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CURRENT PROBLEMS BETWEEN PARENTS AND CHILDREN IN
MODERN UZBEKISTAN
Student group 5-2 IZH 23 Sharopova X.Dj.
Bukhara State University
Abstract: At present, the spectrum of single-parent families is replenished, in
addition to those mentioned above, by families of spouses who actually live separately,
due to the practice of adoption of a child by a single woman, as well as the
establishment of guardianship or trusteeship in the event of orphanhood." It is
important that as a unit of observation it is proposed to consider not only parents with
children living separately from other relatives, but also single-parent households,
which are understood as "a socio-economic unit that unites people through
relationships that arise when organizing their shared life: running a common
household, living together."
Keywords: single mothers, women and men, children and parents, single
mothers
The significant transformation of society in the world that took place in the last
decade of the 20th century also entailed some changes in Uzbek family life. The overall
marriage rate, the absolute number of births, the overall birth rate, the total birth rate
are decreasing, the number of illegitimate children is growing, although public opinion
polls show a sharply negative attitude towards the birth of children out of wedlock,
especially among the indigenous population [1,2,3,4].
Are the emerging deviations from the traditional family model that still
dominates Uzbek society temporary or is this the beginning of the formation of a new
modern family model?
It should be noted that the opinion that “the family contributes to strengthening
stability and security in the country” is equally inherent in all segments of the
population - men and women, city dwellers and villagers, people of different ages,
education, and occupation [5,6,7].
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An important condition for creating a harmonious family is the age limit. By
defining age limits, society creates a certain attitude towards the time period during
which young people should get married. The most
The optimal age for men to marry, according to more than half of respondents
(52.6%), is 24-25 years. Every fourth respondent (25.0%) believes that it is best for a
man to start a family at an earlier age - 21-23 years, every eighth (13.3%) - at the age
of 26-27 years. For women, according to respondents, the optimal age for marriage is
lower. More than half of respondents (52.0%) are convinced that it is desirable for girls
to get married at the age of 18-20 years, 41.1% - at the age of 21-23 years [8,9,10].
An analysis of the results of the 2002 and 2004 surveys shows that the financial
independence of young people is the most important condition for starting a family,
although this indicator has decreased somewhat. However, the number of respondents
who noted that having their own permanent home is a necessary condition for starting
a family has almost doubled [11,12].
In 1998, a new Family Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan was adopted, which
included an article on the marriage contract. More than half of those surveyed who
knew about the marriage contract (53.9%) believe that it is necessary, and this figure
has increased slightly compared to 2002 [13,14].
The survey did not reveal any differences on this issue in the opinions of city
dwellers and villagers, men and women[15]. Significant differences are noted in the
social cross-section. Those who identified themselves as rich (28.6%) and middle
(10.6%) classes of the population spoke more often about the need to conclude
marriage contracts.
Unfortunately, in the life of our society there are marriages between relatives.
The majority of respondents (79.9%) expressed a negative attitude towards such
marriages, however, almost every tenth (9.5%) treats them loyally, which indicates a
sufficient influence of traditional views and attitudes on the formation of a family for
a considerable part of the republic's residents[16,17,18].
A third of respondents see the reason for consanguineous marriages primarily
in the insufficient medical literacy of the population, in ignorance of the negative
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consequences of such marriages for the health of future children. Every fourth
respondent explains this by the influence of ethnic, tribal and local customs, almost
every sixth - the desire of parents to protect children, especially girls, from the
influence of the negative aspects of life in modern society, the same number - financial
difficulties. According to 5% of respondents, such marriages contribute to
strengthening kinship [19,20].
The study revealed a high commitment of citizens to observing religious
traditions and rites when entering into marriage. This once again confirms that such
traditions are an integral part of the lifestyle of citizens of Uzbekistan and occupy a
fairly high place in the system of values and attitudes. The majority of respondents
(84.2%) consider it necessary to marry in a mosque (nikoh) or get married in a church.
At the same time, the number of supporters of religious wedding rites has increased
compared to 2002. Every tenth respondent (11.4%) considers this ceremony of
consecrating the marriage desirable, but not obligatory, and 2.5% - not necessary at
all[21,22].
The absolute majority of respondents (82.4%) have children. Every fourth
respondent (25.0%) has two children, 22.6% have three, 17.8% have four, 22.6% have
five or more children. And only 12.0% of respondents have one child. City dwellers
generally have two or three children, while rural residents have four or more.
The data obtained indicate changes in the traditional reproductive attitudes of
the population of Uzbekistan, a gradual transition from having many children to having
only a few children . According to two thirds of respondents (65.3%), the optimal
number of children in a family is up to three[23,24].
This attitude is more typical of young people aged 18-20. If among these age
categories, respectively, 4.2% and 6.5% of respondents believe that a family should
have as many children as "God gives", then among those aged 51-60 - 13.8%, 61-70 -
14.2%, 71 and older - 8.8%.
The respondents noted that the main reasons for having another child are: the
desire to have children (45.8%); the desire to observe family traditions and customs
(22.2%); the desire to have a boy (19.9%).
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A third of respondents (33.9%) believe that when deciding to have another
child, it is necessary to consider, first of all, the material level of the family, which
allows raising educated and healthy children. 30.4% of respondents are convinced that
it is necessary to take into account the health of the mother of the future child, and
every fifth respondent (19.6%) is of the opinion that ethnic, tribal and local customs
should be observed[25,26].
The survey revealed that the majority of the country's residents (76.7%) have a
positive attitude towards protection against unwanted pregnancy. Only 10.7% of
survey participants expressed a negative attitude[27].
The attitude of the country's citizens towards the facts of violence on the part
of the husband is consistently negative: in 2002 - 88.8%, in 2004 - 91.1%. Those who
consider it acceptable give the following arguments: the wife herself is to blame
(41.5%), this is sometimes the only way out of the situation (27.5%). The rest (31%)
found it difficult to explain their position[28,29].
In the event of violence from the husband, according to 19.2% of respondents,
the wife should endure. Every tenth is sure that the wife should think before arguing
with her husband. 8.7% of respondents claim that a woman who has been subjected to
violence should contact the mahalla committee, 3.9% - the police, 3.1% - the courts,
and 7.1% of respondents believe that the wife should file for divorce and leave[30].
According to 16.8% of respondents, the reason for violence against women is
a low level of culture, bad manners of the man, 15.7% - in the lack of mutual
understanding between husband and wife. Every tenth believes that the cause of
violence is material problems.
National values and traditions
In this study, a number of questions were devoted to the relevance of certain
traditions in modern Uzbek society, the reasons for the viability of some and the
extinction of others of rituals and customs, as well as intra-family holidays that are
preferred by residents of our country.
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The majority of respondents (79.1%) are interested in the history of Uzbekistan,
but the greatest interest is noted among young people aged 18-20, who only began to
study it in depth in educational institutions in the years of independence [31,32,].
More than a third of respondents (38.4%) try to adhere to folk traditions and
constantly observe the rites and rituals accepted in the area of their residence. Another
40.7% of respondents observe rites, but not regularly (if possible), 13.6% -
occasionally. And only 4.8% of respondents do not adhere to any folk traditions and
customs. The remaining 2.5% of respondents found it difficult to answer.
More than half of respondents (52.0%) explain the reasons for observing folk
traditions by the fact that they are the legacy of their ancestors, which must be
preserved and passed on to the next generation. 19.0% of respondents noted that the
immediate social environment, primarily the mahalla, obliges them to follow traditions.
Approximately the same number of respondents (14.6%) believe that by observing
traditions and rituals, they thereby bring joy to their loved ones (children, parents,
relatives), 2.2% express their belonging to the people and religious community[33,34].
Many modern families have their own family traditions that help strengthen
family ties and make family relationships more vibrant and intense. According to
43.6% of respondents, their families have such traditions (in 2002, 43.9%). Less than
a third of all respondents (30.6%) answered that their family does not have its own
family tradition, and 25.8% of respondents found it difficult to answer.
Conclusions
Survey data indicate that Uzbek society has developed a very specific and
systemic understanding of the main functions of the family in modern life. The
tendency to increase the role and importance of the family is growing in public opinion.
The assessment of the age desirable for starting a family is stabilizing.
According to every second respondent, the most optimal age for entering into marriage
for men is 24-25 years, for women - 18-20 years.
The attitude of citizens to the issue of family planning and the birth of a desired
child can be assessed as generally quite loyal. Most agree that family planning is
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currently necessary, that it gives the opportunity to have healthy and desired children,
provide them with good living conditions and give them a good education [35,36].
Thus, the results of sociological public opinion polls have shown that the family
as a social institution and social value has not lost its significance for the country's
population. Therefore, it is no coincidence that Uzbekistan is constantly working to
strengthen the foundations of family life, develop spirituality and tolerance, which
form the level of an individual's worldview, capable of accepting ongoing and
upcoming reforms[37,38].
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