MODERN EDUCATION AND DEVELOPMENT
Выпуск журнала №-20
Часть–3_ Февраль –2025
115
CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM CHARACTERISTICS IN THE
FETUS DURING THE ANTENATAL PERIOD
Fayzullayeva Xilola Baxronovna
Samarkand State Medical University
Samarkand, Uzbekistan
ANNOTATION: The biochemical characteristics of the fetus in the late
antenatal period largely determine the chemical composition and metabolic
processes in the newborn's div. Fetal metabolism and biochemical indicators are
influenced by both processes occurring within the fetus itself and those taking place
in the mother's div, including the transport of metabolites through the placental
barrier from the mother to the fetus.
KEYWORDS: antenatal, fetus, glucose, insulin, glycogen, diglyceride.
RESEARCH OBJECTIVE
To study the biochemical characteristics of carbohydrate metabolism in the
fetus during the antenatal period.
RESEARCH RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
During intrauterine development, carbohydrates serve as the primary energy
source for the fetus. The state of carbohydrate metabolism in the fetus and newborns
is determined by the maturity of endocrine regulatory mechanisms. Glucose transport
through the placenta plays a crucial role in maintaining fetal homeostasis. However,
the amount of glucose transferred to the fetus via the placenta is not constant, as
maternal blood glucose levels fluctuate throughout the day. Changes in the
insulin/glucose ratio in the fetus can lead to acute or long-term metabolic disorders.
During the last trimester of intrauterine development, glycogen stores in the
fetal liver and muscles significantly increase. At this stage, glycogenolysis and
gluconeogenesis become essential sources of glucose for the fetus.
MODERN EDUCATION AND DEVELOPMENT
Выпуск журнала №-20
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The presence of placental circulation creates unique metabolic features in the
fetus, primarily characterized by limited oxygen supply. As a result, anaerobic
glycolysis is intensified, leading to metabolic acidosis. Due to the relatively low
oxygen content, the fetal tissues predominantly utilize the ancient anaerobic pathway
of carbohydrate oxidation.
Glucose catabolism in the fetus proceeds through the aldose reductase
reaction, converting glucose into sorbitol, which is then oxidized by sorbitol
dehydrogenase into fructose. This explains the presence of fructose and sorbitol in
fetal blood. In adults, this pathway is physiologically insignificant since glucose is
primarily metabolized via glucokinase and hexokinase reactions.
The pentose phosphate pathway of glucose oxidation is highly active in the
fetus, providing pentoses and NADPH₂, which are essential for nucleic acid synthesis,
high-energy compounds, and lipids. The activity of the key oxidative enzyme of this
pathway, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, is maximal in the fetus and decreases
after birth.
Glycogen synthesis in the fetus is most active during the last 2–3 months of
intrauterine development. By the final weeks of pregnancy, glycogen content in the
liver reaches 10%, while in muscle tissue, it reaches 3%. The fetus also exhibits
relative hypoglycemia.
Carbohydrate-digesting enzymes are synthesized in the fetal intestinal
mucosa, participating in the breakdown of disaccharides into monosaccharides, which
are then absorbed. By the 32nd week of pregnancy, their activity reaches 70% of the
level found in full-term newborns. The key enzyme, lactase, develops more slowly
and is only detected in trace amounts by the 30th–34th week of pregnancy, with its
activity increasing towards the end of normal gestation.
CONCLUSION
Studying carbohydrate metabolism in the fetus during the antenatal period
enables early detection, accurate diagnosis, and therapeutic correction of pathological
conditions that may arise in the postnatal period.
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