matan Arewa Orphanage, established in 1963 by
a social group of Northern Nigerian women, aims to unify women and provide a platform for engaging
in welfare activities, primarily aimed at supporting orphaned children and women in need (Abdu &
Suleiman, 2017).
Study Design and Population
A cross-sectional descriptive study design was employed to capture a snapshot of the health and social
conditions of the children living in orphanages (Levin, 2006). The study focused on children under 19
years old living in the selected orphanages, excluding those older than 18 years or unwilling to
participate (National Population Commission, 2019). Cross-sectional designs are widely used in health
and social science research to provide a broad overview of population conditions (Mugisha et al., 2018).
Sample Size Determination
The sample size (n) drawn from the selected subjects was determined using the formula below:
n = z2pq/d2
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Where n=minimum sample size required, p=0.20727, q=1-p (=0.793), z=the value of standard normal
deviation taken to be 1.96(at 95% confidence interval), d=sampling error tolerance at 95% confidence
interval taken to be 0.05 (5%). Based on these calculations, a sample size of 90 participants was deemed
necessary, considering a 10% non-response rate (Mugisha et al., 2018; Aliyu et al., 2018). This method
of sample size determination is widely recognized in public health research (Kumwenda, 2017).
Sampling Technique
A two-stage sampling process was used. First, three orphanages were randomly selected from a pool of
seven. In the second stage, all eligible children in the selected orphanages were included in the study.
Mercy Orphanage had 46 children, of whom 40 met the inclusion criteria; Adonai Orphanage had 46
children, all of whom were included; and Jamiyyar Matan Arewa had 14 children, all of whom
participated in the study (Kareem, 2016).
Data Collection Tools
Various tools were employed to collect data. A questionnaire was used to gather information about the
children’s medical and social conditions. In addition, Mid
-Upper Arm Circumference (MUAC)
measurements were taken to assess malnutrition levels. MUAC, developed by Shakir in 1975, is a simple
yet effective measure for diagnosing malnutrition in children. Children with MUAC less than 11 cm were
classified as severely malnourished, while values between 12.5 cm and 13.5 cm indicated moderate
malnutrition (Aliyu et al., 2018; Shakir, 1975). Body Mass Index (BMI), calculated using the standard
formula of weight (kg) divided by height squared (m²), was also used to assess nutritional status. BMI
is commonly employed in both medical and social sciences to assess malnutrition and obesity (Adeyemi
et al., 2018).
Psychological assessment tools included the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES), which measures self-
esteem levels using a 10-item Likert scale. It is widely recognized for its reliability and validity in
assessing self-esteem (Rosenberg, 1965). Additionally, the Duke-UNC Functional Social Support
Questionnaire was employed to assess social support networks, which are crucial for the well-being of
orphaned children (Broadhead et al., 1988).
Hyperactivity and Depressive Disorders
Hyperactivity and depressive disorders were assessed using criteria from the DSM-IV. The DSM-IV
criteria for diagnosing Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Major Depressive Disorder
(MDD) were applied, with children meeting six or more criteria being classified as having either
disorder (American Psychiatric Association, 2000). This is consistent with global standards for
diagnosing psychiatric conditions in children and adolescents (APA, 2000).
Data Collection Method
Data were collected by six trained research assistants
—
medical students from Ahmadu Bello
University, Zaria
—
who administered the questionnaires and conducted the health assessments. Data
collection occurred over three Saturdays, with an average of 30 respondents interviewed each day
(Adeyemi et al., 2017).
Data Management and Analysis
The data collected were checked for completeness, cleaned, and analyzed using SPSS version 20.0.
Descriptive statistics were employed to summarize demographic and health information, while cross-
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tabulations were used to explore relationships between variables. Results were presented in tables and
charts and compared with other studies to contextualize the findings (Oluwatoyin, 2018; Mugisha et al.,
2018).
Ethical Considerations
Ethical approval was obtained from the Department of Community Medicine at Ahmadu Bello
University. Permissions were sought from the directors of the orphanages, and informed consent was
obtained from both caregivers and the children (National Health Research Ethics Committee, 2017).
Despite these efforts, limitations such as time and resource constraints prevented the assessment of
additional variables like vitamin A levels, which could have provided more insights into the children’s
nutritional status (Aliyu et al., 2018). The study's cross-sectional design also presents a limitation, as it
captures knowledge and skills at a specific moment in time (December 2016), which may not reflect
current conditions. The findings should be interpreted with caution, given that healthcare practices and
knowledge may have evolved since the study period. Changes in healthcare policies, training programs,
and resource allocation could have significantly influenced the competencies of healthcare workers in
subsequent years. Moreover, the reliance on self-reported data to assess knowledge rather than direct
clinical observation could introduce bias. Healthcare workers might either overestimate their abilities
or underreport their limitations, impacting the accuracy of the findings.
Socio-demographic information of orphans living in orphanages in Kaduna
Table 1: Socio-demographic characteristics of respondents
Socio-demographic characteristics
of respondents
Frequency (n=100)
Percentage (%)
Age (in years)
0-4
8
18.0
5-9
26
16.0
10-14
41
41.0
15-19
25
25.0
Total
100
100.0
The table 1 above showed that the age group of respondents 10-14years have the highest percentage
(41%) while age group 0-4years has the least percentage of respondents (8%). There are more males
(68%) than female (32%) respondents. The predominant tribe is Hausa (41%), followed by Yoruba
(30%). Others include Baju, Ebira, Idoma, etc. There are more Christian (86%) than Muslim (14%)
respondents.
Prevalence of Common Medical Problems among Orphans in Orphanages in Kaduna
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Table 2: Physical well-being of respondents
Variables
All the
time [n
(%)]
Most of
the time
[n (%)]
More
than half
of the
time [n
(%)]
Less
than half
of the
time [n
(%)]
Some of
the time
[n (%)]
At no
time [n
(%)]
Total [n
(%)]
I feel well and
energetic
34(39.1) 35(40.2) 8(9.2)
8(9.2)
2(2.3)
-
100(100)
I feel physically
fit to do anything
I want
31(35.6) 35(40.2) 10(11.5)
10(11.5)
1(1.1)
-
100(100)
I am comfortable
about my
weight, shape
and physical
condition
41(48.8) 29(34.5) 11(13.1)
1(1.2)
1(1.2)
1(1.2)
100(100)
I do get all the
sleep I need
37(44.0) 20(23.8) 20(23.8)
4(4.8)
3(3.6)
-
100(100)
I am free from
unexplained
physical health
symptoms
29(35.8) 14(17.3) 11(13.6)
2(2.5)
23(28.4) 2(2.5)
100(100)
I woke up
feeling fresh and
rested
41(50.0) 18(22.0) 12(14.6)
3(3.7)
6(7.3)
2(2.4)
100(100)
My daily life has
been filled with
things that
interest me
23(28.4) 29(35.8) 23(28.4)
5(6.2)
1(1.2)
-
100(100)
I eat good
balanced diet
daily
45(54.9) 20(24.4) 7(8.5)
2(2.4)
8(9.8)
-
100(100)
I feel calm and
relax
30(36.6) 30(36.6) 14(17.1)
2(2.4)
6(7.3)
-
100(100)
I usually visit
hospital for
treatment
41(50.0) 15(18.3) 11(13.4)
7(8.5)
8(9.8)
-
100(100)
I do get all I
need anytime the
need arise
15(18.3) 15(18.3) 26(31.7)
10(12.2)
11(13.4) 5(6.1)
100(100)
I eat what I want
and not what I
see
14(17.1) 13(15.9) 11(13.4)
8(7.3)
14(17.1) 24(29.3)
100(100)
From the above table, result shows that a high percentage of respondent felt well and energetic all the
time (39.1), most of the time (40.2) and none (0%) none of the time. This implies that about 80% feel
well and energetic and approximately 90% feel physically fit and comfortable with their weight, shape
and physical condition. About 46.4% of them eat what they want while majority (55.6%) eat what they
see rather than what they want, majority (83.3%) eat balanced diet likewise 81.7% visit the hospital
whenever they are ill.
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Table 3: Body mass index and mid upper arm circumference of respondents
Body mass index and MUAC of
respondents
Frequency (n=95)
Percentage (%)
BMI
Underweight
51
53.7
Normal weight
35
36.8
Overweight
4
4.2
Obese
5
5.3
Total
95
100.0
MUAC (cm)
<11.0
2
28.6
11.0-12.5
2
28.6
12.5-13.5
1
14.3
>13.5
2
28.6
Total
7
100.0
From the table above, more than half (53.7%) of the children are underweight while 36.8% weigh
within normal and 5.3% are obese. Less than half (28.6%) of respondents have severe acute
malnutrition, 28.8% also have moderate acute malnutrition, 14.3% is at risk of malnutrition and 28.6%
of the respondents are well nourished.
Table 4: Clinical examination result of respondents
Signs and symptoms/Age
group
0-4(n=8)
5-9(n=26)
10-
14(n=40)
15-
18(n=25)
Total(n=95)
De-pigmentation of hair
-
-
2
1
3
Muscle wasting
-
-
-
-
-
Moon face
-
-
-
1
1
Flaky paint dermatitis
-
-
-
-
-
Oedema
-
-
Bitot spot
-
-
-
2
2
Conjuctival xerosis
-
-
-
1
1
Xerosis of the skin
-
-
-
-
-
Cheilosis
1
1
1
-
3
Magenta tongue
-
-
1
1
2
Loss of ankle and knee
jerk
-
-
-
-
-
Atrophic lingual papillae
-
1
-
-
1
Spongy bleeding tongue
-
-
-
1
1
Open fontanella
-
-
-
-
-
Bow leg
1
-
-
1
2
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Knock knee
3
1
2
6
Pale conjunctival
1
1
2
1
5
Enlarged thyroid gland
-
-
-
-
-
Mottled dental enamel
1
1
1
2
5
Total [n (%)]
4
7
8
13
32 (33.7)
66.3% of the respondents had no physical signs on clinical examination while 33.7% of the respondent
do.
Figure 1: Immunization status of respondents
The number of respondents that are fully immunized (53.3) were slightly higher than those that were
not fully immunized (46.7%).
Table 5: Frequency distribution of respondents with BCG scar and the immunization card seen
Table 5 above showed that 87.5% of the under-
five’s immunization card were seen and
62.5% of them
have BCG scar.
53.3
46.7
immunisation status
n=15
fully immunized
not fully immunized
Number of immunization card
seen and presence of BCG scar on
respondents among under-fives
Frequency (n=8)
Percentage (%)
Number of immunization card
seen
7
87.5
Presence of BCG scar
5
62.5
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Figure 2: Frequency distribution of children that sleep under ITN
Figure 2 above showed that 87% of the respondents sleep under insecticide treated net.
4.5 Psycho-social status among orphans living in orphanages in Kaduna
Table 7: Psycho-social status of respondents lining in orphanages in kaduna
87%
13%
Percentage of children that use ITN
use ITN
does not use ITN
Psycho-social status of
respondents
Frequency (n=100)
Percentage (%)
Attends school
Yes
87
97.8
No
2
2.2
Total
89
100.0
Type of education
Western
79
89.7
Quranic
3
3.4
Home
6
6.9
Total
87
100.0
Mathematics and English
Textbook
Yes
69
80.2
No
17
19.8
Total
87
100.0
Absence from school
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Table 7 above showed that majority (97.8%) of the children attends school, (89.7%) sought western
education and 3.4% school at home while 6.9% sought qur’anic education.
Majority (80.2%) have
Mathematics and English textbooks while 19.8% do not have Mathematics and English textbooks,
18.8% were absent from school in the last one week and majority (85.7%) of them were absent from
school in the last one week due to sickness.
Figure 4
:
The frequency distribution of children and their number in class
Figure 4 above showed that majority (78.5%) of the children are in a class of 20-40 persons
78.50%
19.00%
2.50%
0.00%
10.00%
20.00%
30.00%
40.00%
50.00%
60.00%
70.00%
80.00%
90.00%
20-40
40-60
>60
Number of students in class
Number of students in class
Yes
16
18.4
No
71
81.6
Total
87
100.0
Reasons for school absenteeism
Illness
12
85.7
Lack of school fees
2
14.3
Total
14
100.0
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Figure 5: Shows the last position in school.
The figure above showed that majority (38.7%) of the children had between 11
th
and 20
th
position in
the last term.
Table 8: showing self-esteem status of orphans living in orphanages in Kaduna
The above table showed that 89.2% of them have good self-esteem of which majority are males (60%)
and 11.8% have poor self-esteem.
Table 9: showing the quality of social support for orphans living in orphanages in Kaduna
34.7
21.3
38.7
5.3
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
1st-5th
6th-10th
11th-20th
0thers
Last position
Series 1
Self-esteem status
Male n (%)
Female n (%)
Total (%)
Good self-esteem
46(60.5)
21(27.7)
67(89.2)
Poor self-esteem
6(7.9)
3(3.9)
9(11.8)
Social support score
(8-40)
Frequency (n=71)
Percentage (%)
16-19.9
11
15.5
20-24.9
19
26.8
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Table 9 above showed that majority (35.2%) had good (25-29.9) social support score and 15.5% have
an average (16-19.9) social support score
Figure 6: Shows how the orphans cope with their various situations
The figure above showed that 64.6% of the children try to deal with their situation. However, majority
of them shy away from their challenges.
DISCUSSION
The discussion of the medico-social challenges faced by orphans residing in orphanages in Kaduna
reveals several important insights that align with previous research while highlighting some unique
aspects related to the specific context of this study. The findings emphasize the significant interplay
between the physical and social well-being of these children and the challenges they face due to their
orphanhood, institutional living, and, in many cases, limited access to health and educational resources.
The study shows that the majority of respondents were within the age range of 10-14 years, with an
average age of 10 years. This mirrors findings from other studies in sub-Saharan Africa and beyond,
where orphans in institutional settings are often concentrated in similar age brackets. For instance,
research in Ogun State and rural China shows comparable age distributions among orphans living in
care institutions (Mupedziswa & Ntini, 2020; Zhao et al., 2020). This age range is particularly vulnerable
due to the emotional and psychological changes associated with adolescence, further exacerbated by
the loss of parental care and the challenges of living in an orphanage (Masten, 2014). The higher
proportion of males (68%) compared to females (32%) also raises questions about potential gender
disparities in orphan care admissions or retention in institutions, which might reflect broader societal
56.3
53.8
46.8
64.6
50.6
42.3
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
modify the way
you think or act
distance yourself
from the problem
change your goals
in order to avoid
the problem
deal with the
problem
try to forget it
just tolerate it
Coping strategies among orphans
Series 1
25-29.9
25
35.2
>30
16
22.5
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or cultural patterns where boys are more likely to receive institutional care than girls, as observed in
studies from Nigeria and other regions (Gomez et al., 2018).
The predominance of Christian respondents (86%) and the Hausa ethnic group (41%) reflects the
cultural and religious dynamics of Kaduna, where Christian orphanages play a significant role in the
care of orphaned children. Previous research from Nigeria highlights the influence of religion on the
support systems available to orphans, as many orphanages are managed by religious organizations,
which often provide both spiritual and material support (Olayiwola, 2019). The concentration of Hausa
children in these institutions likely reflects the demographic composition of Northern Nigeria, where
the Hausa-Fulani ethnic group is predominant. The ethnic and religious makeup of the orphan
population in this study aligns with findings from other studies that emphasize the importance of
culturally tailored interventions to address the specific needs of orphans in different regions (Salifu
Yendork & Somhlaba, 2017).
A major medico-social challenge identified in this study relates to the nutritional status of the children,
with more than half (53.7%) being classified as underweight, and a smaller proportion experiencing
wasting (4.2%) and stunting (2.1%). These findings echo the results of studies conducted in other parts
of Nigeria and sub-Saharan Africa, where malnutrition remains a persistent issue among orphaned
children in institutional care (Fawzy & Fouad, 2017). In comparison to a similar study conducted in Imo
State, where higher rates of wasting and stunting were observed among children aged 0-5 years, the
lower rates of severe malnutrition in this study can be attributed to the older age group of the
respondents. However, the fact that more than half of the children are underweight underscores the
ongoing challenges related to inadequate nutrition and food security in orphanages, which are often
reliant on donations and may struggle to provide balanced diets (Obialo et al., 2019). These findings
highlight the need for improved nutritional programs and support for orphanages to ensure that the
dietary needs of children are adequately met.
Despite these nutritional challenges, the study found that the majority of the children reported feeling
well and energetic most of the time, with 40.2% feeling well all the time. This is similar to findings from
Ogun State, where a significant proportion of orphans also reported feeling physically well most of the
time (Adebayo et al., 2020). This paradox of children reporting good physical well-being despite being
underweight is not uncommon in studies of orphaned children in developing countries, where children
may normalize their physical conditions and report feeling well even in the face of nutritional
deficiencies or other health challenges (Mupedziswa & Ntini, 2020). The children’s access to basic
healthcare services, as indicated by the high percentage of those who visit hospitals when sick, likely
contributes to their ability to maintain a sense of physical well-being despite the challenges they face.
One of the more concerning findings relates to the mental health challenges faced by the orphans, with
27% exhibiting symptoms of hyperactivity/impulsivity disorder and 22.3% suffering from enuresis.
These results are consistent with previous studies that have documented elevated rates of mental
health disorders among orphaned children in institutional care, both in Nigeria and globally
(Abdelrahman et al., 2017; Zhao et al., 2020; Soyobi, Obohwemu & Suberu, 2024). Hyperactivity and
enuresis are often linked to unresolved trauma, stress, and anxiety, which are common among orphans
due to their experiences of loss, abandonment, and the challenges of living in an institutional setting
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(Fawzy & Fouad, 2017). The high prevalence of these conditions points to the urgent need for mental
health services in orphanages, which are often under-resourced and ill-equipped to address the
psychological needs of children (Ismayilova et al., 2018). Interventions such as counselling, therapy,
and psychosocial support are crucial in helping these children cope with their emotional and
psychological challenges.
The social challenges faced by the orphans were also evident in the study, with a significant proportion
of children reporting experiences of bullying (11.4%) and ostracism (9%). These findings align with
research from other African countries, where orphaned children are often at risk of social isolation,
stigma, and bullying from their peers (Cluver et al., 2018). Social exclusion can have serious implications
for the mental health and overall well-being of orphans, exacerbating feelings of loneliness and low self-
esteem. However, the study also found that the majority of the children (83.3%) reported having
positive relationships with their peers, which is a protective factor that can mitigate the negative effects
of social challenges. Positive peer relationships are critical for the social development of orphans, as
they provide a sense of belonging and support that can help buffer against the emotional difficulties
associated with orphanhood (Kwak et al., 2019).
The findings on the educational status of the children are largely positive, with the vast majority
(97.8%) attending school and performing well academically. This is consistent with studies from other
parts of Nigeria and sub-Saharan Africa, which have shown that orphaned children in institutional care
often have access to education and may perform well academically due to the structured environment
of orphanages (Oladeji et al., 2020). The importance of education as a protective factor for orphans
cannot be overstated, as it provides them with the skills and knowledge they need to build a better
future, while also offering a sense of purpose and normalcy in their daily lives (Ismayilova et al., 2018).
However, the fact that a small percentage of children (2.2%) are not attending school highlights the
need for continued efforts to ensure that all orphaned children have access to education, particularly in
rural areas where resources may be more limited.
The social support systems available to the orphans were another important aspect of this study. The
majority of the children reported having good social support, particularly from their peers and
caregivers, with males reporting higher levels of social support than females. This gender disparity in
social support is consistent with findings from other studies, where girls in institutional care are often
more vulnerable to neglect and may receive less attention and support from caregivers (Jones, 2017).
The importance of social support in fostering resilience among orphans is well-documented in the
literature, as strong support networks can provide emotional security and help children cope with the
challenges they face (Werner, 2013). The high levels of social support reported by the children in this
study are encouraging and suggest that the orphanages are providing a supportive environment for the
children. However, the gender differences in social support highlight the need for more targeted
interventions to ensure that all children, regardless of gender, receive the support they need to thrive.
The study also found that a significant proportion of the children (56.3%) were using negative coping
strategies, such as distancing themselves from their problems or trying to forget their situation. This
reliance on avoidant coping mechanisms is concerning, as it suggests that many of the children are
struggling to cope with the emotional and psychological challenges of orphanhood. Avoidant coping
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strategies are generally less effective in the long term and can lead to emotional exhaustion and
increased vulnerability to stress (Compas et al., 2017). These findings are consistent with studies from
Ethiopia and other parts of sub-Saharan Africa, where orphans have been found to use similar avoidant
coping mechanisms due to a lack of appropriate psychosocial support (Tadesse et al., 2021). The high
reliance on negative coping strategies in this study underscores the need for interventions that promote
more adaptive forms of coping, such as problem-solving skills, emotional regulation, and resilience
training (Ungar, 2019).
In essence, the findings of this study provide important insights into the medico-social challenges faced
by orphans residing in orphanages in Kaduna. The physical, mental, and social well-being of these
children is shaped by a complex interplay of factors, including their nutritional status, access to
healthcare, mental health challenges, social relationships, and coping mechanisms. While the majority
of the children are physically well and have access to education and social support, the high prevalence
of mental health disorders and the reliance on negative coping strategies highlight the ongoing
challenges they face. Addressing these challenges requires a comprehensive approach that includes
improved access to mental health services, enhanced nutritional programs, and interventions aimed at
promoting more adaptive coping strategies. The findings of this study align with previous research on
orphanhood and resilience but also underscore the unique cultural and contextual factors that shape
the experiences of orphans in Kaduna.
CONCLUSION
This study highlights the significant medico-social challenges faced by orphans residing in orphanages
in Kaduna State, Nigeria. The findings confirm that a majority of the children suffer from various health
conditions, with many not fully immunized, increasing their vulnerability to preventable diseases. High
rates of behavioural disorders, including hyperactivity and enuresis, reflect underlying psychological
and emotional issues that demand urgent attention. These medical challenges, coupled with the
prevalence of poor self-esteem, underscore the pressing need for comprehensive health and
psychosocial support. The study also revealed a notable prevalence of malnutrition, with many children
being underweight despite access to food. This indicates that nutritional intake, although present, may
not be sufficiently balanced to meet the children’s needs for healthy growth and development.
Addressing these nutritional gaps through improved diet plans and medical intervention should be a
priority for caregivers and policymakers. Despite these challenges, most children have access to formal
education and perform well academically, suggesting resilience and potential for positive outcomes.
However, the high prevalence of common medical conditions, behavioural issues, and nutritional
deficits highlights the need for targeted health interventions and continuous support. Ensuring that
orphans are fully immunized, adequately nourished, and provided with psychological support is crucial
for improving their quality of life. Additionally, maintaining access to education and fostering social
support systems will be essential for their long-term development and integration into society.
Collaborative efforts between government agencies, non-governmental organizations, and the
community are necessary to address these multidimensional issues and enhance the well-being of
orphans in Kaduna.
Conflicts of interest
The authors report no conflicts of interests.
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Funding
The authors received no financial support for the research, authorship, or publication of this article.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors would like to acknowledge the management and technical staff of PENKUP Research
Institute, Birmingham, United Kingdom for their excellent assistance and for providing manuscript
writing/editorial support in accordance with Good Publication Practice (GPP3) guidelines.
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