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COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENTS AND THEIR DETERMINING FACTORS
IN PATIENTS WITH TYPE 1 DIABETES MELLITUS
Safarov S.S.
Bukhara State Medical Institute
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14325126
Abstract
Language teaching and learning programs provide students the
opportunity to discover how languages are learned and how they may be most-
effectively taught. These programs allow students to consider questions
including the subsequent: What theoretical troubles underline the teaching and
studying of language?
Key words:
language, learning, teaching, second language,
communication, speech, human behavior, expression, synonyms of language.
Getting to know a second language is a protracted and complicated venture.
Your complete individual is affected as you conflict to attain past the confines of
your first language and into a new language, a new lifestyle, a brand new way of
questioning, feeling, and appearing. Overall commitment, general involvement, a
complete physical, intellectual. And emotional reaction is essential to efficiently
send and receive messages in a second language. Many variables are worried in
the acquisition process. Language mastering isn't a fixed of smooth steps that
can be programmed in a brief do-it-yourself package. So much is at stake that
courses in overseas languages are often inadequate education grounds, in and of
themselves, for the success learning of a 2d language. Few if any human beings
achieve fluency in a foreign language solely inside the confines of the lecture
room. It is able to seem contradictory, then, that this eBook is about both gaining
knowledge of and coaching. however some of the contradiction is removed if
you have a look at the coaching process as the facilitation of getting to know,
wherein you may educate an overseas language correctly if, among other
matters, you realize something approximately that tricky net of variables that
are spun together to have an effect on how and why one learns or falls to
research a 2d language.
LANGUAGE
Language is using a system of communique which consists of a set of sounds or
written symbols. College students tested how youngsters collect language.
Language isn't artwork but each is styles of human conduct. Synonyms: speech,
communique, expression, talking extra synonyms of language. Styles of
language: Expressive language: How infants talk to others thru increasingly
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more sophisticated speech and improved vocabulary. Pragmatic language: all
the subtle facets of language – facial expressions, div, moves, tone, extent,
inflection, thoughts about whilst to speak and for how lengthy. This kind that
helps you to examine. Due to the fact this is conversation of human beings. This
is a vital part. A definition is a statement captures the important thing features of
an idea. Those capabilities may additionally vary, relying for your own (or the
lexicographer's) know-how of the construct. And. most crucial, that know-how is
basically a "principle" that explicates the assemble. So a definition of a term can
be notion of as a condensed version of a concept. Conversely, a concept is
really—or now not so certainly—an extended definition. Defining, dicrefore is
critical commercial enterprise: it calls for choices about which aspects of
something are worthy of being included. Assume you were stopped by means of
a reporter on the street, and inside the route of an interview about your field of
examine, you have been requested: "nicely, because you're interested by second
language acquisition, please define language in a sentence or two." you will
absolute confidence dig deep into your reminiscence for a typical dictionary-
kind definition of language. Such definitions, if pursued seriously, may want to
lead to a lexicographer's wild-goose chase, however they can also mirror a fairly
coherent synopsis of cutting-edge information of simply what its miles that
linguists are seeking to study.
Gaining knowledge of AND teaching
We also can ask questions about constructs like getting to know and coaching.
Recollect once more some conventional definitions. A seek in current
dictionaries exhibits that getting to know is "acquiring or getting of
understanding of a subject or a skill via look at, experience, or instruction."
learning, and coaching of mastering, may be described as "showing or helping a
person to learn how to do something, giving instructions, guiding inside the
observe of something, supplying with information, causing to recognize or
apprehend." isn't it curious that professional lexicographers seem to have such
issue in devising a definition of something as prevalent as coaching? Extra than
perhaps anything else, such definitions reflect the issue of defining complicated
principles. Breaking down the components of the definition of learning, we can
extract, as we did with language, domains of research and inquiry;
1. Learning is acquisition or "getting."
2. Studying is retention of records or skill.
3. Retention implies storage structures, reminiscence, and cognitive
organization.
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4. Getting to know includes lively, aware awareness on and performing upon
activities outdoor or inside the organism.
5. Gaining knowledge of is especially permanent but issue to forgetting.
6. Mastering entails a few shape of practice, possibly reinforced practice.
7. Gaining knowledge of is a trade in behavior. Those principles can also supply
manner to a number of subfields inside the area of psychology: acquisition
procedures. Perception, memory (storage) systems, short- and lengthy-time
period memory, take into account, motivation, aware and unconscious getting to
know styles and techniques, theories of forgetting, reinforcement, the role of
exercise. in no time the idea of gaining knowledge of will become every bit as
complex because the concept of language. Yet the second language learner
brings these types of (and greater) variables into play within the getting to know
of a second language. Coaching can't be described aside from studying. Coaching
is guiding and facilitating getting to know, enabling the learner to examine,
placing the conditions for getting to know. Your understanding of ways the
learner learns will decide your philosophy of training, your coaching style, your
technique, methods, and classroom strategies. A idea of teaching, in concord
together with your incorporated understanding of the learner and of the
challenge remember to be found out, will factor the way to successful tactics on
a given day for given newbies beneath the numerous constraints of the unique
context of getting to know. In different phrases, your principle of teaching is
your concept of mastering "stood on its head."
Conclusion
As you see, those types of strategies that could assist to study 2d
language. Now, we discussed approximately them. We assume you may
recognize this technique. Simplest your activities can't assist you, however
also you must understand these kinds of techniques, techniques, elements.
With one word gaining knowledge of 2d language this is difficult and smooth.
It depends in your plan and activities. But you don’t accept as true with any
styles of methods, improvements. Because all of them that are not
development.
Relevance.
The prevalence of diabetes is currently reaching the
scale of a non-communicable epidemic. One of the "targets" of the influence of
hyperglycemia is the central nervous system, manifested clinically by
cognitive dysfunction.
Goal.
To assess the degree of cognitive dysfunction and identify risk
factors for cognitive deficits in patients with DM1. To determine the incidence
of late complications of DM1 in cognitive dysfunction.
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Research methods.
The study involved 30 patients with type 1 diabetes
(10 men, 20 women). The average age of the patients was 42±13.74 years, the
experience of DM1 was 17.66±12.91 years. To identify the degree of cognitive
impairment, the Montreal Cognitive Dysfunction Assessment Scale was used
(cognitive indicators of 26-30 points are considered satisfactory). The patients
were divided into 2 groups: group 1 - with a score of less than 26 (n=17),
group 2 – with a score of 26 or more (n=13). A laboratory examination was
performed to determine the level of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) by high-
performance liquid chromatography. The lipid profile included the
determination of total cholesterol (OHC), high-density lipoproteins (HDL),
triglycerides (TG), and very low-density lipoproteins (LDL) using the
ARCHITECT analyzer. The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was calculated
using the MDRD formula. Statistical processing of the data array was
performed using nonparametric statistics methods using the Statistica
statistical program. The level of p< 0.05 is considered as a criterion for the
statistical significance of the results.
The results and their discussion.
According to the Montreal Cognitive
Dysfunction Assessment Scale, the average score in the examined patients was
23.16±5.03. The clinical and laboratory characteristics of patients were
evaluated taking into account the degree of cognitive dysfunction (Table 1).
Table 1. Clinical and laboratory characteristics of patients, taking
into account the degree of cognitive dysfunction
Indicative
1st
group
(n=17)
2nd
group
(n=13)
р
Age, Age
47,00[41,00; 56,00]
35,00[25,00; 43,00]
0,005
Experience, years 15,00[11,00; 28,00]
13,00[10,00; 20,00]
0,745
HbA1c, %
9,20[8,20; 10,35]
8,50[7,60; 9,58]
0,367
units, mmol/L.
5,40[4,80; 6,80]
4,70[4,20; 5,20]
0,664
TG, mmol/L.
1,29[0,90; 1,81]
0,80[0,72; 0,95]
0,027
HDL, mmol/l
1,66[1,29; 1,95]
1,73[1,63; 1,92]
0,854
L / L, mmol/L.
0,62[0,41; 0,87]
0,36[0,33; 0,43]
0,011
GFR, ml/min.
89,00[122,00; 80,00] 103,00[98,00; 112,00] 0,021
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Conclusions.
Based on the data obtained, the examined patients with DM1 did
not achieve the target cognitive indicators according to the Montreal scale. With
increasing age of patients with DM1, cognitive deficits increase and risk factors
for cognitive dysfunction are a decrease in GFR and atherogenic dyslipidemia.
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functions and glycemic control in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes.
Psychol. Med. 2010. vol. 40. -P.95-103.
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Costacou T., Boudreau R.M., Miller R., Orchard T.J., Saxton J.A. Clinically Relevant
Cognitive Impairment in Middle-Aged Adults With Childhood-Onset Type 1
Diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2015. Vol.38. -Р.1768-1776.
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