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ҳуқуқ дунёси нашриёти уйи”-2005й.
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SOCIO-ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF LAND USE IN FARMING.
142
F.R.Khamidov
1
, SH.B.Adizov
1
, F.F.Khamidov
2
, M.Sh.Ochilova
2
1
Ph.D.,Associate Professor of the Department of Land use and land
management
Tashkent Institute of Irrigation and Agricultural Mechanization Engineers
National Research University Bukhara Institute of Natural Resources
Management, Bukhara, 200100, Uzbekistan
1
Assistant of the Department of Land use and land management
Tashkent Institute of Irrigation and Agricultural Mechanization Engineers
National Research University Bukhara Institute of Natural Resources
Management, Bukhara, 200100, Uzbekistan
2
Master of the Tashkent Institute of Irrigation and Agricultural Mechanization
Engineers National Research University Bukhara Institute of Natural
Resources Management, Bukhara, 200100, Uzbekistan
2
Master of the Tashkent Institute of Irrigation and Agricultural Mechanization
Engineers National Research University Bukhara Institute of Natural
Resources Management, Bukhara, 200100,Uzbekistan
Abstract.
Land has been the material basis of land relations and the main
source of ownership since ancient times. Efforts to adapt land to efficient use
date back to ancient times, when it was random and limited to land use purposes.
This article describes the socio-economic aspects and actions that occur in the
process of land use.
Keywords
: land, efficiency, resource, ownership, land market, land fund, land
resources, land areas, relief, farmer.
1.
Introduction.
The fact that land in society and the economy is focused on fulfilling many
goals and functions requires a diversity of aspects of land use. Aspects of land use
are understood as the social significance of the land, the almost independent
orientation of the land or the provision of conditions for the implementation of
143
these processes. Therefore, the practice of land use differs in terms of direct use
(social, economic, recreational, environmental) and aspects of implementation of
these processes (legal, informational, organizational, territorial, technological,
resource, entrepreneurial) [3]. The aspects of the first group (direct use of land)
are specific to the acquisition of income from the use of land resources, and
special methods are used to assess it. At the same time, it should be noted that the
types of social and recreational efficiency of land use are currently assessed only
by natural indicators, and it is impossible to compare these indicators with
economic and environmental efficiency at all. Therefore, the issue of determining
the value of social and recreational effectiveness requires separate research.
The second group of aspects of land use creates conditions for obtaining
income (efficiency) from land use or increasing income. It should be noted that it
is difficult to single out and evaluate the increase in land use efficiency through
the application of the second group aspects, because the second group aspects are
not manifested independently, but together with the main (first group) aspects. At
present, these issues have not been sufficiently studied and need to be
addressed[16.17.18].
2.
Materials and methods
From the characteristics of both groups of aspects of land use, it can be
concluded that the first group is the main, since its aspects are independent and
have a clear meaning; the aspects of the second group are realized indirectly, i.e.,
through the effectiveness of the aspects of the first group. With this in mind, we
will consider the content of the main first group aspects of land use.
1. The economic aspect of land use is that land is a means of production, a
"warehouse" of mineral resources, an object of ownership (market relations), an
object of taxation (fiscal essence). It is limited in space and cannot be reproduced
quantitatively as it is the material basis of society’s well-being and economic
development. All this determines the economic nature of land use, necessitating
the efficient use of a single state land fund.
144
2. The economic efficiency of land use varies in different spheres of society
and in different sectors and regions of the economy, because on the one hand there
is a "place of practice", on the other hand the means of production, in the third
case - the main means of production, and in the fourth - goods, capital, as an object
of economy and real estate, as well as an investment resource. For example, the
area and location of a farm plot should meet the interests of production and allow
the farm to operate at a sufficient technological level, to ensure a high standard of
living for the farming family. The size and location of the farm are influenced by
the intended specialization, productivity and characteristics of the land plot, the
availability and condition of housing, industrial buildings and structures, roads,
social infrastructure, the location of the plot, etc[13].
The components of the economic aspects of land use include:
➢
The use of land for agricultural production in agriculture and forestry as
the main means of production;
➢
use of land as a means of production in industry, transport and other
sectors and industries of the economy;
➢
payment of land rent;
➢
Fiscal (fiscal) aspects of land use;
➢
land use in the market (purchase);
➢
damages and losses incurred during the reclamation of land plots -
compensation for;
➢
efficiency of land reproduction;
➢
land protection;
➢
Encourage the rational use of land (including penalties) sanctions).
The economic-mathematical model of the economic level of use of the
single land fund of the state can be summarized as follows:
Е
фид
= ∑
∑
𝐷𝑖𝑗 − ∑
∑
𝑁𝑖𝑗 → 𝑚𝑎𝑥
9
𝑗=6
7
𝑖=1
5
𝑗=1
7
𝑖=1
( 1 )
here:
Е
фид
- economic level of use of the single land fund;
145
D - economic income from land use;
N - expenditures that provide income from land use;
𝑖
- index of the single land fund category;
j - index of types of land use activities.
The first component is the income from the use of all types of land, the
second component is the cost of reproducing the land. Naturally, the result
obtained in the rational and efficient use of land should always be effective.
The level of land use in industrial and other non-agricultural sectors of
the economy depends on the fact that land users receive economic benefits
(income) as a result of appropriate economic activities. In non-agricultural
sectors of production, economic efficiency is expressed in the form of the
share of land in income as a means of production, as well as income in terms
of saving land for construction projects, increasing the density of construction.
In particular, the role and place of land in agricultural production is of
particular importance and character in the manifestation of land as a key factor
and means of production. At the same time, the level and results of production
are inextricably linked with the creation of material wealth not only through
the use of land resources, but also through the use of resources such as water,
labor, material, financial. The current problems in this area are:
➢
assessment of the quality of agricultural and forestry lands (soil
analysis, economic condition of lands) by modern methods;
➢
zoning and implementation of areas adapted to agriculture, taking into
account natural and economic factors;
➢
Improving the composition of land types and arable lands in order to
obtain high profits per unit of land;
➢
effective organization of land plots;
➢
Development and implementation of a modern system of land use and
advanced technologies for the care of agricultural crops;
146
➢
Ensuring expanded reproduction of land resources, efficient
distribution of products, its correct and equivalent exchange and
consumption;
➢
Economical use of land in the implementation of projects of
industrial, business, social, investment and other facilities;
➢
determination of technological features and value of non-agricultural
lands;
➢
substantiation of the amount of land tax and rent for land;
➢
Encourage the rational and efficient use of land;
➢
reproduction and protection of land resources.
Organization of land use on the basis of market relations implies the
implementation of market agreements with land plots or rights to it (sale, lease,
gift, pledge, inheritance), as well as payment for land use.
In this context, setting the market price and rent for the land is an
important issue. Although the price of land is an irrational concept, it is
determined on the basis of statistics on the purchase and sale of land plots in
the implementation of market agreements, and, in essence, represents the
capitalized rent, ie the ratio of rent to bank interest rates. It also takes into
account the situation on the land market (land supply and demand, interest,
exchange rate differences, prices, subleases, etc.). Lease, trust management,
public-private partnership, sale of the right of lifelong possession of land for
the construction of housing on the basis of auction, inheritance of lifelong
possession of land, permission to pledge the right of lease of land for the
remaining state-owned lands. It should be noted that under these conditions
the cadastral, market, normative price of land and the amount of land tax and
land rent are determined. The country has developed methods for determining
the normative value of agricultural land, the allocation of non-agricultural land
for permanent use through auctions, land privatization prices[14].
It is known that in the general system of tax policy it is the right of the
state to introduce a land tax in order to form the state budget, redistribute
147
income in society, encourage efficient use of land, finance measures to restore
soil fertility. In this case, it is necessary to consider the taxation of land as a
necessity, and it constitutes the fiscal side of the use of land resources. Objects
of taxation are known to be the income and property of individuals and legal
entities. This means that state-owned land users (tenants) have to pay for the
land they use. However, it should be noted that due to the fact that the issue of
land rent and land tax is not well studied, in practice the land rent is equal to
the land tax (for agricultural and forestry lands), the rent for the remaining
land is 1-3 times the land tax. determined in large quantities. Theoretically,
the land plots of all legal entities and individuals using land should be subject
to land rent or land tax.
However, the social and political status of landowners (state) may give
them certain privileges and benefits in terms of land rent, land tax, taking into
account the specifics of economic activity, income generation, distribution of
material and financial resources. For example, socially oriented and nature-
protected facilities are exempt from land rent or tax. The mechanism of tax
payment is constantly being improved in order to encourage the efficient use
of land by privileged individuals[15].
The mechanism of compensation for losses and damages caused by the
withdrawal of land from agricultural turnover includes several elements: the
cost of irrigation preparation and development of lands, losses due to
landscaping, as well as the loss of perennial crops, lost this year. profit a nd
future profit in the coming years. The amount of compensation for land
development costs should be based on the value of the land as well as the lost
profits.
Compensation for losses incurred in the recovery of land in other sectors
of the economy is carried out through the transfer of new land plots, as well
as compensation for losses caused by the deterioration of the territory. In the
case of the return of privately owned land for state and public needs,
148
compensation is paid at the expense of the market value of the land in that
area.
The reproduction of land resources has a dual economic significance.
First, it is related to the amount of money spent on the reproduction of land
resources and the efficiency of the reproduction process. Reproduction of soil
fertility in agriculture requires regular and frequent implementation of special
measures, which is associated with the need to spend a large amount of money
and evaluate its effectiveness. Development of new lands also requires long -
term capital expenditures. In the non-agricultural sector of production, land
reclamation, although short-lived, requires significant expenditures
(demolition of low-rise buildings, expansion of road and railway pavements,
reclamation of quarries, etc.). Second, reclaimed land resources serve as the
economic basis for a new product production process, the amount of which is
the level and quality of reclaimed land (the amount of reproduction of soil
fertility in agriculture, and the volume of reclaimed land in non-agricultural
areas).
Method 1.
The result of the social aspect of land use is social efficiency. It
is manifested in the types of activities in which the land provides the necessary
conditions for human habitation and serves as a place to live. These activities
include health, preschools, education, social security, culture and sports, and
housing. In the social sphere, society meets the most important social needs of the
population through land use, such as housing, education and upbringing, health,
rehabilitation and so on. The social significance of land use or the social efficiency
of land use can be summarized as follows:
𝐶ижт = ∑ ∑ 𝑐𝑖𝑗
𝑚
1
𝑛
1
( 2 )
here:
𝐶
ижт
- social impact of land use;
i - index of land plots (i = 1, 2,_, m);
j - social land use index (j =1,2, ..., n);
149
𝑐
𝑖𝑗
– j social efficiency of land use for the purpose i.
It should be noted that the theoretical and practical aspects of the social
aspect of land use are not given due attention: the method and mechanism for
assessing the social efficiency of land use have not been developed, there is no
system of evaluation indicators and value indicators of social efficiency.
The social view of efficiency is inextricably linked with other forms of
efficiency - economic, recreational, environmental. The social consequences of
land use are reflected in the quality and conditions of life of citizens. For example,
the activities of health facilities (sanatoriums, rest homes) are included in the
social aspect of land use, and social efficiency is expressed in natural indicators
of a social nature (for example, the number of people recovering, the number of
vacationers). But, in the end, the efficiency of the use of these lands should be
expressed in terms of value. In other words, the expression of the social efficiency
of land use in value leads to an economic assessment of land use.
Method 2.
The recreational aspect of land use includes the use of specially
protected (nature protection, health, recreational, historical and cultural) lands.
For example, recreation (Latin gesgeayo - recovery) - recreation, the organization
of the reproduction of physical and intellectual abilities of people spent in the
process of labor. The term "recreation" has been used in the literature on medicine,
physiology, sociology, economics, and other sciences since about the 1960y.
Organizations and enterprises in this field form a large sector of the
country's economy, recreational services are a growing sector of the economy, an
independent sector that requires a lot of effort and cost. The recreational direction
involves the use of land for public recreation, cultural recreation and health. Such
use of land has social and economic benefits. Hence, recreational efficiency is
ultimately realized through economic, mainly social, efficiency. In this case, the
expression of this social efficiency in value is carried out through an economic
assessment of land use. Thus, recreational efficiency is characterized by its natural
150
indicators, but the need to express it in terms of value leads to an economic
assessment of land use for recreational purposes[11].
Method 3.
The ecological aspect of land use determines the level
(improvement or deterioration) of land as the most important factor among natural
resources in the process of land use. This aspect represents the interaction of
society and nature in the use of land in production and non-production. Society,
which is the highest form of the motion of matter, has a serious influence on the
motion of nature, which are inextricably linked. If living things affect nature as a
biological species because they live on earth, humanity affects nature through its
activities. In the process of its development, society and the economy are
increasingly influencing nature as a result of the improvement of the tools of labor
and production technologies, their dependence on nature is declining, and they are
creating more and more perfect, unnatural things to meet their needs[12].
In the development of society and the economy, the consumption of natural
resources and the comprehensive protection of nature remain an objective process.
The natural resources that humanity uses in production to meet its material,
scientific, and cultural needs include natural objects and natural processes. The
increasing use of natural resources now requires consideration of their quantity
and quality. Man’s wasteful attitude towards nature without thinking causes
serious problems in the environment.
3. Result and discussions.
Large-scale damage to nature (soil degradation, loss of plant resources as a
result of grazing, deforestation, development of new lands, etc.) has necessitated
the development of laws to regulate the protection of land, water bodies, forests
and soils. The acceleration of the development of science and technology has
significantly increased the impact of man on nature - animal species, natural
landscapes have disappeared. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the concept
of "nature protection", in the 1930s, the concept of "protection of natural
resources" due to the open looting of natural resources, and in the 50s and 60s,
protection of the environment ". At present, the concept of environmental
151
protection is based on the rational use of natural resources, protection of the
environment from pollution, protection of the biosphere from destruction,
prevention of climate change, mass degradation of natural resources[22].
The problems of nature protection are complex and include organizational-
economic, legal, health, hygienic, aesthetic, educational, scientific aspects, and an
ecological approach based on the dialogue of nature and society is of great
importance to solve these problems.
Anthropogenic exchange disrupts the ecological balance of the biosphere,
nature, economy and society. The establishment of a system of waste-free
production technologies, the inclusion of the function of the biosphere in human
production activities is a new approach to solving these problems. Environmental
protection measures require the conservation of resources in the process of their
use. This demand stems from the integrity of nature, society and the economy,
anthropogenic exchange, their protection in the process of using natural resources.
Perfect anthropogenic exchange, its inclusion in the function of the biosphere is
an important task, which must be carried out rapidly. The use of natural resources
should be complex, measures for the use of natural resources and nature protection
should be reasonable and scientifically based from an environmental point of view
[6].
The decrease in the proportion of irrigated land per capita is due to the
transfer of agricultural land to other sectors, soil erosion, swamping, pollution, as
well as population growth. This situation requires a serious approach to land
protection.
Recommendation 1.
Water and wind erosion cause severe damage to the
soil, which destroys the fertile layer of the soil. Surface water erosion is
characteristic of regions with no flat relief and abundant rainfall. Irrigated erosion
occurs in irrigated agricultural areas. Wind erosion occurs in areas where
moderate and strong winds move. If it takes 200 to 1,000 years for fertile soil 1-3
cm thick to form under natural conditions, erosion of the soil layer due to erosion
can occur within 20-30 years. Every day, 3 hectares of arable land in the world
152
are lost due to erosion. 1.5 million people live in Uzbekistan The crop area is
subject to water and wind erosion, half of which requires regular erosion control.
In soils where erosion processes occur, the yield is usually 20-40% lower, making
it difficult to use technical mechanisms. Along with the deterioration of economic
conditions for the production of agricultural products, there is a violation of
biogeocenosis, as a result of which the bioecological balance in nature is
disturbed. For example, salinization of lands not only reduces the economic
efficiency of their use, but also leads to disruption of biogeocenosis and negatively
affects the natural state of the environment. At the same time, the implementation
of various land reclamation measures is a means of combating the negative
consequences of these processes. To this end, measures should be taken to
introduce a science-based irrigation regime against soil salinization, filter
irrigation canals, drip irrigation, drain mineralized water using a drainage system,
and wash the soil to minimize salt content[8].
Pollution of the soil and the environment is, in general, the result of human
activities that do not meet the requirements of nature protection. Today, the
analysis of the condition of soils shows that they are polluted with industrial
waste, ash from thermal power plants, construction waste, oil spills, careless use
of toxic chemicals in agriculture, domestic wastewater, municipal waste. In
addition, precipitation from an atmosphere polluted by industrial wastes again
pollutes the soil. Toxic chemicals, stable herbicides and synthesizing chemicals
accumulate on the ground, killing soil microorganisms, absorbing them into plants
and adversely affecting them. All this leads to a violation of the process of soil
formation, deterioration of soil fertility, disruption of the exchange of biotics in
the biosphere [7].
Prevention and strengthening of sand movements in pastures, especially in
deserts, soil protection, their use in soil restoration are also important measures.
This area will be covered by bitumen, lawns, trees and shrubs, saxaul plantations
and the construction of protective barriers. These measures include the rational
use of lawns in pastures, landscaping of farms[21, 22, 23].
153
In the process of using non-agricultural lands covering a very large area of
the country, soil degradation is the result of quarrying, relocation of rocks,
construction of roads, canals, pipelines and other industrial and civil facilities and
infrastructure systems. These processes, in turn, ultimately lead to the disruption
or general alteration of the relief and landscape, contamination of the soil layer.
Rehabilitation of lands and their re-introduction into economic circulation is
carried out through reclamation. The most important measure is to preserve the
soil layer and use it for land reclamation[9, 21].
Important issues of environmental protection of lands include protection of
lands from erosion, salinization, pollution, swamping, desertification, landslide
infestation, chemical and radioactive contamination; reproduction of land
resources, minimization or cessation of the process of land withdrawal from
agricultural turnover, development of new lands on a scientific basis, the
development of mechanisms to encourage entrepreneurs to use land wisely.
Determination of land use efficiency also takes into account the negative
impact of natural forces and the further deterioration of lands due to human
activities, the transition to low-fertility lands, the costs of preventing the removal
of lands from agricultural turnover, namely:
Э
экол
= 𝐶
дар
− З
экол
− С
дар
− П
дар
( 3 )
here:
Э
экол
– ecological efficiency of land use;
𝐶
дар
– increase in the efficiency of their use as a result of improving the ecological
condition of lands;
З
экол
– expenditures for improving the ecological condition of lands;
С
дар
– decrease in land productivity due to deterioration of the ecological
condition of lands;
П
дар
– loss of income from lands withdrawn from economic turnover due to the
environmental situation.
154
Recommendation 2.
Getting acquainted with the content of socio-economic
aspects of land use allows us to draw certain conclusions about their role in this
process. First of all, it is necessary to point out the economic aspect of the land
use process as the most important, priority aspect. At the same time, first of all,
the economic aspect of land use in this process produces the social product
necessary for the sustainable existence and development of society and the
economy; secondly, the social product produced in the process of land use is the
material basis for the reproduction of land resources (soil fertility); third, the
value-based assessment of the social, recreational, and environmental
effectiveness of land use leads to an economic assessment of these processes. The
priority of the economic aspect of land use should be taken into account in the
formation of programs of socio-economic development of countries and regions,
the distribution of land in social sectors, sectors of the economy, improving their
composition, integrated development of regions, especially optimal and efficient
location of productive forces.
3. Conclusion.
The above considerations also apply to land resources as an important
natural resource. In the course of his practical activity, man, as a natural resource,
affects the earth in two ways: directly and indirectly. In the first case, the land
serves as a space for various buildings, structures, objects. In the second case, land
is used as the main means of production in agriculture (as well as forestry). The
most important feature of the land in this branch of production is the use of soil
fertility. Therefore, the soil is crucial in the existence of human society, on the
one hand, as the basis of the biosphere, on the other hand, as a source of material
blessings for humanity. That is why careful treatment of soil fertility is a key
component of nature conservation. The issue of land use, like the use of other
natural resources, must be addressed on the basis of a science-based approach. At
the same time, land resources, in general, should be protected in the process of its
use. We cannot say that the country's land resources are large, but not limited.
155
Due to the rapid growth of the country's population, the transfer of
agricultural land and the sharpening of the impact of global climate change, the
area of irrigated land per capita has decreased by 24% (from 0.23 to 0.16 hectares)
over the past 15 years [2] .
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