linguists confirm this opinion. For example, according to Foster "the process of translation is the transference of certain
content of a text from one language to another,"[3].
J. Ellis agrees with this opinion: "Translation is the expression of an idea expressed in one language in another
language." [4]. S. According to Barkhudarov's definition, translation is "the process of converting a speech activity
(text) in one language into a speech activity (text) in another language while maintaining an unchanged content
plan."[1].
Based on the evidence obtained in the process of analysis of language material, an idea about a specific
language system is formed. Based on certain differential features, it is possible to talk about the synthetic, analytical
nature of the language, to include it in a certain language family.
The results obtained in the first period of the process of abstraction are equally useful to all linguistic and non-
linguistic disciplines, that is, any discipline, including translation, can use it as ready-made material if necessary. The
leveling stage of the typological operation is related to the synthesis of the obtained results and the identification of
relevant means of coordination in the languages being compared. At this stage, the rules of adaptation of typological
forms (types) are restored. [5].
Some types of techniques based on IT such as automation, electronic calculation also can be widely used in
order to systematically describe and compare language structures when comparing and comparing two or more
language systems. These types can be used to compare two or more languages. [6].
Comparison in comparative typology and translation is based on the content plan. Two or more language
systems can be contrasted based on content or form. There are different opinions on this matter. Some recommend
starting the comparison of language systems based on content, others on form, that is, from content to form, or from
form to content. The main reason for the emergence of such different opinions is the lack of researched materials on
comparative typology and translation theory.
REFERENCES:
1.
Barkhudarov L. S. Yazyk i perevod (Voprosy obshchei i chastnoi teorii perevoda). M.: 2010.
2.
Croft, W. (2002). Typology and universals. Cambridge: Cambridge UP. 2nd ed
3.
Foster.A. Machine Translation of Language. N.Y.Z.,1965
4.
Конисов, Г. (2023). The use of prepositions in expressing the syntactic attitude in the sentence.
Ренессанс в парадигме новаций образования и технологий в XXI веке, 1(1), 189–190.
https://doi.org/10.47689/XXIA-TTIPR-vol1-iss1-pp189-190
5.Конысов, Г., & Уразниязова, Г. (2023). Роль глобальной сети в процессе изучения иностранным языкам.
Ренессанс в парадигме новаций образования и технологий в XXI веке, 1(1), 395–396.
https://doi.org/10.47689/XXIA-TTIPR-vol1-iss1-pp395-396
6. Song, J.J. (2001). Linguistic typology: Morphology and syntax. Harlow and London: Pearson Education
(Longman).
BORROWINGS IN LINGUISTICS AND THEIR CAUSES: A CASE STUDY OF
THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE
Koshanova Sakhibjamal Bakhitbaevna
Doctoral student at Karakalpak State
University named after Berdakh
Abstract. The advancement of human civilization entails the advancement of each of its
distinct cultures and, by extension, every language spoken within them. This study delves into the
phenomenon of linguistic borrowing, particularly within the context of the English language,
65
examining its underlying causes and defining the concept itself. Numerous scholars have
explored the topic of borrowing, emphasizing its enduring relevance and noting its escalating
significance as the dynamics of the borrowing process continue to evolve over time.
Keywords: linguistic borrowing, cognate languages, assimilation, communication, term.
The development of society occurs thanks to the development of all its constituent cultures,
and, accordingly, all languages. Cultures borrow phenomena, concepts and languages from each
other, thus enriching the culture and language of the people.
Borrowing is a process that results in the emergence and fixation of foreign language
elements in a language. This is an essential component of the functioning of a language and its
historical evolution, being one of the main resources for enriching vocabulary. It is also an
independent component of the language, which is part of its lexical abundance, serving as the basis
for new roots, word-forming components and precise terms.
Borrowing in linguistics plays a key role in the development of languages. The process of borrowing
is the basis of linguistic activity.
Sound and formal uniformity within one language indicates borrowing by some individuals
from others. Borrowing elements of the vocabulary of one language into another language is
carried out in a similar way - through communicative exchange between speakers.
The percentage of borrowings in languages is very large, but it is impossible to calculate
their exact number due to the constant development of languages, as well as the increase in the
number of foreign elements appearing in the language. Assimilation also makes it difficult to
establish the origins of a particular word.
In any language the following groups can be distinguished: -
words present in languages of the same language family;
-
words common to a group, subgroup of related languages; - native words of a
particular language; - borrowed words.
Here are some examples from English:
-
Indo-European words (characteristic of many languages): mother, brother, meat, be,
stand;
-
Germanic words: say, see, white, winter;
-
West Germanic words: age, ask, give, love, south;
-
original English: lady, lord, boy, girl;
-
from related languages: knight, low, flat, sale (from Old Norse), rummer, napper,
fitter (from Dutch);
-
from another language system: sputnik, steppe, taiga (from Russian), epoch, echo
(from Greek).
This classification is generally accepted, but it cannot be considered the only correct one.
For example, words that are usually classified as Indo-European could have been borrowed from
other languages, since trade relations and, in general, communication between peoples have
existed since ancient times.
66
Words that were borrowed in the distant past have already been completely assimilated by
the receiving language and are no longer perceived as foreign. Establishing their origin is quite
difficult even for linguists.
It is almost impossible to establish which language from a group or subgroup is the primary
source of a word; for example, the English word
figure
could come either directly from the Latin
figura
or from the French
figure
. It is even more difficult to understand the difference between the
terms “word origin” and “source of borrowing.”
There are also words with a second or more degree of borrowing. Thus, the word
valley
came into English from Latin through French [1].
Without precise data, we can still conclude that most words in the English language were
borrowed in an earlier or later era, from a nearby or distant language system.
There are several reasons for this phenomenon and they are all varied. The following
reasons for borrowing are distinguished:
-
intralinguistic
-
extralinguistic.
Let's take a closer look at each of them.
The intralinguistic ones include the following:
1)
the need to name a new object or phenomenon, due to the fact that there is no
designation for this phenomenon in the base of the receptor language. This is the main and most
classic reason for borrowing; Along with a new phenomenon for the people, its name (bistro,
elephant) is also fixed in the language of the people;
2)
the need for a name for an object or phenomenon, due to the inaccuracy of the existing
name. If the meaning of words in both languages is similar, the English word has a more general
meaning, and the borrowed word has both a general meaning and an additional one [2].
Extralinguistic reasons include:
1)
socio-psychological - this is an expression of meaning that the corresponding unit
does not have in the receiving language. For example, the French word boutique (a store located
in an expensive area and selling expensive unusual goods) is often used in English instead of the
English word shop in order to denote the prestige of the place [2].
2)
Activation of international relations, the progress of globalization, leading to the
emergence of a significant number of internationalisms, that is, words of one language borrowed
by many languages of the world [3].
Borrowing as a linguistic phenomenon is quite multifaceted. It has certain causes, types
and results. The reasons for borrowing in English, as well as in other languages, lie both within a
particular language system and outside this system. We can conclude that the need to borrow
foreign language elements is explained by the inaccuracy of the existing name in a particular
language or its absence due to the novelty of the designated object for the culture using this
language.
In this regard, any manifestation of borrowing needs to be studied, carefully analyzed and
comprehended.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1.
Lesheva, L.M. Slova v angliyskom yazike. – Mn.: Akademiya upravleniya pri Prezidente RB, 2001.
– 179 s.
67
2.
Cheremisina, T.I. Funksionalniy aspekt neassimilirovannix zaimstvovaniy v sovremennom
angliyskom yazike // Sbornik nauchnix trudov / Moskovskiy ordena Drujbi narodov gosudarstvenniy
pedagogicheskiy institut inostrannix yazikov imeni M. Toreza; redkol.: G.Yu. Knyazeva (otv. red.)
[i dr.]. – M., 1983. – Vip. 212. – 124 s.
3.
Xomenko S.A., Svetkova Ye.Ye., Basoves I.M. Osnovi teorii i praktiki perevoda
nauchnotexnicheskoy literaturi s angliyskogo yazika na russkiy. – Mn.: BNTU, 2004. – 204 s.
СЕМАНТИКАЛЫҚ ПРИМИТИВЛЕРДИҢ УЛЫЎМА ЛИНГВИСТИКАЛЫҚ
СТАТУСЫ
Кудайбергенова Сапиура Полатбаевна, ҚМУ Шет тиллери факультети ассистент
Семасиология илиминиң кейинги жыллардағы раўажланыўы бизди мәни
ҳәдийсесиниң тәбиятына тән сырларын инсан когнитив искерлиги ҳәм қәбилети
шеңберинен излеў кереклигине тағы бир мәрте исендирмекте. Семантика когнитив тил
билиминиң ажыралмас бөлеги, керек болса, тийкарына айланып атырғанлығына гуўа болып
турмыз [1,311].
А.Н.Баранов, Д.О.Добровольский, М.Н.Михайлов, П.Б.Паршин, О.И.Романовалар
тәрепинен исленген “English-Russian dictionary of linguistics and semiotics” сөзлигинде
семантикалық примитив терминине синоним ретинде semantic element ҳәм
conceptualprimitive сөзлери келтирилген. [2,73]
Бул сөзликте “primitive” сөзине төмендегише түсиник берилген:
Бул Primitive термининиң тил билиминдеги бирден-бир мәниси емес. Алдынрақ,
биринши басылыўы 1938-жылда, кеңейтилген екинши басылыўы 1982-жылда баспадан
шығарылған. Джозеф Девлинниӊ “Инглис тилиниң синонимлер ҳәм антонимлер сөзлиги”
нде [3, 384].
Primitive (примитив) сөзи “түпкиликли сөз” мәнисинде қолланылған ҳәм автор сөзге
төмендеги түсиник берди.
“Примитивлер сондай сөзлер, олар кишилеў, әпиўайылаў формаларға бөлинбейди,
әмелде примитивлер өзек сөзлер болып табылады”. Семантикалық примитивлерди түрли
тиллерде ажыратып алыныўы, белгилениўи ҳәм топарға бөлиў ушын хызмет ететуғын
критерия ҳәм объектлер ҳаққында бир қатар тилшилер изертлеў алып барған. Атап
айтқанда, Ж. Гринзберг (1972), Берлин, Ромнь (1964) Берлин (1968), Хайджер (1951),
Кэррол, Касагранде (1958), Талми (1972), Адамс Конклин (1973) ҳәм басқалар. Олар
семантикалық примитивлер қурамын анықлаўға фактлик материал ретиндеги түрли
жастағы адамлар сөйлесиўин үйренген. Олардың айтыўынша, түрли тиллерде
байқалатуғын универсал белгилер ретинде санлар ҳәм ҳәрекет фейиллери, адамлар,
ҳайўанлар, адамлардың социаллық орны, туўысқанлық дәрежеси, жасы, кәсиби, жынысы
ҳәм ҳайўанлардың инсан социаллық санасындағы орны, көлеми (үлкен-кишилиги), жасаў
орталығы, атқаратуғын ўазыйпасы есапқа алыныўы керек.
Буннан тысқары тил билиминде, анығырағы когнитив тил билиминде тағы бир
термин мине сол “prime” түбиринен жасалған болып, оны Майкл Хоуи тил билимине
Lexical primes-лексик праймлер (басланғыш мәнили лексикалық бирлик) деген тәрийплер
менен алып кирген. [4,220]
68
