Актуальные вопросы лингвистики и преподавания иностранных языков: достижения и инновации

In this article, we will explore the concept of cleft sentences, a complex speaking structure commonly used in English. Cleft sentences are a powerful tool for emphasizing information or correcting someone in a sentence. Understanding the different types of cleft sentences and their variations will help you master this aspect of English speaking.

Oral fluency is a skill that requires constant practice in an ESL classroom in order to make meaningful development. In general, when we discuss fluency, we are referring to the ease with which pupils speak, their speech rate, their pauses, and the language they can easily create in between. In an ideal scenario, the greatest method to learn to speak English effectively is to be exposed to the language on a daily basis through frequent discussion with English speakers on a range of themes. Regretfully, hardly many English language learners get the chance to practice speaking in a situation that is genuinely immersive. It is astonishing how many foreign students, who have low English proficiency despite spending years in an English-speaking nation, come home. They frequently discover that a large portion of the student body speaks their language in their town. They might not be having as many opportunities as we might think to use English outside of the classroom as a result. This just serves to emphasize how crucial it is to give students frequent opportunity to speak in class. This article focuses on how educators may provide kids these kinds of chances in the classroom to help them become more confident and fluent. When it comes to supporting students in improving their oral fluency, there are a few factors to take into account. [1:36]

This article is devoted to the development of search reading skills through the use of authentic material. The article provides examples of authentic materials and techniques for working with them.

Teachers and materials writers have sought to find ways of developing classroom activities that reflect the principles of a communicative methodology since the advent of CLT. This quest has continued to the present, as we shall see later in the booklet. The principles on which the first generation of CLT materials are still relevant to language teaching today, so in this article we will briefly review the main activity types that were one of the outcomes of CLT.

This article devoted the most effective way of dealing with the problem of cultural meaning in texts is to encourage students to read by themselves, choosing subjects related initially to their own interests so that they bring motivation and experience to reading.

Although modern teaching methods have been developed for teaching foreign languages, especially English as a foreign language, there are specific problems with learning. In this article we will consider these problems and the use of modern educational technologies.

Данная статья исследует применение нетрадиционных форм обучения русскому языку в 10-классах национальных школ с акцентом на инновационные методы, способствующие эффективному освоению языка. Автор рассматривает использование интерактивных языковых игр, проектной деятельности, виртуальных уроков, литературных клубов и мультимедийных презентаций для стимулирования интереса студентов и углубления их языковых навыков.

В данной статье рассматривается современные вопросы лингвистики и её взаимосвязь с другими дисциплинами. В современном научном мире активно изучаются вопросы коммуникативной теории языка, теории речевых актов, коммуникативной грамматики, методики преподавания иностранных языков, проводится анализ современных дискурсивных практик, а также характеризуются особенности современной языковой личности.

Idioms are an integral part of language, providing depth and nuance to communication. However, for intermediate level learners whose mother tongue is not English, understanding and utilizing idiomatic expressions can pose significant challenges. This article examines the common problems encountered in teaching idioms to this demographic and proposes effective solutions, supported by illustrative examples.

It is customary to call an abstract a summary of the main provisions of a book, a scientific theory. Therefore, setting ourselves the goal of laying down the elementary foundations of this skill, we must teach students to determine what the main thing in a given text is, and to separate this main from the secondary, highlight the details and determine their meaning in this context. But, first of all, it is necessary to develop in students the ability, after a cursory glance at an article or book, to determine what it is about and whether it will be able to answer the questions that interest him. At the same time, it is very important to be able to bypass incomprehensible places. [1]

This article will help learners who will learn English and who are currently learning English to develop and improve the speaking skills, which is one of the 4 skills of the English language. The article also gives ideas about some strategies to enhance spoken English.

This article devoted the variety of existing approaches to understanding authenticity in the methodology of teaching a foreign language, we will use the traditional interpretation when by authentic it is customary to understand materials that were created by native speakers and found application in the educational process, focused on a communicative approach to teaching a foreign language outside the language environment.

The actuality of this article is due to the fact that independence is necessary both at school and in everyday life in order to differentiate information, highlight the most significant, so that in the future you do not experience difficulties in generalizing and systematizing knowledge and skills and easily turn to your own experience (as educational and everyday).

English for Specific Purposes (ESP) courses aim to equip learners with language skills relevant to their specific field or discipline. One effective approach to teaching ESP is through the use of authentic materials, which are resources created for native speakers in real-life contexts. This article explores the benefits of incorporating authentic materials in teaching intermediate ESP learners. It examines how authentic materials can enhance language proficiency, promote learner engagement, and foster cultural understanding. Furthermore, it provides practical strategies for effectively integrating authentic materials into ESP instruction.

This article deals to describe the principal characteristics of project work, to identify the types of projects and to analyse their benefits and peculiarities, to analyse the project work organizing procedure.

Writing is a fundamental skill that transcends academic, professional, and personal realms. For beginners embarking on their writing journey, the path to mastery may seem daunting, but with the right strategies and tools, it can be an enriching and transformative experience. This article delves into effective approaches for beginners to enhance their writing skills, drawing insights from student surveys and educational resources. One of the key elements in developing writing proficiency is the cultivation of creativity. By tapping into their imagination and exploring different perspectives, beginners can infuse their writing with originality and depth. Brainstorming techniques such as mind mapping, freewriting, and clustering can help generate ideas and structure thoughts, providing a solid foundation for the writing process. These creative exercises not only stimulate the mind but also foster a sense of curiosity and exploration, essential traits for aspiring writers. In addition to individual brainstorming, interactive writing methods can also play a pivotal role in honing writing skills. By engaging in a supportive writing community, beginners can gain valuable insights, encouragement, and motivation to push their creative boundaries. Furthermore, self-expression and storytelling are at the heart of writing, enabling individuals to communicate their thoughts, emotions, and experiences with clarity and resonance. Through the act of writing, individuals not only refine their communication skills but also cultivate empathy, introspection, and self-awareness.

Today’s axiology of education is one of the most challenging and underexplored issues in domestic science. One of the main problems of present philosophical debate is to comprehend the value component of education as a method for passing on or repassing on information to future generations (as well as completing knowledge to older age groups).

Bul maqala shet tili sabaqlarında YouTube videoxostinginan paydalanıwǵa arnalǵan. Maqalada shet tilin úyretiw ushın YouTube videoxostingidan paydalanıwdıń aktuallıǵı tiykarlab berilgen jáne onıń tiykarǵı abzallıqları belgilengen. Maqalanıń ámeliy áhmiyeti sonda, avtorlar shet tili oqıtıwshı sabaq beriwde paydalanıwı múmkin bolǵan eń nátiyjeli YouTube kanalların belgilep, bul xızmet menen baylanıslı tájiriybelerin tariyplaydi. Tariyp berińan YouTube kanalları oqıtıwshınıń maqsetine kóre bólinedi. Juwmaq etip aytqanda, maqala avtorları bul xızmet menen islewde oqıtıwshı itibarǵa alıwı kerek bolǵan bir qatar múmkin bolǵan  qıyınshılıqlardı belgilengenler etediler.

Writing is an essential skill in today's world, crucial for communication, expression, and professional advancement. However, teaching writing to adults can be challenging, as they often come with varied backgrounds, experiences, and learning preferences. Traditional methods may not always suffice in engaging and empowering adult learners to develop their writing proficiency. In this article, we explore innovative approaches to teaching writing for adults, drawing from contemporary educational research and practices.

As we all know, one of the main goals of language teaching is to equip our students with the ability to communicate in the target language. Games are fun activities that promote interaction, thinking, learning, and problem solving strategies. Often, games have an aspect that permits the players to produce information in a short time period. Some games require the players to engage in a physical activity and/or complete a mental challenge.

Today it can be argued that information and communication technologies (ICT) have taken a strong place among the mandatory means of organizing and implementing the educational process. Federal state educational standards target educational participants’ process for the widespread use of electronic (computer) technologies, allowing for classroom and extracurricular activities to obtain, assimilate knowledge, to form skills and develop abilities in the learning process various academic disciplines, including foreign languages.

This article examines the effectiveness of integrating technology into English language classrooms for secondary-level students in Nukus. Through a synthesis of research findings, practical insights, and case studies, it explores the benefits, challenges, and best practices associated with using technology to enhance language learning in this context. The study emphasizes the importance of technology in fostering engagement, personalization, and authentic language experiences, while also addressing issues such as access, digital literacy, and teacher training. By illuminating the transformative potential of technology-enhanced language instruction, this article aims to inform educators, policymakers, and stakeholders about the opportunities and considerations inherent in leveraging technology to promote English language proficiency among secondary-level students in Uzbekistan.

This article explores effective strategies for enhancing listening skills in English language learning. Listening comprehension is a critical aspect of language acquisition, and improving this skill can greatly enhance overall proficiency. The article discusses practical techniques such as active listening, vocabulary expansion, exposure to authentic materials, and targeted practice exercises.

Для человека с высокой речевой ответственностью важной целью является достичь определённого результата путём использования речевых средств. Следует сказать, что изучение особенностей речи учителя как представителя профессии с повышенной речевой ответственностью тесно связано с классической риторикой. Умение владеть основами красноречия являлось важной частью древнегреческого образования, поэтому многиефилософы античности стремились выработать стратегии того, как эффективно воздействовать на публику звучащим словом и довести речь до максимально убедительного уровня. В область изучения частных риторик входят признаки, характеризующие речевое поведение и коммуникацию в ситуациях профессионального, а также социально-ролевого видов общения.

Инглиз тилини амалий мақсадда эгаллаш нафақат ундан келгусида касбий фаолиятда фойдаланиш, балки талабанинг умумий маданияти, тафаккурини ривожланиб боришига имкон яратади. Бунинг учун олий таълим муассасаларида инглиз тили дарсларини самарадорлигини янада ошириш, дарсларда талабаларни мутахассисликка оид соҳавий манбалардан мунтазам бохабар этиб боришни тақозо этади. Талабалар ихтисосликка оид матнлар билан ишлашни билиши керак, чунки ихтисосликка оид матнларда расмий белгилар, соҳавий атамалар кўпроқ учрайди

Ushbu tezisda chet tillarini o’rganish borasidagi fikr, mulohazalar bildirilgan. Tezisda chet tillarni o’rganish davr talabiga aylangani, bu sohada turli yoshdagi kishilarni chet tillariga bo’lgan qiziqishlari, uni o’rganishda e’tiborga olish uchun zarur bo’lgan uslub va tavsiyalar xususida mulohazalar berilgan.

Globalization effects on every corner of social life and does foreign languages, especially English, which is very important in human practical and intellectual activities. This thesis attempts to illustrate the impact of authentic materials on English language learning in schools.

The expansion of the socio-economic and cultural cooperation of the countries in the world is increasing the interest, need and desire to learn foreign languages, especially English. In the educational system of developed countries, special attention is paid to learning English in accelerated ways from the school period. The development of students' language and speech competences on the basis of media technologies is becoming an urgent issue in teaching English in general education schools. Especially for A1 levels, it has become a priority to acquire the linguistic competence noted in the content of English language teaching and to develop the ability to use it in speech communication. The experience of world countries shows the need to create and improve teaching methods based on the development of lexical competence in teaching English to students.

This thesis is about an extensive examination of apology expressions in Karakalpak and English languages, employing an interlanguage pragmatic and second language acquisition perspective. The study explores lexico-phraseological nuances, comparing how individuals from diverse communicational situations perceive and express apologies. The analysis highlights the cultural and pragmatic parameters shaping the speech genre of apologies, shedding light on the interplay between social dynamics and linguistic cues.

This article investigates and compares idiomatic expressions related to colours in English and Karakalpak languages. Colours hold significant cultural and linguistic significance, often reflected in idiomatic expressions. Through a comparative analysis, this research aims to uncover similarities and differences in how colours are metaphorically used in these two languages. The methodology involves collecting a corpus of colour-related idioms from English and consulting native speakers and language experts to gather comparable idiomatic expressions in Karakalpak. The idioms are then analyzed in terms of their literal meanings, metaphorical interpretations, cultural contexts, and frequency of usage.

The cognitive approach to the notion of language means the world conceptions, being the product of human consciousness, which are expressed by the forms of language means, but the meanings of these forms are understood as the system of certain knowledge and notions, described by these linguistic signs. During the latest investigations, linguists state that cognitive approach to the linguistic study has been emphasized as a basis of figurative characterization of idioms used with colour terms in the compared languages stands just cognition. Thus, all the idioms are created as a result of cognitive processes directly influencing on the conceptualization of reality, peculiar to this language and culture. Conceptualization is the whole of information of figurative and non-literal meaning created in the process of cognition of the world. The article is focused on investigating idioms, formulated by colour adjective red in the compared languages. In order to achieve the goal, descriptive and comparative-diachronic method were used.

Paremiological analysis of the concept of "family/shańaraq" in English and Karakalpak languages is important for understanding cultural values, preserving cultural heritage, promoting intercultural understanding, and informing practical applications in various fields. By examining proverbs, idioms, and sayings related to family, we can gain valuable insights into the universal and essential nature of family bonds. This analysis allows us to understand the cultural values and beliefs surrounding the concept of family in these languages, preserving and transmitting cultural heritage, contributing to intercultural understanding and communication, and providing practical applications in fields such as education, psychology, and sociology.

Hozirgi izchillik bilan rivojlanayotgan zamonda jamiyatning har bir sohasida o’sish va yangi o’zgarishlar jarayoni davom etmoqda. Xususan botanik terminlar va ularning o’rganilishi ham ushbu davrning ajralmas qismidir. Ushbu maqolada ingliz va o’zbek tillaridagi botanik terminlarning paydo bo’lishi, tadqiq etilishi va binar nomlanish etimologiyasi muhokama qilinadi.

The paper examines linguacultural characteristics of English and Uzbek fairytales. The relevance of the study is determined by great interest of linguistic science to the issues of national and cultural specificity of folk texts, which is caused by peculiarities of historical development, beliefs, traditions and customs of people. The objective of the study is to reveal traditional and cultural characteristics of the English and Uzbek tales by means of their linguacultural analysis which is based on the plots of the similar fairytales in two languages. This paper is divided into two sections. The first section examines linguacultural features of the literary tales in two languages. They are characterised by the variety of lexical and stylistic means and a diversity of characters and plots. The second section gives an overview of differences and similarities of fairytales of two different western and eastern cultures. The results of the investigation can be effectively used for a further profound comparative analysis of sociolinguistic and linguacultural features of English and Uzbek tales.

The dative case in Karakalpak corresponds to the English Nominative case with the preposition “to” or without it and usually precede dative verbs like: beriw (to give), jónetiw (to send), aytıw (to tell), uzatıw (to hand), satıw (to sell), etc. The words in the dative case indicate the direction of the subject to someone or something and answer questions: kimge? – to/for whom?, nege? – to/for what?, qayaqqa? –where? Karakalpak dative construction Olar Lauraǵa priz berdi is normally conveyed in two ways in English as in: They gave Laura a prize (without a preposition). They gave a prize to Laura (with a preposition). The dative case in Karakalpak is formed with the help of special endings: -ǵa/ge, -qa/ke, -na/ne, -a/e and their meaning is the same as the meanings of the English prepositions to and for: balaǵa – to a child, balalarǵa – to children.

This article will analyze of the structural and semantic aspects of English and karakalpak paremiological units

Abbreviations are linguistic shortcuts that condense longer phrases or words into shorter forms, playing a crucial role in communication efficiency. However, the formation and usage of abbreviations are not solely linguistic phenomena; they are also deeply influenced by cultural and linguistic factors. This article explores the cultural and linguistic influences on abbreviations in both English and Karakalpak languages.

Emotion serves as a cornerstone in human communication, influencing the dynamics of interactions and fostering connections between individuals. Regardless of cultural backgrounds and linguistic differences, humans employ a diverse array of linguistic strategies to effectively convey their feelings. English and Japanese, as distinct languages rooted in rich linguistic traditions, offer compelling avenues for exploring the expression of emotion. This paper embarks on an examination of the linguistic means utilized in English and Japanese to articulate emotionality, shedding light on the intricate interplay of linguistic structures, vocabulary choices, and cultural influences that mold emotional expression within each language.

This article is devoted to a comparison of Japanese and Russian idioms with the keywords “hand” and “head” on their structure and formation. The research pays great attention to the study of the idioms in the compared languages in terms of their composition, semantics, syntactic function and particular use.

The purpose of this study is to identify and analyze the linguistic and stylistic features of epithets to reveal its both differences and types in English and Uzbek fiction. Moreover, this paper aims to analyze various types of an epithet which is one of the most common types of literary devices and is an artistic definition that creates a figurative, vivid picture of a concept or object.

Since ancient times, man has tried to understand environment around him. A large number of idiomatic concepts have been created by the people, in which the world view, interests and everyday problems of the humankind are reflected.

Economic texts represent a special category of translations that require not just accurate transmission of information, but also taking into account the specific economic realities of different countries. Achieving maximum equivalence of terms is the key to successful translation of such texts. A translator of economic texts must not only speak both languages at a high level, but also have deep knowledge in the field of economics. It is essential to focus on the nuances of terminology, cultural characteristics and contextual meanings in order to achieve the most accurate and adequate transmission of meaning.

This article describes the ways of expressing the concept of "beauty" in Russian, English and Karakalpak paremiological units, describes the corresponding linguistic means and reveals their linguistic and cultural features. The definition of the concept as a linguistic and cultural concept is given and a conclusion is drawn based on examples of the implementation of the concept of "beauty" in Russian, English and Karakalpak examples.

The article deals with the syntactic characteristics of verbal phraseological units in English and Karakalpak languages. Significant structural semantic peculiarities in the formation of phraseological units are analysed with examples taken from literary texts.

Proverbs are an essential part of languages, offering insights into cultural beliefs and values. This study examines the similarities in proverbs between the Karakalpak language and English language, shedding light on shared cultural wisdom. Through an analysis of commonly used proverbs, this research aims to highlight the universal themes and concepts embodied in these linguistic expressions. The findings provide a cross cultural understanding of common wisdom shared between the Karakalpak and English-speaking communities.

This scientific article investigates some of the challenging concepts in modern English grammar by comparing them with their counterparts in Uzbek and Karakalpak languages. English, as a global lingua franca, presents unique grammatical structures that may pose difficulties for non-native speakers. By juxtaposing these concepts with those in Uzbek and Karakalpak, we aim to elucidate both the similarities and differences, offering insights into language acquisition and interlingual transfer.

Repetition is a fundamental stylistic device employed across various literary traditions to enhance meaning, rhythm, and aesthetic appeal. This article explores the significance of repetition in English and Karakalpak literature, shedding light on its diverse functions and effects. Through a comparative analysis of representative works from both traditions, this study elucidates how repetition contributes to the thematic depth, emotional resonance, and linguistic richness of literary texts. By examining examples from renowned  English and Karakalpak authors, this article underscores the universality of repetition as a potent tool for artistic expression. 

В данной статье проводится сопоставление идиоматических выражений английского языка с узбекским языком с целью выявления сходств и различий между ними. Английский язык обладает арсеналом идиоматических выражений которые широко используются в повседневной речи. Некоторые из них имеют свои аналоги в узбекском языке но не могут иметь различное толкование или контекст использования. В целом же идиомы-соматизмы в каждом из сопоставляемых языков характеризуется специфичностью и несомненной уникальностью.

In this article we try to explore the fundamental branch of linguistics that delves into the intricate structure of speech sounds, syllables, stress patterns, and intonation within a language. Phonetics is unique among linguistic disciplines as it not only investigates the linguistic function but also delves into the physical aspects of speech production, including the workings of the pronunciation apparatus and the acoustic properties of sound phenomena, as well as their interpretation by native speakers. Unlike non-linguistic fields, phonetics regards sound phenomena as integral components of a language system, essential for the transformation of words and sentences into audible forms crucial for communication. Phonetics considers both the acoustic-articulatory and functional-linguistic aspects of the sound system, thus distinguishing between phonetics proper and phonology. In essence, phonetics serves as a bridge between the abstract structures of language and their tangible manifestation in speech. It analyzes how sounds are produced by the human vocal tract, how they are perceived by listeners, and how they contribute to the overall meaning and communication process.

The phenomenon of lexical borrowing is a significant aspect of language evolution, reflecting the cultural and societal interactions between communities. This study examines the borrowings of English sports terms in the Karakalpak language, focusing on the linguistic adaptations and semantic shifts that occur during the process. Through a comprehensive analysis of borrowed terms, their usage patterns, and socio-cultural contexts, this research sheds light on the dynamics of language contact and the influence of global sporting culture on minority languages such as Karakalpak. Data was collected from various sources including sports events, media, and interviews with native speakers. The findings reveal intriguing linguistic phenomena and contribute to our understanding of language contact and lexical innovation in multilingual environments.

The article deals with the typological research on causative category in English and Karakalpak languages and represents causative semantics of both languages. Comparative analysis is done using the examples that were taken from literary text. Moreover, causative expression is distinguished by the fact that each language has its own means of expression, syntactic structures, lexical and grammatical forms.

Xalila Dáwletnazarov shıǵarmalarında arab, parsı, parsı-tájik, monǵol tillerinen awısqan ózlestirme sózler menen qatar rus tili arqalı ózlestirme sózler de kóplep ushırasadı. Shayırdıń shıǵarmalarında rus tili hám rus tiline basqa tillerden kirgen adam isimleri de ózlestirme sózler túrinde qollanıladı. Bul uluwma Xalila Dáwletnazarov shıǵarmalarında ǵana emes, al qaraqalpaq tilinde de rus tilinen hám rus tili arqalı basqa tillerden ózlesken adam atlarınıń menshikli adam atların hár tárepleme izertlegen tilshi ilimpaz O.Sayımbetov basqa tillik adam atlarınıń (rus tili hám rus tili arqalı basqa tillerden ózlesken menshikli adam atlarınıń) ózlesiwin úsh dáwirge bólip qaraydı: 1) 1917-jıldan – 40-jıllarǵa deyin; 2)1940-1960 –jıllar; 3) 1960-jıllardan 1980-jıllarǵa shekem. [13, 28-29]

Bul maqalada sóz shaqaplarınıń bir túri bolǵan kelbetlik hám onıń dárejeleri haqqında maǵlıwmat berilgen. Bunda qaraqalpaq hám inglis tillerindegi kelbetlik dárejeleri jasalıwındaǵı ayrım ózgeshelikleri hám uqsaslıqları haqqında sóz etilgen.

Avtor bul teziste qaraqalpaq ha’m inglis tillerindegi er ha’m ha’yel adamlardin’ sirtqi ko’rinis, jasi, minez-qulq ha’m jeke sipatlari, shan’araqtag’i abiroyi, socialliq jag’dayi ha’m ka’siplik iskerligi, turmiz tarizi ha’m intellektual qa’biletin bildiretug’in unamli ha’m unamsiz manisti an’latatug;in genderlektlerdi analizleydi.

Ostinning “So’zlаr bilаn qаndаy muomаlаdа bo’lmoq dаrkor?”аsаri nаshr qilingаndаn bеri nutqiy аkt nаzаriyаsidа kаttа hаjmdаgi ish qilindi. Ushbu rеjаdаgi mаqsаdim qo’shmа gаplаrdа prаgmаtik mа’no xususiyаtlаrini tаhlil qlishdаn iborаtdir[5]. Nutqiy аktlаr bo'yichа qilingаn judа ko'p ishlаr Sеаrlning shаrtlilik yondаshuvigа аsoslаnаdi[21]. Bu rеjаdаn mеning mаqsаdim Sеаrlning ishini o’rgаnish, uning dolzаrb vа muаmmoli tomonlаrini аniqlаshdir. O'z nаvbаtidа, bu ish tilshunoslаr tomonidаn yаrаtilаjаk ishlаrgа foydаli bo’lаdi.

This anthropolexical microsystem has not been studied as such and has not been identified to a greater or lesser extent: firstly, in the modern Karakalpak language, and secondly, in a comparative and contrastive manner between the English and Karakalpak languages. The source and material were explanatory dictionaries of modern English and a four-volume dictionary of the Karakalpak language. Let us note the fact that the anthropolexical microsystem attracts attention by the fact that the units included in it are heterogeneous in their semantic and functional orientation. Three groups can be distinguished here: the first will include types of professional names that are neutral in relation to the characterization or assessment of a person (flyer ushıwshı-pilot), the second group will contain words that characterize a person or evaluate him positively, and the third - negatively.

In their structure, complex words expressing diminutiveness in the compared languages are divided into compound and complex derivatives.

Берилген мақала дәнекерсиз дизбекли қоспа гәп түрлери ҳәм олардыӊ инглис ҳәм қарақалпақ тиллеринде салыстырмалы үйренилиўине арналған.

В Маргианской земле среди археологических ценностей был обнаружен музыкальный инструмент - свирель, изготовленная из глины и равномерно обожженная в горячей печи, а также изображение национальных музыкальных инструментов, украшающих ритоны, найденные в старой крепости Ниса, доказывает, что предки с тех пор были погружены в волшебный мир музыкального искусства. Эти сведения дают понять, что туркменское музыкальное искусство уходит своими корнями в глубокую древность.

Фольклор жазба әдебияттан алдын пайда болған ҳәм әййемнен раўажланған. Дәслеп жәмийеттен басланған бул тараўдың келип шығыўы мыңлаған, жүз мыңлаған жылларға барып тақалады. Сонлықтан, фольклор көп қырлы, көп функциялы ҳәм көп характерли. Бир тәрептен, бул жәмийетлик халықтың руўхый мийраслары, сол себепли бул жерде дүньялық қәсийетлеринен бири оның синкретизми де болып табылады. Фольклор өзиниң узақ жыллық тарийхый раўажланыўында халықтың сөз көркем өнери ҳәм мәдений-руўхый мийраслары ретинде бүгинги кунге шекем жетип келди. Халық қосықлары, ойынлары, көркем өнери, халық театры, халық әдебияты ҳәм таң қалғандай әжайып түсиниклер, өнерментшилик ҳәм түрли ырымларды да фольклор мийрасларына киргизиў мүмкин. Сол себепли фольклордын раўажланыўы әдебияттан парқ қылады.

В данной статье анализируется, произведение Достоевского, «Записки из Мертвого дома» определяются особенности раскрытия темы жизнеописание русских каторжан. Также в данной статье обобщаются мнения, изучения и взгляды разных писателей.

Ҳәр қандай жазыўшы халықтың белгили бир дәўирдеги турмысын, оның өткендеги тарийхын сүўретлейди. Соның менен бирге, жазыўшы шығармада сөз етилген ўақыяларға өзиниң қатнасын, ой-пикирлерин дебилдиреди ҳәм усы мақсетте тилдеги соларға сәйкес, соларды бере алатуғын сөзлерди таңлап қолланады. Жазыўшы шығармада тек турмыстағы предмет ҳәм қубылысларды ғана таңлап қоймай, соның менен бирге, оларды баянлаў, сүўретлеў усылларын да таңлайды. Сонлықтан, көркем шығарманы баҳалаўда оның тил өзгешеликлерин үйрениў үлкен әҳмийетке ийе.

The publicistic style of language became discernible as a separate style in the middle of the 18th century, ll falls into three varieties, each having its own distinctive features. Unlike other styles, the publicistic style has spoken varieties, in particular, the oratorical substyle. The development of radio and television has brought into being another new spoken variety, namely, the radio and TV commentary.

The purpose of this study is to identify and analyze the semantic and structural features of epithets to reveal its both differences and types. Moreover, this paper aims to analyze various types of an epithet which is one of the most common types of literary devices and is an artistic definition that creates a figurative, vivid picture of a concept or object.

Imagery is a literary device (i.e. a writing technique) that uses descriptive language to create a mental image of a place, idea, or experience. It appeals to the reader's senses (sight, sound, touch, taste, and smell). We consider imagery as a tool used by writers to fully engage the reader in the story. It can evoke certain feelings or emotions. make us sympathize with a character, or let us experience the world from a character's point of view.

В данной статье анализируется, произведение Т. Толстой, «На золотом крыльце сидели» определяются особенности использования автором в рассказе различных фольклорных и мифологических образов, как основу для создания персонажей.

Статья рассматривает литературные шедевры ХХ века, которые стали классикой мировой литературы. Произведения таких авторов, как Джордж Оруэлл, Михаил Булгаков, Антуан де Сент-Экзюпери, Джеймс Джойс, Габриэль Гарсиа Маркес, Владимир Набоков, Джек Лондон, Уильям Фолкнер и Эрих Мария Ремарк, рассматриваются в контексте их влияния на современную литературную культуру. Описываются основные темы, структуры и философские аспекты каждого произведения, а также обсуждается их актуальность и вечное значение для читателей всех времен и народов.

Статья представляет анализ лексического уровня стихотворения Андрея Вознесенского "Бьют женщину". Работа фокусируется на использовании лексических единиц, структуре языка, иронии, сарказме, а также на образах и ассоциациях, используемых поэтом. Автор выделяет ключевые черты, делает акцент на многозначности стихотворения и открытости для толкования, обогащая текст эмоциональной окраской и сложностью человеческих отношений.

In order to identify the parallels and contrasts between the two texts, this article compares the pragmatic use of English metaphor in literature. Moreover, it aims to incorporate the three most popular perspectives on metaphor, namely the pragmatic, semantic, and cognitive perspectives.

Ijodkor insonlar qaysidir ma’noda kelajakni oldindan ko'ra oladi, o'ylar izmida uni samimiy sezib, umrning achchiq-chuchuk tomonlarini ochib bera oladigandek fikrlashi sir emas.Insoniyatning ma’naviy dunyosini boyitishda so'z ustalarining xizmati katta. 

Бул мақалада көркем текст, көркем тәкирар ҳәм онын турлериниң дәстанда қолланылыў өзгешеликлери, эстетикалық әҳмийети анализленеди.

Jahon adabiyotshunosligi tarixida Yevropa mamlakatlari adabiyoti o’ziga xos muhim ahamiyatkasb etadi. Xususan, ingliz adabiyotida uyg’onish, ma’rifatparvarlik, romantizim, tanqidiy realism muhim ahamiyatga egadir. Har bir davrda adabiyotning yangi yo’nalishlari shakllanib asrdan asrga ko’chib takomillashib borgishi tabiiy xususiyatdir. Ingliz adabiyotida XIX asr qirolicha Viktoriya nomi bilan viktorian davr deb atalishi ko’plab ilmiy adabiyotlarda keltirilgan. Qirolicha Viktoriya (1837-1901) yoxud viktorian davr kashfiyotlar va ilm-fan yutuqlari aks etgan asr hisoblanadi. Ilm fan taraqiyotida inson tafakkuri ham rivojlanganligini davrning yetuk yozuvchilari uyg’unlikda ko’rsatib berishga urinishdi. Viktorian davrda ijtimoiy jarayonlar kesimida feminimning ik bosqichi sodir bo’di. Ayollarning ilg’orligi jamiyatda kuzatila boshladi. Makur davrda ijod qilgan opa-singil Brontelar, Eliabeth Gaskell, Margaret Olifant va Jorj Eliotlar o’z ijodlarida feminism hamda ayol muammosiga keng e’tibor qaratishdi. Natijada gender diskursi va adabiyotda ikki xil yondashuv kuzatildi. 

In the XX century of American Literature the themes, new characters, new directions and genres could be observed in the novels, stories and poems. In their scholarly articles literary critics analyzed the multicultural dimension in the literature of this period as the country had raised a new generation of immigrants, who were writing about their national identities in American society. Thus XX century American literature could be considered as multicultural literature that depicted the life of new generation of people who belong to various cultures but who grew up and were educated in modern American society. In its turn this multiculturalism caused the development of different nations studies that examined this aspect of literature. Examples are Chinese, Japanese, Taiwanese and Mexican literary studies. Similarly, there is also Native American literature that studies creative works written by a new generation of Native American Indians. Representatives of Native American Literature raised several issues that young generation of native Americans are facing in American society. This paper deals with the stories of the Native American writer Sherman Alexie, whose works depict life, interests and problems of modern native Americans.

Түркий халықлар фольклорын салыстырмалы типологиялық изертлеў миллетлердиӊ үрп әдетлерин, миллий салт-дәстүрлериниӊ пайда болыўын ҳәм миллий тийкарларын үйрениўде баслы ўазыйпалардан бири болып есапланады. Халық фольклорын изертлеў бойынша ерисилген табыслар өзбек ҳам қарақалпақ халықларында той-мәресимлер ҳәм оларда қолланылатуғын салт-дәстүрлерди анықлаўда жәрдем береди. Усы орында түркий халықларыныӊ көпшилигинде, әсиресе, өзбек, қарақалпақ, т.б. халықларда келин түсириў мәресимлерин өткериў, усы мәресимде қолланылатуғын салт-дәстүрлер, исенимлерди салыстырмалы изертлеўде күтилген нәтийжеге ерисиўде үлкен әҳмийетке ийе. Мәселен, өзбек, қарақалпақ халықларының фольклорында келин түсириў тойы болады. Усы тойда келин уйине келгенде бетин ашыў дәстүри бар. Сол ўақытта «Беташар» қосықлары айтылады. «Беташар» қосығы айтылған ўақытта келинниң үстине ақ орамал жаўылып, түскен үйиниң ағайын, туўған-туўысқанларына, ата-енесине, қоңсы-қобасына ийилип сәлем бериўи керек болады. Сол ўақытта жасы үлкен апалардан биреўи келинниң орамалының ушына анар, алма, тут ҳәм т.б. ағашлардың шыбығын байлап, бир кишкене баланың қолына услатып турады. Мине, бул дәстүр келин мийўели ағаштай өнип-өссин деген түсиник пенен әмелге асырылады.

Мақалада көркем аўдармада шығарманың мәни-мазмунын сәўлелендириў ушын алтернатив сөз таңлаў мәселелери қарақалпақ халық шайыры И.Юсуповтың «Шөгирме» қосығының өзбек тилиндеги ҳәм инглиз тилиндеги аўдармалары мысалында салыстырмалы талқыға тартылады.

Sharq qadimdan she’riyat tuygʻulari oʻlkasi boʻlgan. Shu boisdan Sharq badiiy adabiyotida, ayniqsa, lirika keng rivojlangan. Drama hayotni harakatda ifodalab, muallif nutqisiz aks ettiradi. Adabiyotda qorishiq turlar ham mavjud. Mas, lirika va epos xususiyatlari birlashib liro-epik turni tashkil etadi. Liro-epik turga poema, ballada, doston, masal kabilar kiradi. Epos, odatda, 3 ga boʻlinadi kichik epik shakl (latifa, ocherk, ertak, hikoya), oʻrta epik shakl (qissa) va katta epik shakl (roman). Lirika mazmun va shaklga koʻra, gʻazal, muhammas, marsiya, ruboiy, qasida, sonet, qoʻshiq va boshqalarga boʻlinadi. Dramatik adabiyotning ham mazmunan 3 xili bor drama, komediya va tragediya (fojia). Adabiyot sanʼatning boshqa turlari kabi mafkuraviy hodisadir. Adabiyotda voqelikni aks ettirish tamoyiliga koʻra, adibning ijodiy usuli paydo boʻladi. Voqelikdagi tipik hodisalar umumlashtirilgan holda haqqoniy aks ettirilsa, realistik adabiyot deyiladi. Yozuvchi ayni voqelikni emas, balki u haqidagi oʻz orzu umidlarini ham ifoda etsa, romantik adabiyot boʻladi25.

English is a very productive language. Due to its versatile nature, it can undergo many different word formation processes to create new lexicon. Some of them are much lexicalized -such as derivation or compounding. However, new trends are pointing up in the productive field. As they are recent phenomena, they have not been much studied yet. Even scholars differ in their opinions about the way they should be treated. There is only one point they all agree with: these new methods are becoming more frequently used.