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TREATMENT OF THE SEASONAL SPREAD OF ARVI AMONG
CHILDREN
Rakhimova Aziza Fakhriddinovna
Bukhara University of Innovative Education and Medicine
Abstract:
Mostly children and people over 60 years of age fall ill - the
so-called risk groups for the incidence of ARVI. Every adult suffers from influenza
or other acute respiratory viral infections on average 2-4 times a year, a schoolchild -
4-5 times, a preschool child - 6 times, a child of the first year of life has from 2 to 12
episodes of acute respiratory viral infections. The polyetiology of ARVI pathogens
and the variability of viruses involved in the epidemic process, complications after an
illness, necessitate the search for new diagnostic methods and optimization of
treatment and preventive measures.
Key words: acute respiratory viral infections, influenza virus, prevention,
antiviral drugs, complex drugs, treatment
Introduction
Among acute respiratory viral infections, influenza is of particular
epidemiological and social significance, characterized by high morbidity and
mortality rates, as well as severe socio-economic consequences. A feature of the
epidemic situation in recent years is the simultaneous circulation in the human
population of several respiratory viruses: influenza A (H3N2 and H1N1) and B with
the periodic predominance of one of them, adenoviruses, parainfluenza viruses and
rhinoviruses, respiratory syncytial viruses, coronaviruses, etc. Influenza viruses have
unique variability of the genome, allowing it to evade the human immune system,
which, combined with aerogenic transmission of the pathogen in conditions of close
contact and high population migration, contributes to the rapid spread of infection.
Features of the biology of the virus and the epidemiology of influenza lead to its
widespread distribution among the population. Over the past 10 years, there has been
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a varying intensity of the influenza epidemic process - from seasonal epidemic surges
to epidemics and pandemics.
Other ARVIs are more often caused by representatives of three families of
RNA-containing viruses: paramyxoviruses (respiratory syncytial virus, human
metapneumovirus, parainfluenza viruses types 1–4), coronaviruses (229E, OC43,
NL63, HKUI) and picornaviruses (rhinoviruses), as well as representatives of two
families of DNA viruses: adenoviruses (types B, C, E) and parvoviruses (human
bocavirus) [5-7].
The nature and severity of clinical manifestations of influenza vary from mild
to extremely severe and depend on the type of pathogen and the reaction of the
patient's immune system (immune response). The frequency of hospitalization of
children with influenza depends on age: the younger the child, the higher the risk of
severe illness requiring treatment in a hospital setting. A number of authors [8-10]
indicate that the hospitalization rate (per 10 thousand hospitalized) in the group of
children from 6 months. up to 2 years old is 10.4, among children from 2 to 4 years
old - 5.7. At the same time, in the age category 5–17 years old it decreased to 1.1.
Flu vaccination
Vaccination is an effective way to protect both children (over 2 years old) and
adults from influenza. It is this disease that is most severe, accompanied by severe
intoxication and can cause life-threatening complications [24-27]. Vaccines change
each year to reflect the most common strains that season. Ideally, the vaccine should
be given 1-2 months before the start of the annual outbreak, as the immune system
needs time to produce antibodies. Before vaccination, you must contact your
pediatrician so that he can examine the child and make sure there are no
contraindications.
Preventing influenza and ARVI, especially during an epidemic, is not an easy
task. However, if you accustom yourself and your children to a daily routine, proper
microclimate in the premises, good and healthy nutrition, if you get vaccinations on
time and do not forget about hygiene, the likelihood of illness will be much lower
[28-30].
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Treatment
In accordance with the WHO methodological recommendations for the
treatment and prevention of influenza [31-33] and similar Russian documents [34-
36], the use of antiviral drugs against influenza viruses or other acute respiratory viral
infections should begin as early as possible, immediately after the appearance of
influenza-like symptoms; one should not wait for laboratory results confirmation of
the etiology of the disease [37]. Influenza illness can present with a range of
symptoms, ranging from a mild upper respiratory tract infection to an acute, life-
threatening illness. Knowledge of the main symptoms of diseases caused by various
respiratory viruses is essential for a doctor. This is due to the fact that modern
principles of treatment of ARVI, in addition to symptomatic drugs, include a wide
range of etiotropic drugs, many of which have a selective effect against specific
viruses, which must be taken into account when prescribing them [38-41].
Modern approaches to the treatment of ARVI, including influenza, include the
use of both medicinal and non-medicinal methods (regime, hygiene, diet, sanitation
of the upper respiratory tract, physiotherapy). The main goals of therapy for these
infections are suppression of viral replication in the early stages of the disease, relief
of clinical manifestations of viral infection, prevention and treatment of
complications.
In recent years, in the treatment of ARVI and influenza, preference is given to
drugs that have several points of application and have a combined effect, which
combine direct antiviral, immunomodulatory and symptomatic effects. In situations
with an unspecified pathogen and the absence of a laboratory-confirmed mixed viral
infection, therapy with broad-spectrum antiviral drugs should be started.
Of great importance in the treatment of ARVI and influenza are drugs that can
have an effect both on the infectious agent (specified or unspecified) and on the
manifestations of the intoxication-inflammatory syndrome (fever, chills, pain,
swelling, catarrhal phenomena). One of the broad-spectrum agents for nonspecific
protection against influenza and other acute respiratory viral infections is enisamium
iodide. Its action is based on direct inhibition of the process of viral penetration
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through the cell membrane. The drug has interferonogenic properties, helps increase
the concentration of endogenous interferon (alpha and gamma interferons) in the
blood plasma by 3–4 times, increases the level of lysozyme, enhances the div's
resistance to viral infections, reduces the clinical manifestations of viral intoxication,
helps reduce the duration of the disease, provides anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and
analgesic effect.
Conclusions
Influenza and other acute respiratory viral infections still remain one of the
pressing medical and socio-economic problems, the solution of which is possible only
at the state level.
Vaccination against influenza for groups at increased risk of infection has
been introduced into the National Calendar of Preventive Vaccinations; work is
underway to prepare for the widespread use of a new generation influenza vaccine
that can mitigate the problem of variability of the influenza virus; A quadrivalent
vaccine has been created.
New etiotropic drugs are constantly being developed and introduced into
clinical practice that can quickly cure a patient from influenza and prevent the
development of complications, which are the main cause of mortality in the
unvaccinated population.
Among antiviral drugs that have a specific effect on specific proteins and key
structures of the virus, preference is given to drugs that additionally affect the cellular
and humoral immune mechanisms of antiviral defense.
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