ORIENTAL STUDIES / SHARQSHUNOSLIK /
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TURANAZAROVA ZULFIYA
Researcher, University of World Economy and Diplomacy
Strategic tasks of International Organizations in the angle of
social development
Abstract.
This article reveals the essence of such terms as stability and security.
Keywords and expressions:
stability, security, peace, tranquility, military, political, so-
cial, economic, state security, absence, development, retention, sustainable, state operation.
Аннотация
.
Мазкур
мақолада
хавфсизлик
ва
барқарорлик
терминларининг
моҳияти
ёритиб
берилган
.
Таянч
сўз
ва
иборалар
:
барқарорлик
,
хавфсизлик
,
тинчлик
,
хотиржамлик
,
ҳар
-
бий
,
сиёсий
,
ижтимоий
,
иқтисодий
,
давлат
хавфсизлиги
,
йўқлиги
,
ривожланиши
,
сақланиши
,
барқарорлиги
,
давлат
амалиёти
.
Аннотация
.
Данная
статья
раскрывает
сущность
таких
терминов
как
стабильность
и
безопасность
.
Опорные
слова
и
выражения
:
стабильность
,
безопасность
,
мир
,
спокойствие
(
безмятежность
),
военный
,
политический
,
социальный
,
экономический
,
государст
-
венная
безопасность
,
отсутствие
,
развитие
,
удержание
(
сохранение
).
Nowadays while creating security systems the innovative processes associated
with globalization, regional integration, the development of the social dimension,
high technologies and society informatization are necessary to take into account.
By the end of the last century, in the social policy of countries at the micro and
macro-levels a fundamentally new approach have emerged; new instruments for
combating threats are being used through the international organizations involve-
ment because there is necessity of joint efforts to solve these problems. Social di-
mension development and the filling of a new content of social policy led to other
relationships in the security field. It is not just about preventing military conflicts
that are in local forms at the moment, but about creating and expanding well-orga-
nized security zones also, where multilateral cooperation can be developed wit-
hout hindrance. This is confirmed by the results of the evolution of organizations
designed to regulate international relations.
The success of any system, including social and labor relations system, de-
pends on the creation of stable conditions for its activities and development. If the
system is torn by contradictions, all its components lose. Such a system cannot
exist. Moreover, this is true in conditions of accelerating the processes of globa-
lization, breaking down the borders of national systems, suppressing their national
identity. Solving the problem of preserving social stability is possible only if there
is an effective system of social partnership
1
. The emerging system of social part-
1
Михеев
В
.
А
.
Основы
социального
партнерства
.
Социальное
партнерство
в
переходный
период
:
сущность
,
принципы
и
проблемы
формирования
системы
. –
М
, 2001. –
С
. 108.
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nership in Central Asia is associated with cardinal changes in labor relations, the
creation of a new mechanism for concluding collective contracts and agreements,
the usage of civilized procedures for individual and collective labor disputes and
conflicts resolving. Hence the extremely important problem - the interaction of
trade unions, employers, public authorities and international organizations. All
parties involved in the system of social partnership are now more or less engaged
in finding a coherent strategy for sustainable social stability.
What are the general mechanisms for achieving and maintaining public stability?
Any system is the most structurally complex formation, which can be structured diffe-
rently, i.e. mentally divided into different structural elements. From the educational-
methodological point of view it is very convenient and evident to allocate the social
system of the economic, social, political, spiritual-ideological subsystems. The famous
French sociologist P. Bourdieu, within the framework of his own peculiar construction,
dubbed constructivist structuralism or structuralist constructivism, defines similar
structures by economic, social, political, symbolic spaces. In his opinion, objective
structures influence the formation of symbolic representations, in turn, perception mo-
dels structure social reality. One of the main symbolic systems is the system of power
relations based on the possession of economic, cultural and symbolic (status) capital.
"Symbolic violence" is quite real
1
. There is also a notion of structural functionalism,
one of the founders of which is T. Parsons, who developed a famous formalized model
of the system of action, including the cultural, social, personal and organic subsystems.
The subsystem of culture performs the function of maintaining the sample; the social
subsystem - the integration of the individual; subsystem of personality
–
achievement of
the goal; behavioral organism
–
adaptation to the organic environment.
Thinking on the society stability in any way of its structuring lead to the study
of the dynamic characteristics of the structures, their interaction with each other,
the correspondence among themselves to maintain the organic integrity of the
social organism. In the concept of T. Parsons, an important role is played by the
study of the process of adaptive possibilities for better realization of certain
functions, for adaptation to the effects of the environment
2
.
If the economic and social systems are, in fact, different sides of the same core and
determine the social structure of the economy then the political system is a relatively
independent entity. Stability of the society is more probable if all structured social strata
in the social system will be represented in the political system and at one level or
another at different levels will have access to political decision-making.
It should be noted that in the political system the word "stability" means
system’s stable state which allows it to effectively function and develop under
1
П
.
Бурдье
.
Художественный
вкус
и
культурный
капитал
»,
источник
: «
Массовая
культура
и
массовое
искусство
.
За
и
против
. –
М
.:
Изд
-
во
"
Гуманитарий
"
Академии
гуманитарных
ис
-
следований
, 2003. – C. 431–453.
2
Парсонс
Т
.
Понятие
общества
:
компоненты
и
их
взаимоотношения
// THESIS.
Теория
и
история
экономических
и
социальных
институтов
и
систем
.
Альманах
. 1993. –
С
. 92–95.
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conditions of external and internal changes, maintaining its structure wherein. A
stable political structure demonstrates a high level of support of the most of
society, social management institutions and those in who is in charge (has power).
In the industrialized countries throughout the XIX
–
XX centuries, the broad strata
of the population acquired the right to vote, formed various organizations interact-
ting with the state, nominated candidates for parliaments and other elected bodies
of the state. Against this background, the state apparatus was democratized in the
direction of increasing separation of powers, the formation of a system of checks
and balances between them. Such democratization processes undoubtedly played
an important role in the stabilization of society.
A developing society is a stable society, and at the same time, maintaining its
stability. It is a society with a well-established process and a mechanism for social
change that preserves its stability and excludes such a political struggle, which
leads to the loosening of its foundations. At the same time, both authoritarian and
totalitarian public systems can be stable. However, in the end such systems break
up, become the focus of social strife, conflict and general instability. If develop-
ment is to understand how the process of purposeful accumulation of information
with subsequent ordering, structuralization, the last two phases of ordering and
structuralization ensure the system is brought into a certain state of stability. But
in another case, e.g. political instability can be smoothed out with the help of poli-
tical institutions. International organizations are precisely those institutions that
can contribute to the establishment of peace and progress.
By the end of the 19th century there already were more than a dozen organiza-
tions in the world that emerged as a result of the industrial revolution, which had
created the need of functional cooperation of states in the field of industry, tech-
nology and communications, etc.: International Sanitary Convention (1853), Inter-
national Telegraph Union (1865), The International Bureau of Weights and Mea-
sures (1875), the Universal Postal Union (1878), the Union for the Protection of
Industrial Property (1883), the International Criminal Police Organization (Inter-
pol, 1923), the International Agricultural Institute,
IGOs are directly political in nature after the World War I (League of Nations,
International Labor Organization), and also during and especially after World War
II when in 1945 in San Francisco the United Nations was formed to serve as a
guarantor of collective security and cooperation of member countries in the poli-
tical, economic and social fields. In parallel with the development of its speciali-
zed bodies and institutions, intergovernmental organizations of interregional and
regional nature are being created to enhance cooperation between states in various
fields: the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, which
unites the 24 most developed countries of the world (1960), the Council of Europe
(1949), the European Union of Coal and Steel (1951), the European Economic
Community (Common Market, 1957), the European Atomic Energy Community
(Euratom, 1957), the European Free Trade Association th Trade (EFTA, 1960),
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the League of Arab States (1945), the Organization of American States (1948), the
Organization of African Unity (1963). Since 1945, the number of IGOs doubled
and amounted to the beginning of the 70s. 220 organizations. In the mid 1970s
there were already 260 of them, and now more than 400.
The need for the functioning of these organizations necessitates the periodic con-
vening of conferences of their member countries representatives, and the preparation
of such conferences and the implementation of their decisions, in turn, leads to the
creation of permanent administrative structures of the "apparatus". At the same time if
the administration and the apparatus of the first IGOs were rather modest (for exam-
ple, the World Postal Union, the Union was represented by its head and six perma-
nent functionaries), more than 50,000 people are currently employed in the UN.
The noted increase in the number of IGOs and the number of their permanent
employees is one of the evidence of the growing interdependence of states and
their multilateral cooperation on an ongoing basis. Moreover, when created, such
organizations acquire a certain autonomy towards the founding states and become
partly uncontrolled by them. This gives them the opportunity to exert constant
influence on the behavior of states in various spheres of their interaction and in
this sense play the role of a supranational institution.
In modern world there are hundreds of organizations which almost all states of
the world participate in. They help the countries and peoples living in them, un-
derstand each other better and contribute to the development of trade and econo-
mic relations, cultural exchange. Therefore, most states are eager for broad parti-
cipation in international organizations.
All international organizations can be divided into two groups. The first is organi-
zations worldwide, such as the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the International
Labor Organization (ILO) and the World Health Organization (WHO). Any country
can enter into these organizations under certain conditions. Most of these organi-
zations are part of the United Nations system, ie, an alliance that includes almost all
countries in the world. The second group is regional organizations. They are formed
in the interests of the countries of a region or continent, for example the Organization
of American States (OAS) or the European Union (EU). Only those countries that are
located in a certain region can be allowed to enter. However, there are exceptions to
the rules. For example, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). Contrary to
the name this organization also includes states that do not have direct access to the
northern part of the Atlantic Ocean, e.g. Turkey. Thus the first principle of the divi-
sion of international organizations is geographical.
The second principle of the international organizations partition – in the field of
their activities. There are political organizations, for example the Organization for
Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) or the military-political as NATO. There
are also economic organizations (World Trade Organization - WTO), scientific and
cultural (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization - UNESCO).
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There are a number of international organizations that are facing several goals
and tasks. Thus the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)
deals with economic and political tasks. The Commonwealth of Independent Sta-
tes (CIS) and the United Nations (UN) can be classified as complex and integrated
that are solving a lot of various tasks. These organizations cooperate in politics,
economics and culture.
Today the role of international non-governmental organizations (NGOs) is appre-
ciably increasing. Unlike intergovernmental organizations, NGOs are as a rule not
territorial entities, because their members are not sovereign states. They meet three
criteria: the international nature of the composition and objectives; the private nature
of the foundation; voluntary nature of activities. That is why they are considered to be
"new authors" (MK Smuts), "authors outside sovereignty" (D. Rosenau)
1
, "transna-
tional forces" (M. Merle)
2
, "transnational organizations" (Sh. Zorgbib)
3
and so on.
There is as both as a narrow and broad understanding of NGOs. In accordance
with the first, they do not include socio-political movements, transnational corpo-
rations (TNCs) and even more the organizations that were created and existing
under the aegis of states.
F. Briard and M. R. Jalili understand NGOs as the structures of cooperation in
specific areas that unite non-state institutions and individuals of several countries:
religious organizations (for example, the Ecumenical Council of Churches), orga-
nizations of scientists (for example, the Pagush Movement); sports (FIFA), trade
union (FIP), legal (Amnesty International), etc. organizations, associations, ins-
titutions and associations.
On the contrary, Sh. Zorgbib believes that the term NGO includes three types of
organizations or institutions
4
. Firstly, these are "the forces of public opinion". They
cannot really compete with states as international authors in terms of influencing
world politics, but they have a significant impact on international public opinion. This
includes various "internationals": political (for example, the Socialist International);
religious (for example, the Ecumenical Council of Churches); humanitarian (Inter-
national Red Cross). Secondly, these are "private transnational authorities" i.e. orga-
nizations and institutions that symbolize the emergence of new "economical, occult
and uncontrolled" forces on the world arena. They express the discrepancy between
political and economic power in international relations and seriously shake the orga-
nization of "world society". This includes transnational corporations (TNC) on the
one hand and transnational syndicalism on the other. Finally, thirdly these are "as-
sociations of producer states". These are organizations that are intergovernmental in
their structure and composition but transnational in character and that "strive to
1
Rosenau J
.
Turbulence in world politics: A Theorie of Chande and Continuity. – Princeton, New
Jersey, 1990. – P. 82.
2
Merle M
.
Sociologie des relations internationales. – Paris, 1974. – P. 12.
3
Zorgbibe Ch
.
Los organizations Internationales. – Paris, 1991. – P. 8.
4
The same book. – P. 9.
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establish their economic influence in an international society that is reproduced as a
single space, as a common planetary community". These include the Intergovern-
mental Council of Honey Exporters Countries, the Organization of the Countries of
the Iron Exporter, the International Bauxite Association and, of course, the Organi-
zation of the Countries of the Oil Exporters (OPEP).
NGOs differ in size, structure, focus and tasks. However all of them have those
common features that distinguish them from both states and intergovernmental orga-
nizations. Unlike the first they cannot be represented as characters acting in the words
of G. Morgenthau, in the name of "interest expressed in terms of power"
1
. Unlike the
latter, their founders are not states, but professional, religious or private organizations,
institutions, institutions, and, in addition, the decisions they make are generally not
legally binding for states. Yet they are increasingly able to achieve the tasks they set
themselves, not only in the professional, but also in the political field.
In conclusion I would like to note that it is possible that not all NGOs play the role
of international pressure groups (certain doubts in this regard may be about the
organization having consultative status with the UN ECOSOC and its institutions).
However their effect combined visibly changes the character of international rela-
tions, making them substantially different from the nature of traditional interstate re-
lations the era of which is becoming a thing of the past. But also the real cultural,
political and economic situation, as well as actual issues related to the social problems
of society, are constantly reflected in the mass media, in the publication of materials
from various conferences with the participation of the research organizations, which
address issues related to interstate dialogues in strengthening of regional stability, as
well as political and social situation.
1 Hans Morgenthau, 1948. Politics Among Nations, (New York: Knopf )
www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~plam/irnotes07/Morgenthau1948.pdf
