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THE MAIN DIRECTIONS OF MODERN PRAGMALINGUISTICS:
IDEAS AND PERSPECTIVES
Abdurasulova Dilnoza Qodirjon qizi
Phd student of Tashkent State University of
Uzbek Language and Literature named after
of Alisher Navoi, Republic of Uzbekistan
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12528290
Abstract. This article analyzes current issues of pragmatics,
pragmalinguistics, and pragmatics.The philological basis is interpreted. In
addition, the human factor in pragmatics has been studied in detail. Perspective
indicators are highlighted.
Keywords: analyze, pragmatics, pragmalinguistics, human factor,
communication strategy. communicative tactics.
Today man is at the center of all scientific fields. And linguistics in this
sense is no exception. Linguists turned to the "human factor", to the native
speaker - a person, a speaking person. Thus, the stage of research, which was
based on formal criteria for the analysis of language, ended. Linguists have
directed their interests in the field of the study of speech messages, taking into
account speech impact as an important means of human communication.
Increasing attention was paid to pragmatic influences, and pragmatics as a
science came to the fore.
Pragmatics is an element of the "semiotic triad". Following the American
researcher C.W. Morris, it is customary to divide semiotics into semantics,
syntactics and pragmatics. At the same time, within the framework of semantics,
CW Morris proposed to study "the relationship of signs to their objects", within
the framework of syntactics - "the formal relationship of signs to each other,"
and pragmatics assigned the role of studying "the relationship of signs to
interpreters," ie., to those "who use signs - speaking, listening, writing, reading."
Pragmalinguistics is one of the directions in modern pragmatics and can be
interpreted as the linguistic section of pragmatics.
Communication strategy. Communicative tactics. The totality of moves
planned in advance and realized in the course of a speech act is defined as a
communicative strategy. The definition of a communicative strategy depends on
the goals and objectives of the study, which determine the choice of the sender
of certain speech actions. Each utterance, like their sequence. performs many
functions and pursues many goals, in connection with this, the speaker chooses
those linguistic means that best suit them.
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In the most general sense, a communication strategy includes planning the
process of verbal communication depending on the specific conditions of
communication and the personalities of the communicants, as well as the
implementation of this plan. In other words, a communication strategy is a
complex of thoughtful and motivated speech actions aimed at achieving a
communicative goal. Speech actions, similar in their communicative intention,
and, consequently, in semantic content, are combined into tactics subordinate to
the goals of verbal communication. Communicative tactics is understood as a set
of practical speech actions for the implementation of communicative intention in
the real process of speech interaction. Unlike a communicative strategy,
communicative tactics is primarily related not to a communicative goal - the
global concept of verbal communication, but to a set of communicative
intentions that depend on various factors.
Since communicative strategies are implemented in speech actions and
are associated with predicting the situation, their origins should be sought in
motives that govern human activity, i.e., communicative strategies as a type of
human activity have a deep connection with the motives that govern the speech
behavior of a person, and a clear, observable connection with his needs and
desires. The transformation of a motive into a motive-goal, the choice of one of
several goals, the allocation of intermediate goals are the basis of the mechanism
of communicative strategies. Two types of basic goals can be distinguished,
which reflect the essential motives of human behavior. Firstly, this is the desire
to be effective (that is, to realize the intention), and secondly, the need to adapt
to the situation. On this basis, primary and secondary goals are identified.
The implicatures of communication are connected with the linguistic
content of the utterance only indirectly. They allow the speaker to realize his
communicative intention without resorting to verbal expression of what the
listener can deduce from the direct meaning of the utterance. They also explain
how the "speaker's meaning" can include more than the literal meaning of the
sentence (indirect speech acts), how it can deviate from the literal meaning
(metaphor) or even be opposite to it (irony).
They are derived from the content of the sentence, but owe their existence
to the fact that the participants in the speech act are bound by a common goal of
communicative cooperation. As you can see, a significant part of understanding
is not related to linguistic rules that assign a certain meaning to a sentence
based on the meaning of its components, but to our ability to draw conclusions
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about the speaker's real intention, which does not coincide with what is literally
"said."
A perlocutionary act is understood as the result of the impact that a given
statement has on the addressee. This does not mean the fact that the addressee
understands the meaning of the statement, but those changes in the state or
behavior of the addressee that are the result of this understanding. A certain
statement, or requirement, or question can change the addressee's stock of
knowledge, can irritate or amuse him, scare him, make him do something.
So, making a speech act, the speaker in a certain way affects the
interlocutor, while realizing his own specific communicative intention with a
specific purpose. In each speech act, its locutionary, illocutionary and
perlocutionary stages are realized.
Consider the outside of a speech act. The main components of the external
side of the speech act were called by Aristotle, who laid the foundations of
rhetoric and identified three components in speech: the speaker, the subject of
discussion and the person to whom the speaker addresses.
As for the components of the external structure of a speech act and their
number, there is no consensus among linguists either. On the basis of existing
research, from three to twelve components are usually distinguished in a speech
act, among them: 1) the sender; 2) the recipient: 3) the source material of the
utterance (presupposition of the speakers); 4) the purpose of the message; 5)
context and situation of communication.
The most significant of them are: 1) purpose; 2) the direction of the
correspondence between expression and reality; 3) the inner state of the
speaker; 4) features of the propositional content of a speech act; 5) the
connection of a speech act with extra-linguistic establishments or institutions.
Taking into account these parameters, the entire set of illocutionary acts was
divided by J. Searle into five main classes:1) representations, 2) directives, 3)
commissions, 4) expressive 5) declarations.
In the theory of speech acts, a distinction is made between direct and
indirect acts. In direct acts of speech, the illocutionary effect is predetermined by
the direct meaning of the utterance. In indirect acts of speech, this effect does
not correspond to the direct meaning of the utterance, but is conditioned by the
background knowledge (presupposition) of the speakers, the conditions of
communication.
Differentiation of direct and indirect speech acts and the corresponding
direct and indirect statements leads to the need to distinguish between the
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proper and pragmatic meaning of linguistic units. Their own meaning follows
from the general linguistic meaning of the components of the utterance. The
pragmatic meaning is reflected in the functional orientation of the statement.
The distinction between proper and pragmatic meaning is especially important
for "speech words", indicators of various aspects of a speech act. The study of
speech indicators is important in an interlingual comparative plan, since
different languages can use different means to express the same pragmatic
meaning.
These means can be both explicit and implicit. In the works of P. Grice,
mechanisms of speech implication are developed. According to his theory, the
information transmitted in a speech act is divided into two parts. What is really
said, and what is said, that is, is the logical content of the statement. For all the
rest of the information that can be extracted by the listener from a particular
utterance, the term "implicature" is introduced. Implicatures are divided into
two types - conventional (presuppositions) and non-conventional
(communication implicatures).
Conventional implicatures include all those non-truth-related aspects of
information that are conveyed by a utterance only by virtue of the meaning of
the words or forms it contains. Conventional implicatures are closely related to
what the proposal says.
Traditional studies of the speech act are considered to be the works of the
English scientists J.R. Searle and J. Austin, who considered a speech act as a
purposeful speech action performed by a certain subject of communication in
relation to a certain addressee under certain conditions with a definite intention
and in accordance with the principles and rules of speech behavior adopted in a
given society6. Subsequently, such linguists as J.F. Allen and R. Perrault (1986).
N.D. Arutyunova (1990). V.V. Dement'ev (1997), I.M. Kobozeva (1986 ).O. G.
Pocheptsov (1986), A. Cohen (1990) and others.
In linguistic literature, the inner and outer sides of the speech act are
distinguished. Consider the inner side of a speech act.
The inner side of the speech act consists in the delimitation of its three
stages: locutionary, illocutionary and perlocutionary acts. A locative act is
understood as the fact of pronouncing a phrase (the act of phonation), supplying
the utterance with meaning and reference (the act of reference) and assigning
certain properties and relations to objects (the act of predication).
An illocutionary act is understood as a speech purposeful action of a
phrase, focused on the listener and implying the possible consequences of a
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pronounced utterance, namely a reaction to a speech action. In the illocutionary
act, the interlocutors realize the communicative intention in the implementation
of the speech act. It is considered in the theoretical literature in connection with
the concept of the illocutionary force of the utterance.
The illocutionary power of the utterance (illocution) is understood as the
meaning put by the speaker in the utterance of the utterance, perceived and
realized by the listener.
Various classifications of speech acts are built on the basis of the concept
of "illocutionary act". The most widely discussed is the classification of speech
acts according to their purposefulness. From this point of view, all speech acts
can be divided into informative and non-informative. The most famous
classification of informative illocutionary acts was constructed by the American
logician and philosopher J. Searle. The basis of this classification is a group of
features, which the author himself calls "the directions of differences between
illocutionary acts."
Aspects of functional pragmalinguistics. Speech activity as an object of functional
pragmalinguistics
Within the framework of functional pragmalinguistics, various aspects of verbal
communication fall into the field of view of researchers. So, for example, the
factors of generating utterances are studied, the conditions for the successful
implementation of speech acts are identified, the issues of understanding the
meaning put by the communicants in the utterance are discussed, the rules that
determine the effective flow of speech communication are considered, the ways
of interpreting utterances from the point of view of the addressee, the addressee
and the audience present are investigated. In other words, various aspects of
speech activity are studied, which is the object of the study of functional
pragmalinguistics.
In functional pragmalinguistics, speech activity is considered as the
activity of the sender of the text according to a conscious, motivated, purposeful
choice of goals of influence, for the sake of which the communication was
started. These goals make it possible to segment the communication process, to
identify strategically significant speech units.
Awareness of primary goals stimulates the consideration of other
secondary goals. The latter are derived from various motives of human activity.
Since there are usually multiple ways to achieve a goal in communication,
strategies are about choice. In real communication, the speaker often has more
than one goal: even one motive admits several goals, and usually the behavior of
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a person is conditioned by several motives. Therefore, the effectiveness of a
communication strategy is assessed by achieving the maximum number of goals
or depending on their hierarchy: the most desirable goals must be achieved first.
The speaker at different stages determines the priority of a particular goal and
accordingly adjusts his speech actions. Thus, the communication strategy
controls the optimal solution of the system of problems in a flexible and locally
controlled way.
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4. Matveeva GG Latent grammatical meanings and identification of the social
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