58
this concept uses antonyms, which are absolute opposites that signify opposing phenomena that
occur in the objective reality of the material world, such as freezing and thawing, stretching and
acceleration, and questioning and answering. They also refer to opposing phenomena and social
processes, such as meeting and parting, indignation and admiration, and so on.
Because of this, the philosophical side of opposition research enables the identification of
its causes, which are "embedded in the very nature of human thinking," as well as the
demonstration of the existence of opposites in all phenomena, objects, and elements of the
objective universe. Contradictory principles can be absolute or relative in nature, and can both
deny and continue each other at the same time.
REFERENCES:
1. Вальяно, М. В. Философия [Текст] : учебник / М.В. Вальяно. – М. : Изд-во “Дело и
сервис”, 2003. – 606 с.
2. Гегель, Г.В.Ф. Наука логики [Текст] : в 3 т. / Г.В.Ф. Гегель. – Т. 2 : Учение о сущности –
М.: Мысль, 1971. – 378 с.
3.Новиков, Л. А. Семантика русского языка [Текст] : учеб. пособие для филол.
специальностей ун-тов / Л.А. Новиков. – М.: Высшая шк., 1982. – 272 с.
4.Миллер, Е.Н. Природа лексической и фразеологической антонимии [Текст] / Е.Н. Миллер.
– Изд-во Саратовского ун-та, 1990. – 211 с.
5. Платон Сочинения в трех томах [Текст] / Платон. – Т.2. – М.: Мысль, 1970.
6.
Xaitova, G. . (2024). INGLIZ VA O`ZBEK TILLARIDA “YAQIN-UZOQ”
OPPOZITSIYASINING LINGVOKULTURALOGIK TADQIQI.
Наука и технология в
современном мире
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Хаитова, Г. (2024). ОППОЗИЦИИ “БЛИЗКО – ДАЛЕКО” В ЛИНГВИСТИКЕ (на
английском и узбекском языках).
Ижтимоий-гуманитар фанларнинг долзарб муаммолари
/ Актуальные проблемы социально-гуманитарных наук / Actual Problems of Humanities and
Social Sciences.
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https://doi.org/10.47390/SPR1342V3SI9Y2023N33
8. Tovasharovna, K. G. (2023). The Origin of the Phonetical Opposition Theory in
Linguistics.
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2769)
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https://grnjournal.us/index.php/STEM/article/view/2210
UNDERSTANDING ANIMAL NAMES FORMED WITH AFFIXES
Khidirova Makhfuza Amirkulovna
Senior teacher at Denau Institute of Entrepreneurship and pedagogy
Annotation:
This article examines the utilization of prefixes and suffixes in creating new words
within the context of animal names in the English language. It explores how the addition of these
affixes to base animal terms can result in the formation of novel words that convey modified
meanings or highlight specific characteristics. The article emphasizes the importance of affixation
in expanding and enriching animal vocabulary, contributing to a better understanding and
communication of the diverse animal kingdom.
Keywords:
Animal names, prefixes, suffixes, derivation, morphology, affixation, English
language, vocabulary, modified meanings, characteristics.
59
INTRODUCTION
The use of prefixes and suffixes in creating new words is a common linguistic practice that
allows for the expansion of vocabulary and the expression of nuanced meanings. In the realm of
animal names, the incorporation of prefixes and suffixes can be particularly valuable in forming
new terms that highlight specific characteristics or convey modified meanings. By utilizing
prefixes and suffixes to create new words in animal names, we not only expand our vocabulary
but also capture the essence of different animals in a more precise and descriptive manner. These
linguistic tools allow us to highlight unique characteristics, habitats, behaviors, or other defining
features of the animal being discussed.
METHODS AND MATERIALS
During this research we study taxonomy, etymology, and linguistic patterns in animal
nomenclature. We collect a comprehensive list of animal names and identify the affixes used in
their taxonomy involving compiling data from reputable sources, such as zoological databases and
field guides. As a result, while analyzing the collected data to identify recurring patterns in
affixation, we also look for common prefixes or suffixes used in animal names, their meanings,
and potential reasons for their usage. In discussion part, a few animal species or groups are selected
and analyzed their names in detail, examined the used affixes, their significance, and any
interesting linguistic or taxonomic observations. The formation of animal names in English, as in
any language, involves a mix of etymology, morphology, and semantic change. Academics from
various disciplines, including linguistics, anthropology, and history, have all contributed to our
understanding of how these names have developed. Some linguists and scholars who have
published works that touch on the formation of animal names or the principles behind them. Mrs.
N. F. Masindi and Nelson Mbulaheni Musehane investigated domestic animals’ names have
different morphological structures and analyzed nouns that are formed by prefixes and stems. They
discussed why some names of domestic animals are chosen because of their colors, which are
formed by prefixes followed by the stems, which indicate that the nouns are males. They
exemplified male animals’ names are formed by prefixes followed by stems and suffixes which
indicate that they are males. [6] Katharine M. Briggs was not strictly a linguist, Briggs was a
folklorist, and her work often touched on animal names as part of folklore. She authored An
Encyclopedia of Fairies, Hobgoblins, Brownies, Bogies, and Other Supernatural Creatures, which,
while focusing on mythical creatures, also provides insight into the origins and formation of some
animal names in a folklore context. [7] Stephen A. Tyler, in his work Cognitive Anthropology, [8]
has looked into how people categorize concepts and words, which would include the categorization
of animals and can indirectly inform about the process of naming them. David Crystal explores
the richness of English, including the derivation and etymology of words, some of which would
be animal names in The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language [1] Philip Durkin is
Deputy Chief Editor of the Oxford English Dictionary (OED) and the author of The Oxford Guide
to Etymology, which would cover the origins and development of English words including those
of animals. [9]
DISCUSSION AND RESULTS
In English, the names of some wild animals can be formed by adding suffixes to root words.
Suffixes are a sequence of letters added to the end of a word to change its meaning or to form a
different word, often from one part of speech into another. Here are some examples:
60
1. -ine: This suffix can be used to form adjectives indicating belonging to or resembling a
thing, usually used for family of animals.
- Canine: Relating to dogs (from Latin “canis”, dog).
[1]
- Ursine: Relating to bears (from Latin “ursus”, bear).
[2]
2. -id: This suffix denotes animals belonging to a family group.
- Cervid: Relating to deer (from Latin “cervus”, deer).
[3]
- Mustelid: Relating to weasels, otters, and related animals.
[4]
3. -ian: This suffix forms adjectives relating to a particular quality or place.
- Avian: Relating to birds.
[5]
- Piscine: Relating to fish (from Latin “piscis”, fish).
[6]
4. -oid: This suffix indicates something resembling or having the form of.
- Arachnoid: Resembling spiders (from Greek “aráchnē”, spider).
[7]
Each of these suffixes is added to a root word based on Latin or Greek origin, forming nouns
or adjectives that describe specific animal families or traits that resemble those families. These are
not necessarily the common names of the animals but are more often used in a scientific or formal
context to group animals with similar characteristics. In the English language, taxonomic and
descriptive classifications of wild animals can be formed through the use of these suffixes.
Prefixes are added to the beginning of words to alter their meaning in the English language.
When it comes to wild animals, prefixes are less commonly used to form their names compared to
suffixes. However, there are some instances where prefixes are applied to indicate certain
characteristics or behaviors. While prefixes for wild animals are not as abundant as suffixes, they
still play a significant role in categorizing animals by their attributes or behaviors and are a
fundamental part of scientific nomenclature and taxonomy. Prefixes are commonly used in
taxonomy, the science of classification, but they are less prevalent in common wild animal names.
In the English language, common names generally do not involve prefixes in the same way
scientific names do. However, in scientific nomenclature, prefixes are used to denote specific
taxonomic ranks or to give specific characteristics to the animal. Here’s how certain prefixes are
employed in the classification and naming of wild animals:
1. Proto-: Meaning first or early, this prefix is often used to designate primitive or ancestral
forms of current animals in a genetic lineage. Example: Proto reptilia is a group that includes the
earliest, now-extinct reptiles.
[8]
2. Mega-: Meaning large, this prefix is utilized for sizeable members of a group or particularly
large species. Example: Megafauna, which includes large or giant animals, particularly the extinct
ones.
[9]
3. Micro-: Meaning small, when this prefix is attached, it generally denotes a smaller variety
or a diminutive form. Example: Microhylidae, a diverse family of small frogs.
[10]
4. Eu-: Meaning good or true, this prefix can imply the definitive or an advanced member of a
group. Example: Eutheria, a clade that includes all placental mammals.
[11]
5. Hyper-: This prefix means over, above, or excessive, and can indicate an animal has an
excess of some feature or behavior. Example: Hypercarnivore, an animal with a diet composed of
more than 70% meat.
[12]
6. Pan-: Meaning all or entire, this prefix is often used to refer to a genus or a group that
includes multiple subtypes. Example: Panthera, a genus of the family Felidae that includes the
lion, tiger, jaguar, and leopard.
[13]
61
These prefixes are utilized mainly in scientific nomenclature rather than in everyday language.
The classification here refers to the use of these prefixes to indicate some inherent quality,
behavior, or taxonomic relationship of animals, rather than to describe categories that animals are
classified into based on the prefixes. By analyzing affixation patterns in animal names, researchers
can gain insights into the shared characteristics, evolutionary relationships, or geographic
distribution of species within different taxonomic groups. Furthermore, understanding the use of
affixation in animal names can enhance communication, facilitate taxonomy studies, and promote
conservation efforts by providing a standardized and systematic approach to naming and
categorizing the diverse range of animal species in the world.
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, the study of affixation in animal names reveals fascinating insights into the
taxonomy, linguistic patterns, and cultural influences within the field of zoology. By analyzing
prefixes and suffixes used in the scientific names of animal species, researchers can gather
information about geographical origins, descriptive characteristics, and even evolutionary
relationships. The use of affixation facilitates clear identification and categorization of species,
providing a standardized approach to naming and classifying the diverse range of animals. It aids
scientists, conservationists, and the general public in effectively communicating about different
species, facilitating research, conservation efforts, and educational initiatives. Moreover,
affixation in animal names reflects cultural influences, with certain affixes derived from local
languages, folklore, or cultural beliefs. This demonstrates the dynamic interplay between
language, culture, and the scientific understanding of wildlife.
REFERENCES:
1. D. Crystal. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press, -2019. P.582
2.H. G. Liddell, R. Scott, H. S. Jones, R. McKenzie. A Greek-English Lexicon. Oxford: Clarendon
Press,-1940. P.726
3. J.A. Simpson, E.S. Weiner. Oxford University Press.The Oxford English Dictionary (2nd ed.).
Oxford: Clarendon Press,-1989.P.620
4. Khidirova Makhfuza Amirkulovna, & Temirova Muattar Amirkul kizi. (2024). ACADEMIC
EXPLORATION OF ANIMAL-INSPIRED ADJECTIVES: UNRAVELING SYMBOLISM
AND CULTURAL NUANCES.
Proceedings of International Conference on Scientific Research
in
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and
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Retrieved
from
https://econferenceseries.com/index.php/srnss/article/view/3514
5. R. L. Trask. A Dictionary of Phonetics and Phonology. London, Boston: Routledge and Kegan
Paul,-1996.P.882
6. Mrs. N. F. Masindi, Nelson Mbulaheni Musehane. An Exploration into the Morphological
Structure of the Names of Domestic Animals.
International Journal of Humanities and Social
Science. -2012 P.258
7. Katharine M. Briggs. An Encyclopedia of Fairies, Hobgoblins, Brownies, Bogies, and Other
Supernatural Creatures,
Pantheon Books; First Edition. - 1978. 481 pages
8. Philip Durkin.The Oxford Guide to Etymology, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009.
9. Stephen A. Tyler. Cognitive Anthropology.
Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc. (January 1,
1969) 560 pages
INTERNET RESOURCES:
1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canine
2. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ursine
62
3. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deer
4. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustelidae
5. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avian
6. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piscine
7. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arachnoid_mater
8. https://studylib.net/doc/7617383/drawing-the-tree-of-life--notes-on-biological-taxonomy
9. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megafauna
10. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microhylidae, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/
Microhylidae
11. https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/eutheria
12. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypercarnivore
13. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panthera#:~:text=Panthera%20is%20a %20genus%20within,)
%2C%20and%20leopard%20(P
THE IMPORTANCE OF COLLOQUIAL EXPRESSIONS
Khudaybergenova Turdıgul — scientific advisor, KSU
Sabırbaeva Madina — BA student, KSU
Sarsenbaeva Aynura — BA student, KSU
Abstract:
This article aims to investigate what exactly Colloquial Expressions are and their
significance in English grammar. The paper shed light on the definition origin and its
characteristics.
Key words
: colloquialism, phrases, formal language, informal language, colloquial
language.
Some people say “soccer,” others say “football.” They are talking about the same sport, but
what they call it is a matter of colloquialism. Colloquialism is everyday language used by people
of a certain region. In the UK, you might leave your “flat” to go to the “football” game, while in
the US, you would leave your “apartment” to go to the “soccer” game. Colloquial language is
casual and conversational. In fact, the word colloquial comes from the Latin word colloquium,
meaning “speaking together” or “conversation”. Using colloquial language makes writing less
formal and more approachable—less “presenting to the class,” more “chatting in the hall.” It can
also be used as a literary device to make character dialogue sound more authentic.
Let’s quickly talk about the difference between colloquial and colloquialism, since you will
see both words used to describe the same informal language. First, learn how to pronounce
colloquial [kuh-LOH-kwee-uhl] and colloquialism [kuh-LOH-kwee-uh-liz-um]. The Merriam-
Webster definition of colloquial is: “used in or characteristic of familiar and informal
conversation.” The definition of colloquialism is: “a colloquial expression.” In other words,
colloquial is an adjective; colloquialism is a noun. A character’s dialogue sounds colloquial, but a
character uses colloquialism to describe where they are from.
We can use colloquial language in daily basis, for example, when we are conversation with
family, friends and neighbors. It is the phrases in your journal and in texts to your friends.
