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TYPE
Original Research
PAGE NO.
39-43
DOI
OPEN ACCESS
SUBMITED
16 February 2025
ACCEPTED
15 March 2025
PUBLISHED
17 April 2025
VOLUME
Vol.05 Issue04 2025
COPYRIGHT
© 2025 Original content from this work may be used under the terms
of the creative commons attributes 4.0 License.
Comparative Analysis of
Transitive and Intransitive
Verbs in Arabic And Uzbek
Languages
Sultanbek Boltaboev
Oriental University, Senior Lecturer, Department of “Oriental Languages”
,
Uzbekistan
Abstract:
As in all languages of the world, the verb is the
most basic word class in Arabic and Uzbek. Verbs
express action and are formed in person and number in
the past, present, and future tenses. Functional forms
such as participle-unparticiple, relative, inclination,
tense categories, adjectives, demonstratives, and nouns
of action are characteristic morphological features of
the verb. Another such feature of verbs is transitive and
intransitive features, which is what this article will be
about.
Keywords:
Verb, tense, person, number, mood,
transitive, intransitive, feature.
Introduction:
Independent words that express the
action of an object are called verbs. A verb is connected
to an object and denotes its movement, its active state.
In Arabic and Uzbek, verbs are similar in terms of their
features such as their relative clauses, participle or
intransitive clauses, functional forms of verbs, verb
inclinations, verb tenses, and verb formation.However,
there are also some unique features of verbs in the
Arabic language, for example, there is no infinitive form
of verbs in the Arabic language, and the Arabs accepted
the past tense, singular, third person, and masculine
gender as the infinitive form of the verb. Verbs in the
Arabic language can be three-stemmed or four-
stemmed. European, Russian, and Uzbek Arabists study
verbs in Arabic by dividing them into chapters.Verbs
have an independent meaning, they are not included in
the plural, do not accept the definite article, etc.
Among these features, there are also similarities in the
transitive and intransitive properties of verbs in both
languages. It would be appropriate to start analyzing
this property of the verb with verbs in the Uzbek
language.
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Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Research Fundamentals
Independent words that express the meaning of action
are called verbs. A verb is connected with an object and
indicates its movement, active state. For example:
Uktam came. Rustam slept. Dilorom wrote. Like Utkir
screamed.
Verbs answer questions like what did he do?, what is
he doing?, what is he going to do?
1. Transitive and intransitive verbs in the Uzbek
language
The relationship of the action implied by the verb to
the subject (complement) determines the transitivity
and intransitivity of the verb: verbs such as ol, ıqı, sakla
are transitive; verbs such as
bor, kel, otır, uhla are
intransitive.
Verbs that express that the action is transferred to the
object (direct object) expressed by the accusative noun
are called transitive verbs: We cleaned the ditches and
ditches from the spring early in the morning. The forms
of the ditches and ditches in this case are accusative
nouns. The action is transferred to these nouns.
Verbs that express an action that is not directly
directed at an object are called intransitive verbs: such
as go, go. Examples: Uzbek artists went to Egypt. Such
as I am going to the theater in the evening.
The transitive-intransitive aspect of a verb has a certain
significance in the combination of words (complement
and participle) in speech. Because a transitive verb
combines with a noun in the accusative case, and when
the action is not fully transferred to the subject, it
combines with a noun in the accusative case: Take
these books (the action is fully transferred to the
subject)
–
Take these books from here (the action is
only transferred to part of the subject).
A transitive verb can sometimes be combined with a
noun in the accusative case. In this case, although the
action is transferred to the subject, this subject is also
the means of performing the action. Therefore, in such
a sentence, more emphasis is placed on the object.
When a transitive verb is combined with a noun in the
accusative case, more emphasis is placed on the
complement. Compare: Ride to bicycle
–
Ride a bicycle.
Transitivity-intransitivity in a verb is expressed in two
ways: 1. In the lexical-semantic method. 2. In the
morphological method.
1. Verbs are transitive or intransitive according to their
lexical meanings, without any affixes. For example: ol,
och, kor, qo’y, yech, ich, saqla, so’ra, etc. are transitive
verbs, bor, kel, o'tir, uxla, ko'kar, yur are intransitive
verbs.
Usually, verbs that mean a state such as lose weight,
get fat, turn pale, bruise, freeze, lose weight, rejoice,
be happy, sleep, and verbs that mean action, such as
run, walk, lie down, sit, stand, are intransitive.
2. Intransitive - intransitive morphological expression is
expressed by affixes that form the verb relation.
Incremental relation-forming affixes turn an intransitive
verb into a transitive verb: yurgiz, keltir, ishlat, oqiz, etc.
Individual and passive relational affixes turn a transitive
verb into an intransitive verb: ochil, ko'rin, yechin,
saqlan, so'raletc.
If both a transitive and an intransitive affix are added to
a verb at the same time, its transitive or intransitive
form is determined by the last of these affixes: kel -
intransitive, keltir - transitive, keltiril - intransitive.
The transitive-intransitive nature of a verb directly
affects the construction of a sentence. For example: The
machine came (the machine is the active, possessive
subject); the machine brought (the machine is the
object of the action, the complement). The machine
brought (the machine is the passive possessive. The
action is performed by another person).
When a verb has multiple meanings, it can be transitive
in one sense and intransitive in another: the book reads
- transitive, the school reads - intransitive.
So, if the characteristics of transitive and intransitive
verbs in the Uzbek language are as described above,
below it is the turn to mention such characteristics of
verbs in the Arabic language.For this purpose, in the
course of our research, we selected the work of the
famous Lebanese linguist-linguist Antoine ad-Dahdah
entitled "
يٍب َرَعْلا وْحَّنلا ِةَغُل ُمَجْعُم
" i.e.: "Alphabetical Order of
Arabic Grammar". In this work, transitive and
intransitive verbs are interpreted separately.
.
دَعَتُم ٌلْعِف
-
Ўтимли феъллар
:ُهاَنـعَم َلِمْكَتْسْيِل ِهِب الًوُعْفَم ُب ِصْنَي َو ُهَلِعاَف ُز َواَجَتَي يِ دَعَتُمْلا ُلْعِفْلَأ .ٍ دَعَتُم ٌلْعِف
َّتلا َبَتَك
ْيَأ اة َرَشاَبُم ِهِب ِلوُعْفَمْلا يَلِإ ُل ِصَي اَم َو ،ِناَع ْوَن َوُه َو .اةَلاَس ِر ُذيِمْل
ِةَّيِدْعَّتْلا ِبيِلاَسَأ ِةَطِسا َوِب ِهِب ِلوُعْفَمْلا يَلِإ ُل ِصَي اَم ،ٍةَطِسا َو ِرْيَغِب
.
1-
اايِ دَعَتُم ُم ِز َّلَّلا ُري ِصَي
1
يِف ِةَّيِدْعَّتلا ِة َزْمَهِب .
َءا َوَّدلا ُبيِبَّطلا َرَضْحَأ :ِهِل َّوَأ
2
َلاَطْبَ ْلْا ُكِلَمْلا َم َّرَك :ِهِنْيَع ِفيِعْضَتَب .
3
ُدَل َوْلا َبِغ َر : ِ رَجْلا ِف ْرَح ِةَطِسا َوِب .
ِمْلِعْلا يِف
4
ِة َرَجِ شلا َتْحَت ُلُج َّرلا َسَلَج : ِف ْرَّظلا ِةَطِسا َوِب .
.
2-
م ِز َلً يِ دَعَتُمْلا ُري ِصَي
ُنا َز ْوَ ْلْا اَذَه َّنِإ .َعَمَتْجاَف ُهُتْعَّمَج :ِةَع َواَطُمْلِل َيِنُب اَذِإ اا
َعِمُج يَنْعَمِب َوُه َعَمَتْجِإ :ُلوُهْجَمْلا ِهْيَلَع ُّلُدَي اَم يَلَع ُّلُدَت
.
3-
ُتْسَلَج :ُلاَقُي َلََّف ٍلْعِف ِ لُك يَلَع ُقَّبَطُت َلً ِةَّيِدْعَّتلا َبيِلاَسَأ َّنِإ
ُرُدْنَي َو .ٍدْي َزِب
َريِمَّضلا ُلَّبَقَتَي يِ دَعَتُمْلا ُلْعِفْلَأ .ِهِب ُتْعَج َر َو ُهُتْعَج ْرَأ :ِلْعِفْلا ِسْفَن يِف اَهُعاَمِتْجا
ُهاَطَأ ،ُهَدَع َو ،ُهَلَعَج ،ُهَقا َر ،ُهَم َرَح : )ه(
.
The word
ٍدَعَتُم
(originally
ٌد ِدَعَتُم
) in the dictionary means
numerous, various, diverse, more than one, and many.
In terminology, it is understood as a transitive verb.
Transitive verbs require the direct object to be placed in
the accusative case after the possessive in order for the
meaning of the sentence to be complete, for example:
اةَلاَس ِر ُذيِمْل ِتلا َبَتَك
–
The student wrote the letter. Transitive
verbs are directly, that is, without any means,
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accompanied by the direct object, and can also be
followed by several means.
1- Intransitive verbs become transitive in the following
cases: 1. When a consonant indicating transitivity is
placed before the verb, for example:
َءا َوَّدلا ُبيِبَّطلا َرَضْحَأ
–
The healer brought medicine. 2. By
doubling the second stem of three-stem verbs:
ُكِلَمْلا َم َّرَك
َْلْا
َلاَطْب
–
The king honored the heroes.3. Through native
helpers:
غار
ي
ب
ف ودلًوْلا
ی
عْلا
ي
مل
ی
- The child sought to
learn. 4. Through verbal auxiliaries:
ةتحات ولجارلا سلًاج
هيراجاشلا
- The man sat under the tree.
2- In the following cases, the verb becomes
intransitive. If the verb accepts the possessive case, for
example:
َعَمَتْجاَف ُهُتْعَّمَج
–
I gathered him and he gathered.
The same verb in these tenses indicates only
intransitiveness in both tenses:
َمَتْجِإ
َع
َعِمُج يَنْعَمِب َوُه
. For
example, here: The verb
َعَمَتْجِإ
in Chapter VIII comes in
the meaning of the verb
َعِمُج
in the indefinite tense in
Chapter I.
3. The methods of intransitivity are not applicable to all
verbs. Therefore, it cannot be said:
ادْي َزِب ُتْسَلَج
. Each verb
in the derived chapters retains its transitivity or
intransitivity.For example:
ِهِب ُهُتْعَج َر َو ُهُتْعَج ْرَأ
–
I returned
him and returned with him. Transitive verbs take the
conjugated pronoun (
ُه
), for example:
ُهَم َرَح
–
he
deprived him,
ُهَقا َر
- he purified him,
َج
ُهَلَع
–
he made him,
ُهَدَع َو
–
he promised him,
ُهاَطْعَأ
- he gave him.
In his research on transitive verbs in the Arabic
language, the grammarian Antoine al-Dahdah states
that there are transitive verbs that follow three
complements; and transitive verbs that follow two
complements, and he shows them through examples,
for example:
الَّْهَس َرَفَّسلا َساَّنلا ُمِلاَعْلا ي َرَأ
- The scholar
showed people the way to make their journey easy. So,
while in this sentence the verb is followed by three
complements, in the following sentence we can see
that it comes with two complements:
َك
اَس
ااب ْوَث َريِقَفْلا َكوُخَأ
-
Your brother gave clothing to a poor person.
ٌلْعِف
ٌم ِز َلَ
- Intransitive verbs
ُلْعِفْلَأ
َتاَم :ُهاَنْعَم َّممِتَيِل ِهِعْف َرِب يِفَتْكَي َو ِهِلِعاَف يِف ُهُثوُدُح ُّرِقَتْسَي ُم ِز َّلَّلا
ُدِئاَقْلا
.
1-
يَلَع َّلَد اَذِإ اام ِز َلً ُلْعِفْلا ُنوُكَي
1
،َعُجَش :اَهْنِم ُب َرْقَي اَم ْوَأ ٌة َزي ِرَغ .
َنُسَح
2
َرُصَق ،َلاَط :ٍةَئْيَه يَلَع .
3
يَلَع .
،َق ِرَذ :ٍةَيْل ِح ْوَأ ٍبْيَع ْوَأ ٍن ْوَل
َرِيَغ ، َرِوَع
4
َرِذَق ، َرُهَط : ٍسَنَد ْوَأ ٍةَفاَظَن يَلَع .
5
َلَع .
ي
:ٍء َلَِّتْمِإ ْوَأ ٍ وُلُخ
َعِبَش ،َغ َرَف
6
َض ِرَم ، َب ِضَغ :ٍةَّيِعيِبَط َض ِرا َوَع يَلَع َو .
.
2-
َر َو اَذِإ ِلْعِفْلا ِمو ُزُل يَلَع ُّلَدَتْسُي
،َمَدَهْنِإ َلَعَفْنِإ :ِةَيِت ْلْا ِنا َز ْوَ ْلْا يَلَع َد
َّراَمْحِإ َّلاَعْفِإ ،َمَجْن َرْحِإ َلَلْنَعْفِإ ،َّنَأَمْطِإ َّلَلَعْفِإ ، َّرَمْحِإ َّلَعْفِإ ،َق َرْق َرَت َلَلْعَفَت
.
3-
ِنا َز ْو ْلْا ُةَّيِقَب اَّمَأ
1
َف :ُةَّيِدْعَّتلا ِهيِف ُبَعْلَت اَهُضْعَبَف .
،َم َرْكَأ َلَعْفَأ ،َم َّرَك َلَّع
َبَتْكَتْسِإ َلَعْفَتْسِإ ،َلَتاَق َلَعاَف
2
،َلَّبَقَت َلَّعَفَت :ُمو ُزُّللا ِهيِف ُبِلْغَي اَهُضْعَب َو .
ِإ َلَعَتْفِإ ، َبَتاَكَت َلَعاَفَت
؟َحَتَتْف
4-
ُلاَقُي َلََّف )ُه ( َريِمَّضلا ُلَّبَقَتَي َلً ُم ِز َّلَّلا ُلْعِفْلَأ
َو ،ِهْيَلِإ ُجاَتْحَأ ْلَب ُهُجاَتْحَأ :
ُهْنِم اَنَد َو ِهيِف َبِغ َر َو ،ُهْنَع َلَفَغ َو ،ِهِب َءاَج َو ،ِهْيَلَع َّد َر
.
ٌم ِز َلً
- In the dictionary, this word means "necessary". In
istilah, intransitive verbs are understood. Intransitive
verbs strengthen the subject of the action in the main
agreement and are enough to complete the meaning of
the sentence, for example:
اَم
َت
ُدِئاَقْلا
–
The commander is
dead.
1- Intransitive verbs. 1. If the verb refers to a person's
nature, one of the manifestations of his spiritual activity,
or one of the meanings close to it, it is intransitive, for
example:
َعُجَش
to be brave,
َنُسَح
to be good, beautiful. 2.
If it refers to appearance, figure;
َلاَط
became tall,
slender;
َرُصَق
became short, petite.When it refers to
color or defect, flaw or appearance:
َق ِر َز
his eye became
blue,
َرِوَع
he became blind in one eye,
َرِيَغ
he changed,
he became sad. 4. When it refers to purity, cleanness or
impurity:
َرُه ط
he washed, became clean, performed
ablution;
َرِذَق
he became dirty, impure, dirty (his clothes
or feet and hands).5. When it refers to being empty, not
busy, or being full and fat, or having eaten something;
َغ ِرَف
became empty, empty, not busy,
َعِبَش
was full of food.
6. When it refers to a temporary or transitory state:
َب ِضَغ
became angry, became angry;
َض ِرَم
became sick,
became ill.
2- If the verb comes in the following weights, it indicates
intransitivity:
َلَعَفْنِإ َمَهَدْنِإ
ala to fall, to topple;
َلَلْعَفَت َق َرْق َرَت
to
be thin, delicate;
ِإ َّرَمْحِإ
َّلَعْف
to blush, be red,
َّلَلَعْفِإ َّنَأَمْطِإ
to
be calm;
ِإ َمَجْن َرْحِإ
َلَلْنَعْف
was collected, gathered.
3- But some of the following verbs are transitive and
some are intransitive: 1. Transitive: faʿãla activated,
strengthened, accelerated: karã
ma izzat ikrām, showed
respect; Aảkrama showed hospitality, glorified, purified;
fāʿala became a partner, united, cooperated; fought
hard, fought, took, fought;
َلَعْفَتْسِإ
He asked for help,
begged, begged, begged, wrote, asked to write. 2.
Intransitives:
tafaʿāla read the poem with weight,
tafaʿala accepted, tafāʿala interacted, interacted, did
together; they wrote takātaba, they wrote to each
other;
ع
ي
عاتفٹ
ala wove, invented, fabricated, organized;
َبَتاَكَت
they wrote, they wrote to each other;
ع
ي
عاتفٹ
ala
wove, invented, fabricated, organized;
ع
ي
احاتفٹ
opened,
officially opened, started work, signaled the beginning.
4
–
Intransitive verbs
ُه
)) do not accept the singular, third
person, masculine plural, so this problem is solved
through some root auxiliaries, for example:
ُهُجاَتْحأ
ِ
, but
rather:
ِهْيَلِإ ُجاَتْحَأ
I need him;
ِهْيَلَع َّد َر
- He rejected him,
turned him away;
ِهِب َءاَج َو
- He brought him;
ُهْنَع َلَفَغ
He-
misled him, confused him, forgot him;
ِهيِف َبِغ َر
- He
wanted him, desired him;
ُهْنِم اَنَد
- He approached him,
came to him.
5
–
Exactly one verb can be used in sentences
intransitively, as well as intransitively, for example:
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Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Research Fundamentals
safaḥa aldãmũ blood was shed, intransitively; safaḥ̊
tu
aldãmã - I shed blood.
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, it can be said that the content of
transitive and intransitive verbs in both languages is
very close and has similar aspects. However, there are
some differences in the formation of transitive and
intransitive verb For example, in the Uzbek language,
affixes are often used to make transitive verbs from
intransitive verbs, while in Arabic, intransitive verbs
can be made transitive using root auxiliaries or verbal
auxiliaries, as well as by forming derivatives from
primary verbs.
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