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IMPACT OF BIOSTIMULANT TREATMENTS ON LEAF
DEVELOPMENT IN VARIOUS SOYBEAN CULTIVARS
Iminov Abduvali Abdumannobovich
Doctor of Agricultural Sciences, Professor, Tashkent State Agrarian University
Buriboev Bekzod Etmish ugli
PhD Student, Research Institute of Plant Genetic Resources.
bekzod9225@gmail.com
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15787979
Abstract.
This article presents data on the effects of applying the
biostimulants “Uz Gumin” and “Fitovak” as well as the biopreparation “Yer
Malhami” on the formation of leaf number in soybean plants of the “Nafis” (local)
and “Vilana” (foreign) cultivars. Treatments were applied before sowing and
during the budding, flowering, and pod formation stages. Field experiment
results revealed that each biostimulant had a different level of impact on leaf
organ formation. Notably, the application of “Yer Malhami” resulted in the
formation of 36.7 leaves in the “Nafis” cultivar and 36.6 leaves in the “Vilana”
cultivar during the pod formation stage, exceeding the control by 4.1 and 5.7
leaves, respectively. The application of “Fitovak” during all three growth stages
also demonstrated high effectiveness, significantly increasing the number of
leaves.
Keywords:
Soybean, Biostimulants, Uz Gumin, Fitovak, Yer malhami, Nafis
and Vilana cultivars, number of leaves, vegetation period
Аннотация.
В данной статье представлены данные о влиянии
применения биостимуляторов «Уз гумин», «Фитовак» и биопрепарата «Ер
малҳами» на формирование количества листьев у сортов сои «Нафис»
(местный) и «Вилана» (зарубежный) при обработке семян до посева, а
также в фазах бутонизации, цветения и формирования стручков.
Результаты полевых исследований показали, что каждый из
биостимуляторов по-разному влияет на формирование листовых органов
растения. В частности, применение биопрепарата «Ер малҳами» в фазе
формирования стручков привело к образованию 36,7 листьев у сорта
«Nafis» и 36,6 листьев у сорта «Вилана», что на 4,1-5,7 листьев больше по
сравнению с контролем. Также установлено, что трёхэтапное применение
биостимулятора «Фитовак» демонстрирует высокую эффективность и
способствует значительному увеличению количества листьев.
Ключевые слова:
Соя, Биостимуляторы, Уз гумин, Фитовак,
Ер
малҳами, Сорта сои Nafis и Vilana, количество листьев, Вегетационный
период
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Introduction.
Soybean (Glycine max) is one of the most widely cultivated
and economically important crops in the world. Currently, soybean is grown in
104 countries on approximately 120.5 million hectares annually, yielding more
than 333.7 million tons of production. This translates to an average of 50
kilograms of soybeans per capita in soybean-producing countries. According to
international statistics, global soybean production was projected to increase by
11% in 2022-2023 due to the expansion of soybean cultivation areas in South
America, with total production expected to reach 389 million tons. However, in
recent years, global soybean yields have shown a declining trend. This situation
highlights the urgent need for scientific research focused on developing new
soybean cultivars that are resistant to climate change, drought, diseases, pests,
and insects, as well as on implementing innovative technologies that promote
resource-efficient cultivation practices
[1].
Review of the Literature.
The leaf is one of the primary organs of plants
and is actively involved in key physiological processes such as photosynthesis,
respiration, and transpiration. A leaf typically consists of three main parts: (1)
the petiole, which attaches the leaf to the stem; (2) the leaf blade, which
constitutes the main div of the leaf; and (3) the leaf base, which firmly
connects the leaf to the stem. The morphological, anatomical, and ecological
characteristics of leaves play a crucial role in helping plants adapt to their
environmental conditions and support their growth and development.
Furthermore, leaves are not only essential for individual plant function but also
hold significant importance for the entire ecosystem, contributing to ecological
stability and playing an active role in atmospheric gas exchange [8].
As A.A. Nichiporovich emphasized, “achieving high yields means
establishing a system that ensures the efficient use of photosynthesis, which is
the primary function of green plants” Therefore, in crop production, particular
attention is paid to the number of leaves, their development, and total leaf
surface area [3].
The formation of organic matter in plants results from the physiological
activity of chlorophyll granules in the leaves, in conjunction with the absorption
of essential mineral nutrients through the root system [9].
Up to 95% of the total organic matter accumulated in plants is attributed
to the photosynthesis process that occurs in the leaves, while only 5-10% is
associated with root activity. Since photosynthesis takes place in the leaves, it is
critically important to assess how agrotechnological practices influence leaf
development. During photosynthesis, approximately 80-90% of the plant’s
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biological yield potential is formed. Therefore, plant growth, development, and
productivity are directly dependent on the efficiency of the photosynthetic
process [2].
Research Conditions and Methodology.
Field experiments were
conducted at the educational and research experimental farm of Tashkent State
Agrarian University. The experimental site is located in Qibray district, Tashkent
region, on the right bank of the Chirchiq River, at an altitude of 550-570 meters
above sea level.
The soil of the experimental farm is classified as typical irrigated sierozem,
which has been traditionally irrigated for many years.
The experiment included 20 variants, each arranged in 4 rows, with a row
spacing of 70 cm. The area of each experimental plot was 70 m², measuring 2.8
meters in width and 25 meters in length. Of this, 35 m² was used for data
collection. The total experimental area was 4,200 m². The variants were
arranged in a randomized design with three replications.
The research was carried out under both field and laboratory conditions,
using the methodologies outlined in “Methods of Conducting Field Experiments”
(UzPITI) [4], B. Dospekhov’s “Methodology of Field Experiments” [6], and the
“Methodology of State Variety Testing of Agricultural Crops” [5]. In addition, the
methods described in “Methods of Agrochemical and Agrophysical Research of
Soils in Central Asia” were applied. For determining leaf surface area,
Nichiporovich’s gravimetric method was used, and for assessing the number and
weight of nodules, the method developed by G.S. Posipankov [7] was employed.
Research Results.
Based on the results of the research conducted during
the study year, the effect of various biostimulants on the number of leaves and
their formation during different vegetative stages (bud formation, flowering, and
pod development) was examined in soybean plants of the “Nafis” and “Vilana”
varieties. Each biostimulant was applied according to different treatment
schemes: seed treatment before sowing (ml/t or l/t), and foliar spraying during
bud formation, flowering, and pod formation stages (ml/ha or l/ha). In the
control variant, no biostimulants were applied, and these samples were
evaluated as background indicators of plant physiology without any treatment
effects.
In the control variant of the “Nafis” variety, an average of 4.8 leaves were
observed during the bud formation stage, 19.8 leaves during flowering, and 32.6
leaves during the pod development stage. These values reflect the biological
potential of the variety in the absence of any biostimulant application.
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Application of the biostimulant “Uz Gumin” at a rate of 300 ml/t for seed
treatment, 500 ml/ha during the bud formation stage, and 800 ml/ha during the
flowering pod formation stages led to an increase in the number of leaves. It was
found that during the bud formation stage, an average of 5.3 leaves were
formed; during flowering, 21.5 leaves; and during pod development, 34.0 leaves
per plant. This indicates a notable increase in leaf number at each stage
compared to the control: 0.5 more leaves during bud formation, 2.0 more during
flowering, and 1.4 more during pod development.
When the biostimulant “Fitovak” was applied only as a seed treatment at a
rate of 200 ml/t, the following results were observed: an average of 5.2 leaves
formed during the bud formation stage, 21.0 during flowering, and 33.7 during
the pod formation stage. These indicators were close to those obtained from the
application of “Uz Gumin”, demonstrating that even seed-only treatment with
“Fitovak” had a significant impact. This suggests that “Fitovak” has the potential
to influence the plant’s internal metabolism from the early stages of
development.
Moreover, when “Fitovak” was applied in a combined scheme 200 ml/t on
seeds and 300 ml/ha during the bud formation stage the results were even more
pronounced: 5.6 leaves were observed during bud formation, 21.8 during
flowering, and 34.3 during pod formation. During the flowering stage alone, this
represented an increase of 2.3 leaves compared to the control.
In the three-stage application scheme of the “Fitovak” biostimulant, the
highest results were recorded: when applied at a rate of 200 ml/t to the seeds,
300 ml/ha at the budding stage, and 500 ml/ha during the flowering and pod
formation stages, the number of leaves formed was 5.9 during budding, 23.0
during flowering, and 35.6 during pod formation. This indicates that multi-stage
and complex application of the biostimulant has a positive effect on the
development of leaf organs in the plant.
The “Yer malhami” biopreparation also demonstrated high efficacy during
the experiment. When applied at a rate of 2.0 l/t to the seeds, the results were as
follows: 5.4 leaves at the budding stage, 21.6 leaves at flowering, and 34.4 leaves
at pod formation. When the biopreparation was applied to the seeds (2.0 l/t), at
the budding stage (2.0 l/ha), and again during flowering and pod formation
stages (2.0 l/ha), even higher results were achieved: 5.9 leaves during budding,
23.9 during flowering, and 36.7 during pod formation.
During the 2023 field experiments, the formation of leaves in the “Vilana”
soybean variety was analyzed under the influence of different biostimulants
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(“Uz gumin”, “Fitovak”) and the biopreparation (“Yer malhami”). Under
experimental conditions, each biostimulant was applied in different
combinations: seed treatment only, as well as during the budding, flowering, and
pod formation stages. Based on the collected data, the morphological changes of
this variety were thoroughly analyzed.
In the control variant, where no biostimulants were applied, the “Vilana”
soybean variety formed an average of 4.1 leaves during the budding stage, 15.9
leaves during the flowering stage, and 30.9 leaves during the pod formation
stage. These indicators reflect the morphological potential of this variety under
natural growing conditions. When the biostimulant “Uz gumin” was applied at a
rate of 300 ml/t to seeds, 500 ml/ha during the budding stage, and 800 ml/ha
during the flowering stage, a significant increase in the number of leaves was
observed in the “Vilana” soybean variety.
Table 1
Effect of biostimulant treatments on the number of leaves formed in
soybean varieties (leaves per plant)
Variant
number
Soybean
varieties
Biostimulant
names
Pre-sowing
seed
treatment
rate
Budding
stage
During
flowering and
pod
formation
Budding Flowering
Pod
setting
stage
1
Nafis
Control
Untreated
4,8
19,5
32,6
2
Uz gumin
300 ml/t
500
ml/ha
800 ml/ha
5,3
21,5
34,0
3
Fitovak
200 ml/t
-
-
5,2
21,0
33,7
4
200 ml/t
300
ml/ha
-
5,6
21,8
34,3
5
200 ml/t
-
500 ml/ha
5,4
22,3
34,9
6
200 ml/t
300
ml/ha
500 ml/ha
5,9
23,0
35,6
7
Yer malhami
2,0 l/t
-
-
5,4
21,6
34,4
8
2,0 l/t
2,0 l/ha
-
5,5
22,5
35,4
9
2,0 l/t
-
2,0 l/ha
5,3
23,4
35,9
10
2,0 l/t
2,0 l/ha
2,0 l/ha
5,9
23,9
36,7
11
Vilana
Control
Untreated
4,1
15,9
30,9
12
Uz gumin
300 ml/t
500
ml/ha
800 ml/ha
4,3
18,4
33,2
13
Fitovak
200 ml/t
-
-
4,2
17,2
32,8
14
200 ml/t
300
ml/ha
-
4,8
19,2
33,6
15
200 ml/t
-
500 ml/ha
4,5
19,9
34,1
16
200 ml/t
300
ml/ha
500 ml/ha
4,7
20,5
35,0
17
Yer malxami
2,0 l/t
-
-
4,4
18,4
33,7
18
2,0 l/t
2,0 l/ha
-
4,9
19,6
34,8
19
2,0 l/t
-
2,0 l/ha
4,6
20,3
35,1
20
2,0 l/t
2,0 l/ha
2,0 l/ha
5,1
21,2
36,6
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Specifically, the number of leaves reached 4.3 during the budding stage
(0.2 more than the control variant), 18.4 during the flowering stage (2.5 more
than the control), and 33.2 during the pod formation stage (2.3 more than the
control).
When the “Fitovak” biostimulant was applied only to seeds at a rate of 200
ml/t, noticeable changes were observed. In this variant, the number of leaves
reached 4.2 during the budding stage, 17.2 during flowering, and 32.8 during the
pod formation stage. Although these results were relatively lower than other
combined treatment variants, they still showed an increase compared to the
control: 1.9 additional leaves during both the flowering and pod formation
stages. Even more positive results were observed when the biostimulant was
applied in two stages 200 ml/t to seeds and 300 ml/ha during the budding stage.
Under this treatment, 4.8 leaves were formed during budding, 19.2 during
flowering, and 33.6 during pod formation. Notably, there was an increase of 3.3
leaves at the flowering stage compared to the control. When the “Fitovak”
biostimulant was applied in three stages 200 ml/t to seeds, 300 ml/ha during
budding, and 500 ml/ha during the flowering and pod formation stages the
results improved significantly. Specifically, 4.7 leaves were observed during
budding, 20.5 during flowering, and 35.0 during pod formation.
In the “Vilana” variety, the application of the biopreparation “Yer
malhami” also produced positive results. When applied to seeds at a rate of 2.0
l/t, the number of leaves formed was 4.4 during the budding stage, 18.4 during
flowering, and 33.7 during pod formation. The best results were recorded when
the biostimulant was applied in three stages: 2.0 l/t to seeds, 2.0 l/ha during
budding, and 2.0 l/ha during the flowering and pod formation stages. Following
the seed treatment and subsequent foliar applications during budding and
flowering, the number of leaves increased to 5.1 at the budding stage, 21.2 at
flowering, and 36.6 during pod formation.
Conclusion.
As a result of field experiments, the influence of various
biostimulants and biopreparations on the number of leaves in soybean plants
was determined. According to the research findings, the application scheme and
timing of the preparations played a significant role in the leaf development of
both “Nafis” and “Vilana” varieties. In particular, the application of the
biostimulants “Uz gumin” and “Fitovak” to the seeds and during key vegetative
growth stages led to a notable increase in leaf number compared to the control.
When “Fitovak” was applied at a rate of 200 ml/t to seeds, 300 ml/ha at the
budding stage, and 500 ml/ha during the flowering and pod formation stages,
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the number of leaves reached 35.6 in the “Nafis” variety and 35.0 in the “Vilana”
variety. These figures were significantly higher than those in the untreated
control variants, showing an increase of 3.0 to 4.7 leaves. The staged application
of the biopreparation “Yer malhami” also showed high efficiency, increasing the
number of leaves. Overall, the targeted use of biostimulants and biopreparations
proved to be an effective factor in enhancing leaf formation in soybean plants.
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