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LEXICO-SEMANTIC FEATURES OF UZBEK-ENGLISH
ANTHROPONYMS
Payanova Dilbar Kurbanovna,
2
nd
course Master of
Termez University of economics and service,
Annotation:
This article discusses the lexico-semantic features of
anthroponyms, their origin and etymology. Also, anthroponyms are analyzed in
examples of UzbekEnglish surnames.
Key words:
name, surname, nickname, profession, time and space, society,
polygenesis.
Аннотация:
В
этой
статье
рассматриваются
лексико-
семантические особенности антропонимов, их происхождение и этимология.
Также, анализируются антропонимы в примерах узбекскo- английских
фамилий.
Ключевые слова:
имя, фамилия, кличка, псевдоним, профессия, время и
пространство, общество, полигенез.
Аннотация:
Ушбу мақолада антропонимларнинг лексик-семантик
хусусиятлари, уларнинг келиб чиқиши ва этимологияси хусусида фикр
юритилган. Шунингдек, антропонимлар ўзбек ва инглиз исм-шарифлари
мисолида таҳлил қилинган.
Калит сўзлар:
исм-шариф, лақаб, тахаллус,касб-ҳунар, макон ва замон,
жамият, полигенез.
"Surnames can reveal a lot about your family history, but they can also be a
mine of misinformation," writes Paul Blake in his article. [6;] Have you ever
wondered where your last name came from, or when and why people started using
them?
While I was taking a class on "Family Names" in the Gateway textbook, I
came across an article about English surnames and their origins. I became interested
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in the topic and decided to study it. In English-speaking countries, surnames are
usually called "last name" (literally, "last name"), or "surname", because the first
name is written first, followed by the surname. I have even seen some writers refer to
a given name as "given name" (literally, "name given at birth") or "forenames"
(literally, "name that comes before"). The word surname comes from the Anglo-
Norman words surname and Old French sornom, which in turn come from the
medieval Latin words supernomen and supranomen. [P.1,6]
G. Redmond in his book "Surnames in Genealogy: A New Approach" says:
"In my opinion, all genealogists should study in detail the surname they are studying;
they should study how widespread it was at different times and form an idea of its
history. This should always be considered in the light of other surnames and place
names in the community. If this means acquiring new skills and joining other
disciplines, then the genealogist's contribution to our society will ultimately be to
solve our long-standing historical problems." [4; P. 194]. I agree with him, because
there are a number of unresolved problems related to Uzbek surnames.
‘What is a name? If only a wise man knew it.’ Whoever wrote these famous
words must have got it right – in England alone there are about 45,000 different
surnames – each with its own history. [P.6]
Irish, Welsh and Highland names are largely derived from Gaelic personal
names, and traditional English and Highland surnames also reflect medieval society.
[2]
A surname is the name that you and all your family members have and that
you pass on from generation to generation. Is a surname widespread in Great Britain?
This probably indicates polygenesis, when the surname has developed several times
separately and the bearers of the surname are not related to each other. [P. 3-10]
In Uzbek linguistics, some work has been done to study the system of proper
names. In particular, E. Begmatov, N. Husanov, G. Sattorov, S. Rakhimov, I.
Khudoynazarov, R. Khudoyberganov and others have made a worthy contribution to
the collection of materials on Uzbek anthroponyms, the study of their lexical and
semantic properties, linguistic structure, ethnographic and motivational meanings of
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names, the observation of the specific aspects of Uzbek regional anthroponymy, and
the compilation of orthographic and explanatory dictionaries of names. However,
such problems as the emergence and development of Uzbek anthroponymy, the
nominative properties of names, the motivational foundations of naming, the role of
linguistic and non-linguistic principles, and the scientific study of anthroponymy from
a sociological perspective still await relevant researchers. Without studying the
system of names from a sociological perspective, it is impossible to scientifically
substantiate the origin of anthroponyms, the development, enrichment, and changing
characteristics of the anthroponym system [P.2].
I have come to realize that in European countries people can carry the same
surname for an entire generation, while Uzbeks can change their surnames every
generation. Many Uzbek surnames are of Arabic or Persian origin - Muhammadov,
Tal'atov, Bekhzodov and Mirzayev, for example, are formed by adding the suffixes
"-ov", "-ev" for men and "-ova", "eva" for women to the name of their grandfather.
However, English and Uzbek women can keep their surnames after marriage or
replace them with the surnames of their husbands. The tradition of adding the suffixes
"-ov", "-ova", "-eva", "-eva" to surnames originated in the Soviet Union and was
inherited from the former Soviet Union, and this tradition still continues in post-
Soviet countries. But the sources of English names are almost endless: nicknames,
physical characteristics, counties, trades, and almost everything else known to
mankind. Before the Norman Conquest of Great Britain, people did not have family
names that were passed down from generation to generation: they were called only
by their personal names or nicknames. [P.6]
Once we start to study the meaning of different surnames, we will find that
most of them answer one of these basic questions: who was this person's father or
grandfather? This gives us English surnames such as Maud or Madison. There are
many surnames that begin with Mc or Mac, such as McQueen or MacMillan. Many
people may not know that the origin of the surnames of this type is Scottish, while the
surnames "O" Connell or O'Sullivan are Irish and mean "son of ...".
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When communities were small, each person was known by one name, but as
the population grew, it became necessary to identify people differently, and this led
to the formation of surnames; for example,
James the cook, Tim the long, David from
Blackburn, Mariam of the forest, Nick son of Raymond
, etc. Gradually, many names
became corrupted and their original meaning is now not easily understood. After the
Norman barons introduced surnames to Great Britain, their widespread use began. At
first, distinctive names were not stable, but eventually people began to get used to
them. Thus, professions, nicknames, places of birth and patronymics became
permanent surnames - for example,
Potter
and
Tailor, Armstrong
and
Longman,
Towers
and
Orchard, Benson
and
Dixon.
By the 12th century, most English and
Scottish families had inherited the use of their ancestors' surnames.
In the Middle Ages, a similar situation can be observed with respect to Uzbek
family names to the English. Although at that time the Uzbeks did not have such
surnames, they were called by their "father's name". The father's name was derived
from nicknames, physical characteristics, place of birth, trade, or congenital defects.
After the Arab invasion of the Transoxiana region in the 7th-8th centuries,
local men received full names such as "Abu Ali ibn Sino or Avicenna in the West,
Abu Raykhan Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Biruni or Al-Biruni in English. Here "abu"
means father and "ibn" means son. As for local women, their names were preceded
by "binni or binti", which meant "daughter".
As for English surnames, most of them are derived from work, profession,
trade or social status, if a person was a plumber, he could be called
Rudolph Plumber
,
because in many cases his sons continued their father's profession and this gradually
became a surname.
Smith, Wright
and
Tailor
are the three most common English
surnames.
Cook
and
Turner
are also very popular. The surname
Smith
comes from
the word "blacksmith", which is a traditional profession for making metal objects such
as horseshoes.
Baker
(a person who bakes bread),
Shepherd
(a person who looks after
sheep) and
Carpenter
(a person who works with wood) are all English surnames. A
similar situation can be seen in Uzbek families. For example, "
Toshtemirov-
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Blacksmith, Pulatov-Steelman, Orokboyev-Cropper
" means that these people's
fathers were masters of horseshoes and blacksmiths.
Many English Christian surnames are derived from personal names and have
become surnames without any changes. Many people are given surnames such as
Nicholson
or
Harrison
. There are also other surnames such as
Simpson, Stephenson,
Thompson, Robinson
and
Richardson
. Wil is a short form of
Walter
, and there is also
the surname
Wilson.
The "s-" at the end of a personal name means son, for example, there are
surnames such as
Jones, Thomas, Davies
and
Evans
. Names such as
Robin
or
Robert
are sometimes shortened to
Bob
, so in English-speaking countries there are
Bobs
,
Robbo
or
Steve
. This situation can be found in almost all Uzbek surnames.
For
example, Bahrom-Bahromov, Ravshan-Ravshanov, Jasur-Jasurov and others.
Islamic names such as Hamid, Qodir, Abdullah were popular among the people.
The surnames
Davies and Davis
are both derived from "son of
Davy
." (
Davy
is a shortened form of
David
.) Some people's names end in "kin" or "kins." Thus we
have
Atkins
and
Wilkins,
from
Ad-Kins
(
Adam-Kins
). We also have the surname
Dawkins.
(
Daw
was a shortened form of
David
, hence the surname
Dawson
).
Huggins
is derived from
Hugh-kins, Jenkins
from
Jean-Kins
. However, some people are given
the surname of their fathers, such as
Arnold, Henry, Howard,
or
Thomas
. [P.7]
Sometimes people are given surnames based on the names of those places
because they lived in places with certain geographical features, such as steppes or
forests. These are derived from the name of the place where the owner and his family
lived, and this is common among English surnames. They were first introduced to
England by the Normans, and many of them were named after their private estates.
Thus, many English surnames are derived from the name of the town, county, or
property in which the person lived, worked, or owned. [P.5]
Such surnames are found among Uzbeks in the Middle Ages. Al-Khorazmi
was from Khorazm, al-Farghani from Ferghana or Imam Al-Bukhari from Bukhara.
Many English surnames are derived from nicknames, or sometimes they are
descriptive names. Proud people might be called kings, princes, bishops, or abbots.
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(Although surnames like Bishop and Abbot may have arisen because someone served
as a bishop or abbot. They may have been the children of priests.)
Surnames derived from plants and animals are certainly nicknames - Catt,
Sparrow, and Oak are examples of these, but they can also be names of places or even
professions. But many nicknames are derived from colors or shapes -
Armstrong and
Strongitharm, Heavyside, Quickly, Slowman, Smallman, Fairfax, and Blunt - the
blond ones, for example
. [P.6]
As for Uzbek surnames, they can be a birth defect, a person’s appearance, or
people can choose any word they like or as a nickname. Temurlang means a lame
person, Abbosov means that this person’s grandfather was born with a frown,
Julkunboy was the pseudonym of the writer Abdulla Qodiriy.
In conclusion, it should be said that since this area has not been fully studied
yet, one of the important tasks of linguists is to pay attention to the lexical-semantic
features of Uzbek-English surnames. This may arouse some people’s interest in
surnames. The findings I have presented indicate that English and Uzbek surnames
have both similarities and differences. There is still a lot to be researched in this area,
and I will continue to study this topic.
LITERATURE:
1. Бегматов Э. Антропонимика узбекского языка: Автореф. дисс… канд. филол.
наук. – Ташкент, 1965. – 28с.
2. Begmatov E., Oʻzbek ismlari maʼnosi, T., 1998.- 604 b.
3. Derek A. Palgrave (2012), “The surnames handbook: A guide to family name
research in the 21st century”, History Press Limited, p.p:224 ;
4. Ellen Castelow “Surnames”, https://www.historic-uk.com/CultureUK/ Surnames/.
5. Dr Graham Davis (2010), “Your Surname and Your Family Tree”, How to books,
pp. 224.
6. G. Redmonds (2002), “Surnames in Genealogy: A New Approach”, Federation of
Family History Societies, p.p:237.
7. Kimberly Powell (2019), “English Surnames Meanings and Origins”, https://
www.thoughtco.com/english-surnames-meanings-and-origins-1422405
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8. Paul Blake (2011), “What’s in a name? Your link to the Past”,
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/familyhistory/get_started/
9. Tim Lambert (2019), “The origins of some English last names”,
