SHARQSHUNOSLIK / ВОСТОКОВЕДЕНИЕ / ORIENTAL STUDIES 2019, № 4
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CHI DAOJIA
teacher, TSIOS
Comparative Analysis and Teaching Prediction of
Chinese and Uzbek Adverbs
Abstract. At present, there are few studies on Uzbek adverbs in Chinese academic circles.
This article is the first to make a comparative study of Chinese and Uzbek adverbs. This
paper adopts four steps of "comparative analysis". Firstly, it gives a comparative overview of
adverbs in Chinese and Uzbek. Secondly, the Chinese and Uzbek adverbs of "negative and
affirmative adverbs", "degree adverbs", "scope adverbs", "time adverbs", "modal adverbs"
and "frequency adverbs"are selected for comparison. Specifically, according to the Outline of
Chinese Proficiency Examination, several groups of common Chinese adverbs are selected
for comparison with Uzbek adverbs. Generally speaking, Chinese adverbs are rich in
subdivisions, and their usages vary. The usage and meaning of the same adverb may be
different in different contexts. Uzbek adverbs are usually derived from root and suffix, and
their usage and meaning are generally fixed. Uzbek adverbs have a "level" nature, and some
adverbs can be used alone. Finally, based on the similarities and differences between Chinese
and Uzbek adverbs, the problems that Uzbek-speaking learners may have in the acquisition of
Chinese adverbs are predicted, and relevant teaching suggestions are proposed.
Keywords and expressions: Chinese;Uzbek; adverb; comparative analysis; teaching
strategy
Introduction. The so-called "contrast analysis" refers to a method of linguistic
analysis that compares the systems of the two languages to reveal their similarities and
differences. In 1957, Lado pointed out in the book Intercultural Linguistics that projects
that are similar to the learner's mother tongue are easier for them, and it is difficult to learn
from their different mother tongue projects (Liu Xun, 2000). Therefore, a systematic
comparison of the two languages can predict where the learner may or may not have
difficulty in learning the target language, thus adopting more effective second language
teaching measures in the teaching. The process of comparative analysis generally has four
steps: description, selection, comparison, and prediction.
At present, there are few studies on Uzbek adverbs in China. This paper is the
first to make a comparative study of Chinese and Uzbek adverbs. Because the
meaning of Chinese adverbs is not as concrete as that of real words, their usage is
flexible and changeable, and Chinese adverbs have different characteristics from
other language adverbs, it is difficult for second language learners to acquire Chinese
adverbs. According to the Outline of Chinese Proficiency, this paper chooses several
groups of common Chinese adverbs to compare with Uzbek adverbs, analyses the
similarities and differences between Chinese and Uzbek adverbs, and then predicts
the possible problems in the teaching of Chinese adverbs for Uzbek students, and puts
forward relevant teaching strategies.
2. The overview of the comparison between Chinese and Uzbek adverbs
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Chinese and Uzbek adverbs are generally used to modify verbs, adjective
words,and indicating the degree, scope, time and other meanings of the parts of
speech. Their usage is generally similar, can be used as adverbials, generally used to
answer "how", "where", "when", "what degree" . Now let's focus on the differences
between Chinese and Uzbek adverbs:
There are more subdivisions of Chinese adverbs than Uzbek. Uzbek adverbs are
generally divided into four categories: state adverbs, position adverbs, time adverbs
and degree adverbs(Guli
·
Baumu, 2016). In addition to the above four types of
adverbs, Chinese adverbs can also be divided into positive adverbs, negative adverbs,
scope adverbs, mood adverbs and frequency adverbs (Huang Borong, Liao Xudong,
2007). In general, Chinese adverbs are more abundant than Uzbek adverbs.
Chinese mainly relies on word order and function words to express the position
and grammatical function in sentences. Chinese adverbs are independent words,
while Uzbek language relies on suffixes to express the grammatical function. Uzbek
adverbs are usually derived from root and suffix. Therefore, when many Uzbek
adverbs are translated into Chinese, they are not individual adverbs, but phrases. For
example: oldinda
（在
…
前面）、
pastda
（在下面）、
tikkach
（缝完
…
之后）
,
these words are adverbs in Uzbek, but in Chinese they are not adverbs, but as phrases
in the sentence as adverbial.
Uzbek adverbs have the nature of comparative level, such as: sekin (slow) -
sekinroq (very slow) -eng sekinroq (the slowest), while in Chinese there are adverbs "
很（
hěn
）
" and "
非常（
fēi chánɡ
）
"which means "very", but these words are used
alone as adverbs before adjectives . For example,"
很慢
(very slow)"
，
"
很（
hěn
）
"is
an adverb
，
"
慢
(màn )"is an adjective.In Uzbek, "sekin" is an adverb, but in Chinese,
"
慢
(màn )" is an adjective.
Some adverbs in Uzbek can be used in overlapping, while in Chinese there are
overlapping verbs and adjectives, but no adverbs overlap. For example, in Uzbek, kula-
kula
（笑笑），
qidira-qidira
（找找）
, "
笑
(xiào)"and "
找
(zhǎo)" are verbs in Chinese.
There are coverb in Uzbek. The coverb is one of the non-personal forms of the
verb, which has both the grammatical features of the verb and the adverb, and is
generally used as an adverbial in the sentence. The coverb in Uzbek can be divided
into state coverbs, time coverbs, and coverbs of purpose (Guli
·
Baumu 2016). In
Chinese, there is generally no such classification of coverbs. For example: Uzbek
coverb "yotib (
躺着
)", "
躺着
(tǎnɡ zhe )" in Chinese is a phrase composed of the verb
"
躺
" plus the auxiliary word "
着
" as a complement, not a single adverb.
Adverbs in Chinese cannot be used alone except for a few adverbs (
有、没有
).
Many adverbs of Uzbek can be used alone. For example:
①
Uzbek
：
Sen bilan tanishganimdan juda xursandman. —Men ham.
Corresponding
：你
和
认识
很
高兴
—
我
也
Chinese
：很高兴认识你。
—
我也是。
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97
②
Uzbek
：
Sen tez-tez kino ko’rasnmi? —Ha,tez-tez.
Corresponding
：你
经常
电影
看
吗
—
是，经常。
Chinese
：你经常去看电影吗？
—
是，经常去。
③
Uzbek
：
sen ochqadingmi? — Ha, juda.
Corresponding
：你
饿
吗？
—
是，很。
Chinese
：你饿了吗？
—
是，很俄。
The usage of Chinese adverbs is diverse
，
the same kind of adverbs or the same
adverb may be used in different ways,while Uzbek adverbs are more fixed. For
example, in Chinese, the negative adverb"
不、没
"which means "no", "
不
(bù)"
denotes the present and future, and "
没
(méi)" denotes the past,but the corresponding
adverb in Uzbek is only "yo'q". Another example is the adverb "
就
(jiù)": "
姐姐就要
结婚了
(Sister is getting married)", which means that things will happen soon; "
她
9
点就睡了
(She slept at 9:00)" means that it is early; "
下了课就回家
(Go home after
class)" means that another action happens immediately after one action end; "
我就会
跳 舞
(I can only dance)" means the scope of "only". Uzbek has no adverb
corresponding to "
就
(jiù)", which is often omitted or translated by means of meaning.
The meaning of adverbs in Chinese often depends on context.
3. Comparative Analysis of Common Adverbs in Chinese and Uzbek
3.1 Affirmative and negative adverb comparison
The Chinese negative adverb "
别
(bié )" and the affirmative adverb "
一定
(yí
dìnɡ)" correspond to the Uzbek adverbs "boshqa" and "albatta" respectively, and the
usage is basically the same. The difference is that there is only one "yo'q" in the
Uzbek language corresponding to the Chinese negative adverbs "
不
(bù)" and "
没
(méi)". As mentioned above, the Chinese word "
不
(bù)" means the negation for
present and future, and "
没
(méi)" means the negation for past. The "yo'q" in Uzbek
language can only answer questions individually, not in sentences, and to express the
meaning of Chinese negative adverbs "
不
(bù)" and "
没
(méi)" is mainly expressed by
tense. For example:
我不去图书馆
(Uzbek: Men kutubxonaga bormayman)
，我没
去图书馆
(Uzbek: Men kutubxonaga bormadim). In Uzbek, the "-may-" means the
negation of the present tense, which is equivalent to the Chinese "
不
(bù)"; the "-ma-"
means the negation of the past tense, which is equivalent to the Chinese "
没
(méi)". In
addition, the Chinese adverb "must" and the Uzbek adverb are "kerak", but the
"kerak" in Uzbek can also be translated into the Chinese modal auxiliary "should".
Therefore, in actual use, students may be errorsed. The specific comparison is shown
in the following table:
In addition, the Chinese affirmative adverb "
必须
(bìxū)" we can translate into
Uzbek adverb "kerak", but the Uzbek adverb "kerak" can also be translated into the
Chinese modal auxiliary "should". Therefore, in practical application, students may
have errors. The specific comparison is shown in the following table:
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Table3-1
：
Negative and Affirmative Adverbs Comparison Table
Adverb type Chinese
Corresponding to
Uzbek
Example sentence
Negative
and
Affirmative
Adverbs
不
yo'q
Ch
：不，我不去图书馆。
Uz
：
Yo'q,men kutubxonaga bormayman.
Cor
：
不，我
图书馆
不去
没
yo'q
Ch
：没，我没去图书馆。
Uz
：
Yo'q,men kutubxonaga bormadim.
Cor
：没，我
图书馆
没去
别
boshqa
Ch
：你别去图书馆了。
Uz
：
Sen boshqa kutubxonaga borma .
Cor
：你
别
图书馆馆
去
一定
albatta
Ch
：明天我一定来。
Uz
：
Ertaga men albatta kelaman.
Cor
：明天
我
一定
来。
必须
kerak
Ch
：我们必须今天把作业做完。
Uz
：
Biz bugun uyga vazifalarni bajarib
bo'lishimiz kerak.
Cor
：我们
今天
家庭
作业
完成
做
必
须
Notes
：
"Ch" means" Chinese"
，
"Uz" means" Uzbek"
，
"Cor" means" Corresponding"
3.2 degree adverb comparison
The Chinese degree adverbs "
最
(zuì)"
、
"
越
(yuè)"
、
"
特 别
(tèbié)"
、
"
多 么
(duōme)"
、
"
极
(jí)"
、
"
几乎
(jīhū)"have corresponding degree adverbs in Uzbek, and
their usage is basically the same. The difference is that there is only one adverb "juda"
corresponding to the Chinese degree adverbs "
很
(hěn)" and "
太
( tài)" in Uzbek, and "
非
常
"(fēichánɡ) corresponding to "juda ham". For example:
他很高兴（
Uz
：
U juda
xursand
），他汉语说得太好了（
Uz
：
U xitoy tilida juda yaxshi gapiradi
）
. In
Chinese we can say "
很好
(hěnhǎo)", but we can't say "
太好
(tàihǎo)", we should say "
太
好了
(tàihǎole)". Therefore, when students use "
很
(hěn)" and "
太
( tài)", errors may occur
due to the influence of their mother tongue. In addition, the degree adverb "
更
(ɡènɡ)" in
Chinese corresponds to "- roq" in Uzbek, but "- roq" is not a separate word, but is
attached to the root as the suffix. For a specific comparison, see the table below:
Table3-2
：
degree adverbs comparison table
Adverb
type
Chinese
Corresponding to
Uzbek
Example sentence
degree
adverbs
很
juda
Ch
：他很高兴。
Uz
：
U juda xursand.
Cor
：他
很
高兴
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太
juda
Ch
：他汉语说得太好了
!
Uz : U xitoy tilida juda yaxshi gapiradi.
Cor
：他
汉语
太
好
说
非常
juda ham
Ch
：今天天气非常热。
Uz
：
Bugun havo juda ham issiq.
Cor
：今天
天气
非常
热
最
eng
Ch
：我最喜欢吃苹果。
Uz
：
Men olma yeyishni eng yaxshi
ko'raman. Cor
：我
苹果
吃
最
喜欢
更
-roq
Ch
：明天会更好。
Uz
：
Ertaga
yaxshiroq
mumkin.
Cor
：明天
好
更
会
越
borgan sari
Ch
：雨越下越大。
Uz
：
Yomg'ir
borgan
sari
tezlashmoqda.
Cor
：
雨
越来越
快
特别
ayniqsa
Ch
：塔什干的西瓜特别甜。
Uz
：
Toshkentning tarvuzi ayniqsa shirin.
Cor
：塔什干的
西瓜
特别
甜
多么
qanday
Ch
：这个孩子多么可爱呀！
Uz
：
Bu bola qanday yoqimtoy -a!
Cor
：
这
孩子
多么
可爱
啊
极
ortirmma
Ch
：
她
唱
得
好
极
了
！
Uz
：
Uning
kuylashi
ajoyib.
Cor
：她
唱歌
好极了
几乎
deyarli
Ch
： 中 国 的 城 市 ， 我 几 乎 都 去 过 。
Uz
：
Men deyarli Xitoyning barcha
shaharlariga
borganman.
Cor
：我
几乎
中国
全部
城市
去过
Notes
：
"Ch"means" Chinese"
，
"Uz"means" Uzbek"
，
"Cor"means" Corresponding"
3.3 Scope adverb comparison
The scope adverbs "
一起
(yìqǐ)" and "
只
(zhǐ)" in Chinese correspond to the scope
adverbs "birga" and "faqat" in Uzbek respectively, and their usages are basically the
same. The difference is that Chinese degree adverbs "
都
(dōu)" and "
一共
(yíɡònɡ)"
both can be translated into Uzbek "hammasi".
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Table3-3
：
Scope adverb comparison table
Adverb
type
Chinese
Corresponding
to Uzbek
Example sentence
范围副词
都
Hammasi
Ch
：我们都是乌兹比克人。
Uz
：
Biz
hammamiz
o'zbeklarmiz.
Cor
：我们
都
乌兹别克人
一起
birga
Ch
：我和他一起去了中国。
Uz
：
Men va u birga Xitoyga bordik.
Cor
：我
和
他
一起
中国
去了
一共
hammasi
Ch
：我们班一共有
11
个人。
Uz
：
Bizning guruhimizda hammasi bo'lib 11 ta
odam bor.
Cor
：我们
班
一共
的
11
人
有
只
faqat
Ch
：我只去过一次北京。
Uz
：
Men faqat bir marta Pekinga borganman.
Cor
：我
只
一
次
北京
去了
Notes
：
"Ch"means" Chinese"
，
"Uz"means" Uzbek"
，
"Cor"means" Corresponding"
3.4 Time adverb comparison
The time adverbs "
正在
(zhènɡzài)"
、
"
已经
(yǐjīnɡ)" and "
先
(xiān)"in Chinese
correspond to the time adverbs "hozir", "allaqachon" and "avval" in Uzbek
respectively, and their usages are basically the same. The difference is that there are
no accurate time adverbs in Uzbek corresponding to Chinese"
就
(jiù)" and "
才
(cái)"
，
and they just translate by meaning.The Chinese time adverb "
就
(jiù)" can
mean early, such as "
她
9
点就睡觉了
(Uz
：
U soat 9 dayoq uxlaydi)"which means
she went to bed early."
才
(cái)" is used after the time to indicate late, such as "
他
12
点才睡觉
(Uz:U soat 12 dagina uxlaydi)"which means he went to bed late. "
才
(cái)"
can also be used in front of time to express early , such as "
才
12
点呢，不用急
(Uz:Endigina soat 10 bo'ldi, havotirlanma.)"which means now is early,do not worry .
Secondly, the Chinese time adverbs "
一直
(yìzhí)" and "
总是
(yìzhí)" both can be
translated into the Uzbek time adverb "har doim", which means "always". For
example, "
他的成绩一直很好（
Uz
：
Uning natijalari har doim juda yaxshi
）
"
，
"
他总是迟到（
Uz
：
U har doim kech oladi
）
"; but if the Chinese adverb"
一直
(yìzhí)" expression is constant in one direction (equivalent to the "straight" of
English), Uzbek is translated into " Faqat", for example, "
一直往前走（
Uz
：
Faqat
to'g'riga yuring
）
. In addition, the Chinese time adverb "
马 上
(mǎshànɡ)"
corresponds to two time adverbs in Uzbek, respectively "darhol" and"tez orada". The
specific comparison is shown in the following table:
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table3-4
：
Time adverb comparison table
Adverb
type
Chinese
Corresponding to Uzbek
Example sentence
Time
adverbs
正在
hozir
Ch
：我们正在上课。
Uz
：
Biz hozir darsdamiz.
Cor
：我们
正在
上课
已经
allaqachon
Ch
： 他 已 经 到 学 校 了 。
Uz
：
U allaqachon maktabga yetib
keldi.
Cor
：他
已经
学校
到
来
就
/
Ch
：他
9
点就睡觉了。
Uz
：
U soat 9 dayoq uxlaydi
Cor
：他
点
9
早
睡了
先
avval
Ch
： 我 先 自 我 介 绍 一 下 。
Uz
：
Men avval o'zimni tanishtirsam.
Cor
：我
先
自己
介绍
才
/
Ch
： 他
12
点 才 睡 觉 。
Uz
：
U soat 12 dagina uxlaydi
Cor
：他
点
12
晚
睡觉
/
Ch
：才
10
点呢，不要着急。
Uz
：
Endigina soat 10 bo'ldi,
havotirlanma.
Cor
：刚
点
10
是
不要着急
一直
har doim
Ch
：他的成绩一直很好。
Uz
：
Uning natijalari har doim juda
yaxshi.
Cor
：他的
成绩
一
直
很
好
faqat
Ch
：一直往前走。
Uz
：
Faqat
to'g'riga
yuring.
Cor
：一直
往前
走
总是
har doim
Ch
：他总是迟到。
Uz
：
U har doim kech qoladi.
Cor
：他
总是
迟到
马上
darhol
Ch
：我马上过来。
Uz
：
Men
darhol
kelaman.
Cor
：我
马上
过来
tez orada
Ch
：姐姐马上要结婚了。
Uz
：
opam tez orada oila quradi.
Cor
：姐姐
马上
婚
结
Notes
：
"Ch"means" Chinese"
，
"Uz"means" Uzbek"
，
"Cor"means" Corresponding"
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3.5 Modal adverb comparison
The Chinese modal adverbs "
还
(hái)"
、
"
真
(zhēn)"
、
"
其实
(qíshí)" and "
终于
(zhōnɡyú)" can find corresponding modal adverbs in Uzbek, and the usage is
basically the same. The difference is: the Chinese modal adverb "
也
(yě)" , although
there is a corresponding "ham" in Uzbek, but "ham" in Uzbek can be used alone, but
Chinese
也
(yě) can not.For example, "
我也很高兴认识你
(Uz:Men ham bilan
tanishganimdan juda xursandman)". In Chinese, the ellipsis is "
我也是
", "
也
(yě)"
needs to be followed by "
是
(shì)", but in Uzbek, it can be said directly as "Men ham".
In addition, in Uzbek, "ham" is often used to reinforce the tone after some adverbs,
such as "Juda ham (meaning "very")" and "haqiqatdan ham (meaning "really")".
Secondly, the modal adverb "
当然
(dānɡrán)" in Chinese can be translated into
"albatta" in Uzbek, and "
一定
(yídìnɡ)" in the affirmative adverbs is also translated
into "albatta". Therefore, "
当然
(dānɡrán)" and "
一定
(yídìnɡ)" in Chinese are easy to
be confused and error-prone for Uzbek students.
Table3-5
：
Modal adverb comparison table
Adverb
type
Chinese
Corresponding
to
Uzbek
Example sentence
Modal
adverb
也
ham
Ch
：我也是东方学院的学生。
Uz
：
Men ham Sharqshunoslik instituti
talabasi.
Cor
：我
也
东方
学院
学生
还
hali
Ch
：她还没起床。
Uz
：
U hali turmagan.
Cor
：她
还
没起床
真
haqiqatdan
Ch
：她的汉字写得真漂亮。
Uz
：
Uning ieroglif yozishi haqiqatdan ham
chiroyli.
Cor
：她的
汉字
写
真
漂亮
终于
vanihoyat
Ch
：考试终于结束了。
Uz
：
Imtihon vanihoyat tugadi.
Cor
：考试
终于
结束了
其实
aslida
Ch
：这个问题其实很容易。
Uz
：
Bu savol aslida juda onson
Cor
：这
问题
其实
很
容易
当然
albatta
Ch
：我当然是塔什干人。
Uz
：
Men
albatta
Toshkentlikman..
Cor
：我
当然
塔什干人
Notes
：
"Ch"means" Chinese"
，
"Uz"means" Uzbek"
，
"Cor"means" Corresponding"
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3.6 Frequency adverb comparison
The Chinese frequency adverb "
经常（
jīnɡchánɡ
）
" corresponds to "tez-tez" in
Uzbek, and its usage is basically the same as that in Chinese. The difference is that
there is only one frequency adverb "yana"in Uzbek which corresponding to Chinese
frequency adverbs "
再
(zài)"and "
又
(zài)". For example, "
老师你能再说一遍吗
（
Uz
：
Ustoz yana bir marotaba ayta olasizmi
）
, "
老师又说了一遍 （
Uz
：
O'qtuvchi yana bir marotaba aytdi
）
". In Chinese,"
再
(zài)"and "
又
(zài)"both can be
translated into "yana" which means"again", but "
再
(zài)" means that the action has
not happened yet, and "
又
(zài)" means that the action has happened. Uzbek mainly
expresses this difference through the tense of verbs. For a specific comparison, see
the table below:
Table3-6
：
Frequency adverb comparison table
Adverb
type
Chinese
Corresponding to
Uzbek
Example sentence
Frequency
adverb
再
yana
Ch
： 老 师 你 能 再 说 一 遍 吗 ？
Uz
：
Ustoz yana bir marotaba ayta olasizmi?
Cor
：老师
再
一
次
说
能
吗
又
yana
Ch
：老师又说了一遍。
Uz
：
O'qtuvchi yana bir marotaba aytdi.
Cor
：
老师
又
一
次
说了
经常
tez-tez
Ch
： 我 们 经 常 去 爬 山 。
Uz
：
Biz
tez-tez
tog'ga
chiqamiz.
Cor
：我们经常
爬山
去
Notes
：
"Ch"means" Chinese"
，
"Uz"means" Uzbek"
，
"Cor"means" Corresponding"
4.Prediction and Suggestion of Chinese Adverbs Teaching
Based on the comparative analysis of the above Chinese and Uzbek adverbs, the
author proposes the following Chinese adverbs teaching predictions and suggestions.
The multiple Chinese adverbs corresponding to a single Uzbek adverb are prone
to errors. For example: the Chinese negative adverbs "
不
(bù)" and "
没
(méi)"
correspond to the Uzbek "yo'q"; the Chinese adverbs "
很
(hěn)" and "
太
( tài)"
correspond to the Uzbek "juda"; the Chinese modal adverb "
当然
(dānɡrán)" and
affirmative adverbs "
一定
(yídìnɡ)" correspond to the Uzbek "albatta"; the Chinese
frequency adverbs "
再
(zài)"and "
又
(zài)" correspond to the Uzbek "yana" . These
multiple Chinese adverbs correspond to a single Uzbek adverb. Students may be
influenced by their mother tongue and prefer to use a corresponding adverb in their
familiar Chinese language, which is easy to produce errors.
SHARQSHUNOSLIK / ВОСТОКОВЕДЕНИЕ / ORIENTAL STUDIES 2019, № 4
104
A Chinese adverb corresponding to multiple Uzbek adverbs is prone to errors.
For example, the scope adverb "
一 共
(yíɡònɡ)" can be translated into Uzbek
"hammasi" and "jami". When it means "all", it can be used as "hammasi" in the same
way as the scope adverb "
都
(dōu)"; but when it means "total", Use "jami". The
Chinese adverb "
一直
(yìzhí)", when expressed as "always", is the same as the time
adverb "
总是
(zǒnɡshì)", and can be translated into Uzbek "har doim"; but when
expressing "straight", it is equivalent to the scope adverb "
只
(zhǐ)", and in Uzbek it is
translated into "faqat". Since students do not master the usage of these Chinese
adverbs, thay are prone to errors.
The Chinese adverbs which can't find corresponding adverbs in Uzbek, are easy
to produce errors. For example, there are no adverbs corresponding to the Chinese
adverbs"
就
(jiù)"and "
才
(cái)"in Uzbek, and the usage of these two adverbs is
variable, and different contexts can express different meanings. Therefore, these
Chinese adverbs are more difficult for Uzbek students to study. In the teaching,
teachers need to repeat and emphasize constantly, so that students can grasp.
Some adverbs which correspond one-to-one in Chinese and Uzbek , but Uzbek
adverbs have different usage ,they are easy to produce errors. For example, the modal
adverb "
也
(yě)" in Chinese, although "ham" corresponds to Uzbek, but "ham" in
Uzbek can be used alone, such as "Men ham".Therefore, students may be influenced
by their mother tongue and probably said to be"*
我也
" in Chinese; in addition, "ham"
in Uzbek is often used to strengthen the tone behind some adverbs, such as:"juda ham
(meaning "very")", "haqiqatdan ham (meaning "really")", but there is no such usage
for Chinese modal adverb"
也
(yě)". Such adverbs, teachers can use the method of
comparative analysis to let students grasp their usage.
МАВЛЯНОВА УМИДА
ўқитувчи, ТошДШИ
Об использовании цифр в традиционной
математике в Древнем Китае
Аннотация. В данной статье рассматривается вопрос об использовании цифр
в традиционной китайской математике в Древнем Китае. В статье подробно
описывается, что математические цифры в Китае с древних времен имели свою
ценность, а математическая терминология китайского языка с точки зрения его
структуры имеет много общего со структурой слов, лексического запаса
китайского языка в целом.
Опорные слова и выражения: математика, цифры, алгебра, умножение,
деление, позиция,сложение,вычитание.
Аннотация. Мазкур мақола “Қадимги Хитойда анъанавий математикада
рақамларнинг ишлатилиши “ деб номланиб , унда математика саҳасига оид бўл-
