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The Chinese side in Kyrgyzstan is actively involved in the implementation of
the China-Kyrgyzstan-Uzbekistan railway project, and in cross-border trade.
With the help of Chinese capital in Tajikistan, Tajikistan-Kyrgyzstan and
China-Tajikistan roads have been built, and projects of medium-capacity hydro
power plants and the construction of a thermal power station-2 in Dushanbe are
being developed. In addition, Chinese companies Huawei and ZTE established
partnerships with local operators and became the main suppliers of equipment and
services in the communications sector in Tajikistan.
In general, the growth of China’s role in Central Asia is one of the most large-
scale trends in regional politics. In the modern stage, the “Belt and Road”
Initiative remains the main engine of China’s actions in the region, thanks to
which there is an increase in the activity of constructive interaction between the
PRC and the states of Central Asia.
Further progressive and dynamic development of mutually beneficial, good-
neighborly relations between the PRC and the states of Central Asia will serve not
only to maintain stability in the border areas, but also contributes to the long-term
stability and further prosperity of the states of the region.
In the long term, the “Belt and Road” Initiative will bring the Central Asian
countries to a new level of development by increasing the region’s potential.
MADAMINOVA DURDONA
PhD, TSIOS
Factors affecting the development of migration flows and
measures taken by European countries to address the problem
Abstract.
This article is dedicated to one of the urgent problems of our time as the
migration to the example of the countries of Africa and the Middle East. Actuality is
characterized by the fact that in spite of the measures taken in recent years, the number
of migrants is increasing on a large scale and become unmanageable process. This is
facilitated by a number of factors, which are discussed in detail in the article.
Keywords and expressions:
migration, crisis, labor migration, refugees, trafficking,
unemployment, terrorism and security.
Аннотация
.
Ушбу
мақола
ҳозирги
куннинг
долзарб
муаммоларидан
бири
саналган
миграция
муаммосига
бағишланган
бўлиб
,
мавжуд
муаммо
Африка
ва
Яқин
Шарқ
дав
-
латлари
мисолида
ўрганилган
.
Сўнгги
йилларда
амалга
оширилган
чора
-
тадбирларга
қарамай
,
муҳожирлар
сони
кўнг
кўламда
ортиб
боргани
ҳолда
,
бошқариб
бўлмас
жа
-
раёнга
айланиб
бораётгани
,
муаммонинг
долзарблигини
белгилаб
бермоқда
.
Бунга
са
-
баб
бўлаётган
бир
қатор
омиллар
мақолада
муҳокама
этилган
.
Таянч
сўз
ва
иборалар
:
миграция
,
инқироз
,
меҳнат
миграцияси
,
қочоқлар
,
одам
савдоси
,
ишсизлик
,
терроризм
ва
хавфсизлик
.
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Аннотация
.
Данная
статья
посвящена
одной
из
актуальных
проблем
совре
-
менности
–
миграции
–
на
примере
стран
Африки
и
Ближнего
Востока
.
Актуаль
-
ность
характеризуется
тем
,
что
,
несмотря
на
меры
,
принятые
в
последние
годы
,
число
мигрантов
стремительно
увеличивается
и
становится
неуправляемым
процес
-
сом
.
Этому
способствует
ряд
факторов
,
которые
подробно
обсуждаются
в
статье
.
Опорные
слова
и
выражения
:
миграция
,
кризис
,
трудовая
миграция
,
беженцы
,
торговля
людьми
,
безработица
,
терроризм
и
безопасность
.
In today's world, labor migration is becoming more widespread. In accordance
with the International Convention on protection rights of migrant workers and
their families adopted by the UN General Assembly on 18 December 1990, the
term "migrant worker" means a person who is engaged in paid employment in the
State of which he is not (paragraph 1 article 2). Analyzing the processes may be
somewhat broader approach to the concept of migration, considering it one of the
temporary migration of species populations, aimed at working outside the place of
permanent residence abroad.
In the evolution of normative and operational responses to movement in the
context of humanitarian crises, causality has been of paramount concern in framing
responses and has shaped classification systems that place those who migrate into
specific categories - for example, the classification of people who flee across borders
"owing to a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion,
nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion" as refugees.
Yet the convergence of factors such as drought and conflict or the interplay of drivers
and motivations hinders a straightforward assessment of causation in many cases.
Many argues on the experiences and strategies of those who fall outside exis-
ting categories of forced migrant tend to disappear from view, leading to their
neglect or worse. Dominating efforts to address this is the recognition - by go-
vernments, academics and institutional and civil society actors - of protection
gaps for those who move across national borders because of environmental and
climate change. Commendable as these efforts are, questions remain as to the be-
nefits of isolating and privileging these factors as a cause of movement, parti-
cularly in light of the abundance of evidence about the diversity of factors influen-
cing movement-related decisions
1
.
Humanitarian crises may result from acute events, such as natural and human-
made hazards - earthquakes, cyclones, and nuclear accidents and conflict, or from
slow-onset processes that cause environmental damage, erode livelihoods, and, in
extreme cases, lead to famine. These events and processes may be the trigger for
movement, but in most cases, underlying structural factors such as poverty and
poor governance comprise the context.
Between 2010 and 2012, some 700 natural disasters were registered worldwide,
affecting more than 450 million people. Armed con
ʑ
ict or political instability in Iraq,
Syria, Pakistan, Libya, Mali, Cot D’Ivoire, South Sudan and the Democratic Republic
of Congo affected millions more. Protracted conflicts in countries such as Somalia and
1
S. Martin, S. Weerasinghe. What is crisis migration? Int.http://isim.georgetown.edu/work/crisis/
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Afghanistan have produced secondary irregular movements, highlighting the complex
and exigent issues created in situations of conflict-induced displacement.
Modern migration crisis in Europe is the result of a number of reasons, which can
be divided into two major groups: structural and direct. The first group includes the
global economic crisis that has engulfed the world in 2008. One of its devastating
effects was the loss of work and livelihood of one hundred thousands of people around
the world. However, most of all in this respect affected the poorest countries, many of
which are on the African continent. In addition to mass unemployment, which in 2010
covered 20
–
25% of the African population, another reason contributing to an increase
in migration from there to Europe, reinforced by the global economic crisis, it is the
income inequality in developed and developing countries
1
.
Most research suggests that climate and environmental change-related impacts have
a multiplier effect on other drivers that influence movement-related decisions. In some
cases environmental change-related impacts may be the trigger for movement but not
necessarily the cause. Should those who are forced to move because of environmental
and climate-change impacts be treated any differently or more generously than those
who move because they fear for their lives, safety or health because of a nuclear
accident or persistent gang violence? Should responses privilege particular 'causes'?
These are not easy questions to answer and they also prompt us to challenge traditional
notions of a crisis as a finite event, especially in the context of slow-onset crises.
European governments and their careless citizens are responsible for their own
problems with immigrants. Within 14 years, Europe has supported the aggressive
militarism of Washington, has killed and expelled from their homes, millions of
people who do not represent any threat to Washington. The destruction of entire
countries, such as Iraq, Libya, Afghanistan, and now Syria and Yemen, as well as
the ongoing murder Americans of Pakistani civilians, with full complicity of
corrupt and traitorous government of Pakistan created a flow of refugees.
The second reason is the structural demographic growth in African countries
and the Arab world. Despite the fact that the birth rate in the Arab world in recent
years is reduced as compared with the XX century, it still remains at a high level.
By 2030, the population of the Arab countries will grow by 36.5%, ie 120 million
people when compared with 2010
2
.
The third reason svyanana with a high percentage of young people in the Afri-
can countries and the countries of the Arab world, and in the past, young people
are often quite educated. The Arab countries of North Africa and the Middle East
provide good educational opportunities, can not be said about employment pros-
pects in them. Therefore, young people are directed to where they can fulfill your
potential and find jobs - in Europe
3
.
1
Абрамова
И
.
О
.
Население
Африки
в
новой
глобальной
экономике
. –
М
., 2010. –
С
. 324.
2
Белокреницкий
В
.
Я
. «
Конвергенция
цивилизаций
»
и
перспективы
роста
исламского
мира
//http://www.perspektivy.info/history/konvergencija_civilizacij_i_perspektivy_rosta_islamskogo_
mira_2014-02-11.htm
3
Проблема
беженцев
:
ООН
бьет
тревогу
//
ТАСС
.
Информационное
агентство
России
. URL:
http://www.tass.ru/spec/refugee.
ORIENTAL STUDIES / SHARQSHUNOSLIK /
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Undoubtedly, a key cause of the crisis of contemporary migration in Europe,
structural steel consequences of the "Arab Spring", which set in motion the entire Arab
world, as well as significantly increased the instability in North African countries and in
the Middle Eastern countries. The Arab awakening has started in these regions turbu-
lent process, which was accompanied by and / or caused a rebellion, coups, civil wars
and contributed to a significant deterioration of the economic situation in a number of
states
–
Egypt, Libya, Syria and Yemen. Moreover, in these countries during the events
of the "Arab Spring" and after it more than once the question arose about the prospects
of statehood, what power and in what way will lead the state. These circumstances have
led to a sharp increase in migratory flows from North Africa and the Middle East, the
nearest to him a stable and rich region
–
Europe.
One could even argue polemically that we can observe a readiness for a methodo-
logical (and politically intended) nationalism with regard to whether further “Euro-
pean integration” is a favorable process. The analysis within the European Left
frames the problem as one between Germany and Greece, Germany and the United
Kingdom, and so forth. In Germany this discourse has two complementary sides. A
general sentiment is that “we have not been affected” by the crisis as much as others,
but the political discourse of crisis persists in calls for its management.
Finally, the fifth structural reason, in our opinion, is not always far-sighted
policy of the world powers, especially the US, in the Arab world, whose inter-
vention in the internal situation in Afghanistan, Iraq, and Syria has put the state on
the brink of survival. Speaking about the unconstructive role of the US and the
EU, SA Filonik rightly points out: "...clearly emerges the destabilizing effect of
the policy of the world industrial leaders. They direct efforts to stifle features a
whole group of Arab countries to move to new forms of government naturally in
the course of evolution, taking into account the national representation of the de-
vice power ". It is important to emphasize that the "destabilizing effect", which is
described by the famous Russian orientalist, turned serious test for the European
Union itself
–
incredible in scale influx of refugees.
With regard to the direct causes, there is a key factor was the emergence or
continuation of armed conflict in Libya, Iraq, Afghanistan, Somalia, Eritrea,
Yemen, sad primacy among which currently belongs to the civil war in the Syrian
Arab Republic (UAR). It is not only the fact of the ongoing military action, but
also that they are drawn more and more forces, complicating the configuration
and making the most protracted conflict in virtually infinite
1
.
According to the Dublin Agreement of 1990, governing the EU common
immigration policy, the responsibility for the consideration of asylum rests with
the country whose first crossed the border worker when entering the EU territory.
The extent to which those who move in the context of humanitarian crises (or
those who should move but are trapped) can access protection is affected by whe-
re the movement falls within the continuum of voluntary and forced movement.
Political willing and capacity, institutional mandates, operational decisions, and
1
Дубин
С
.
ИГИЛ
захватил
уже
пол
-
Сирии
[
Электронный
ресурс
] // Euronews. URL: http://ru.euro-
news.com/2015/06/01/isil-extends-power-in-syria-supply-route-to-aleppo-cut-rights-group-claims
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geopolitical vagaries also affect access to protection. Protection in the context of
crises may need to comprise access to territory, obligations on the part of states
not to return persons to serious harm, and physical safeguards as well as access to
humanitarian assistance and durable solutions.
KURBANOVA MUYASSAR
Researcher, TSIOS
Developing innovation activity as a factor of competitiveness
in the National Economy of Uzbekistan
Abstract.
The article
reviews the position of innovation in the national economy, the
development prospects of innovation activity and the issues of formation and development
of innovation infrastructure in enhancement of competitiveness of national economy.
It
substantiates the importance of the acquisition of foreign technology in the innovation
policy of the countries with transition economy. Analyzed the leading direction of crea-
ting a national innovation system
and there are given suggestions for development and
effective management of innovation infrastructure.
Keywords and expressions:
national innovation system, innovation policy, R&D,
competitiveness, human capital, innovation economy.
Аннотация
.
Мақолада
миллий
иқтисодиётда
инновацияларнинг
ўрни
,
инновацион
фаолиятни
ривожлантириш
истиқболлари
,
миллий
иқтисодиёт
рақобатбардошлигини
оширишда
инновацион
инфратузилмани
шакллантириш
ва
ривожлантириш
масалалари
кўриб
чиқилган
.
Ўтиш
иқтисодиёти
мамлакатларида
инновацион
сиёсатда
хорижий
технологияларни
фаол
ўзлаштириш
муҳимлиги
асосланилган
.
Миллий
инновация
тизи
-
мини
шакллантиришнинг
устувор
йўналишлари
таҳлил
этилиб
,
инновацион
инфрузил
-
мани
ривожлантириш
ва
самарали
бошқариш
юзасидан
таклифлар
берилган
.
Таянч
сўз
ва
иборалар
:
миллий
инновацион
тизим
,
инновацион
сиёсат
,
илмий
-
тадқиқот
ва
тажриба
конструкторлик
ишлари
,
рақобатбардошлик
,
инсон
капи
-
тали
,
инновацион
иқтисодиёт
.
Аннотация
.
В
данной
статье
рассмотрены
место
инноваций
в
национальной
эко
-
номике
,
перспективы
развития
инновационной
деятельности
,
вопросы
формирования
и
развития
инновационной
инфраструктуры
в
повышении
конкурентоспособности
на
-
циональной
экономики
.
Обоснована
важность
приобретения
зарубежных
технологий
для
инновационной
политики
стран
с
переходной
экономикой
.
Проанализированы
веду
-
щие
направления
создания
национальной
инновационной
системы
,
даны
предложения
по
развитию
и
эффективному
управлению
инновационной
инфраструктурой
.
Опорные
слова
и
выражения
:
национальная
инновационная
система
,
иннова
-
ционная
политика
,
НИОКР
,
конкурентоспасобность
,
человеческий
капитал
,
инно
-
вационная
экономика
.
Knowledge and innovation, new generation ideas, creation of new technolo-
gies and materials are key factors, which assure economic growth and competiti-
