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3
20
САИДАКБАРОВ
A
УМИДА
Researcher, TSIOS
Bread idioms reflected by Uzbek and British
history and culture
Abstract.
The main actuality of this article is that phraseological units with “bread”
components reflected by history and culture have not been studied yet. The main purpose
of this article is to study bread idioms as well as their origin and historical and cultural
value. In this article, idioms have been analyzed with etymological units, and it reveals
their unique charm.
Keywords and expressions:
idioms, lexicology, phraseology, unit, history, culture.
Аннотация
.
Ушбу
мақоланинг
ҳозирги
кунда
долзарблиги
шундаки
,
фразеологизмла
-
рнинг
“
нон
”
компонентлари
билан
боғлиқ
хусусиятлари
халқларнинг
тарихи
ҳамда
ма
-
данияти
билан
боғланган
ҳолда
ҳали
ўрганилмаган
.
Мақоланинг
мақсади
инглиз
ва
ўзбек
тилларида
“
нон
”
компонентлари
билан
тасвирланган
фразеологик
бирикмаларни
қиёсий
ўрганиш
билан
биргаликда
уларнинг
келиб
чиқиши
қайси
даврга
ва
ҳодисага
боғлиқлигини
таҳлил
қилишдир
.
Мазкур
мақолада
“
нон
”
компонентли
иборалар
этимологик
тоифа
-
ларга
бўлиб
кўриб
чиқилди
.
Бу
уларнинг
ўзига
хос
хусусиятларини
намоён
қил
a
ди
.
Таянч
сўз
ва
иборалар
:
иборалар
,
лексикология
,
фразеология
,
термин
,
тарих
,
маданият
.
Аннотация
.
Данная
статья
актуальна
на
сегодняшний
день
,
так
как
является
первой
попыткой
сопоставительного
изучения
истории
и
культуры
английских
и
узбекских
параллелей
фразеологизмов
с
компонентом
«
хлеб
».
В
данной
статье
осу
-
ществляется
распределение
фразеологизмов
по
этимологическим
разрядам
,
это
дает
возможность
выявить
специфику
фразеологизмов
с
компонентом
«
хлеб
».
Опорные
слова
и
выражения
:
идиомы
,
лексикология
,
фразеологизм
,
термин
,
история
,
культура
.
Uzbek nation had a great impact on the development of language as well as
Britain. The establishment of Uzbek lexicology as a scholarly field can be traced back
to the XI century, the century when it was created well known novel “Devonu
lug’otut turk” (Turkish dictionary) by Mahmud Qoshgariy. Given dictionary included
not only the sense of the words but also contained all information about Turkish
history, customs, and geographic location. One of our famous writers Mahmud
Zamahshariy had also an enormous contribution to the development of Uzbek
theoretical and practical lexicology with his novel “Asos ul baloga” and dictionary
which includes 4 languages (Arabic, Persian, Uzbek, Mongol). However, the spread
of Uzbek lexicology throughout the world continued with famous fairytales like
“Tumaris”, “Shiroq”, “Hero” and novels like “Alpomish”, “Gurugli” etc.
1
In contrast,
the origin of English bilingual lists can be traced to a practice of the early middle ages
that of writing interlines glossaries – explanations of difficult words – in manuscripts.
Some of them survived from 7
th
and 8
th
centuries. However, there is no doubt that
1
Шомақсудов
Ш
.
Қайроқи
сўзлар
. – T.:
Ўзбекистон
, 2011 –
Б
. 3.
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many words and phrases in English languages were written by Shakespeare, and he
played a major role in the transformation of the English languages. His novels like
“Elbow room”, “Henry V”, “Romeo and Juliet” gave birth to the thousands of new
phrases and idioms.
All these masterpieces had a great influence on Uzbek and English phra-
seology which are rich in idioms and sayings. So, it is obviously seen that formal
history of Uzbek and English studies development as an academic discipline
numbers several decades.
This article intends to reveal an intimate tie between phraseology and history;
Perhaps the most obvious demonstration of this relationship will come from
identification and analysis of those idioms which reflect Uzbek and British history
or rather there culture of this or that historic period.
By analyzing idioms many philologists draw attention to the fact that they can
more easily and precisely than other language units cumulate and store facts about
the past, cultural semantics of a nation, traditions, customs, folklore, etc. because
of the so called "cumulative" function of a language. The element which renders
the information is called "national-cultural component". According to F. I. Bus-
layev, phraseology is a small world where all standards and principles of morality
have been inherited from ancestors. It is a life of national language which
emphasizes a unique manner of any nation. It is easy to notice a cultural “sign” of
any nation in aspects of phraseology.
In phraseology each component symbolizes particular meaning; they have
their own culture, history and origin. One of the most valuable and plausible
components which can clearly illustrate the evolution of ancient people and their
culture is “bread”. In English linguistics “bread” often symbolizes money and
hope to the good future. Idioms like
(one's) daily bread
and
to earn one’s bread
emphasize one’s means of living, food and money. In old times people lived in
hard conditions and most of them died of starvation and bread was their only
source of living. Uzbek people also value bread and compare it with gold, sun and
life. A similar definition was given by Sh. Usmonova, who said that “bread is
daily food for any Uzbek and they respect and regard it. According to ancient
traditions, bread must not be turned over, passed over or even bitten reverse.
Therefore, if one drops bread it must be taken immediately by kissing three times
and touched on forehead. Recognizing, understanding and respecting bread are
taught to children from their childhood. Idioms like
noni butun, noni yarimta
bo‘ldi, non ursin
symbolized bread as wealth, peace and existence
1
.
Having analyzed several bread idioms it was found that from ancient times
bread was really regarded and essential part of living in both nations. This article
will compare the etymology of these idioms with historical events. Most of them
reflect different historical events, customs of some historical periods. Further,
they will be explained and arranged in a detailed way.
1
Усмонова
Ш
.
Таржиманинг
лингвомаданий
аспектлари
. – T.:
ТошДШИ
, 2017. –
Б
. 89.
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First of all, it must be mentioned that most English idioms came from the Bible.
For instance, “Daily bread” possibly has a reference to the Lord’s Prayer in the
Bible, part of which can be read in the King James Version: “Give us this day our
daily bread
” (Matthew 6:11. 1599) Another note was written by Richard Baxter in
1960 in his “Epistel Dedicatory”. But when it became an idiom and switched from
Bible to people’s ordinary speech. In 1719 on April 25 was published a fantastic
novel “The life and strange Surprising adventures of Robinson Crusoe” by Daniel
Defoe. That times only one source of entertainment existed and it was “reading
books” of course. There is no surprise that most idioms came from literature, by
reading novels which were rich in common idioms, people started using them in
their daily life. There were two very different lifestyles in 18
th
century in England,
that of the rich and that of the poor. With the Industrial Revolution, which started in
the middle of the century, the world faced with the new machinery that saved time
and made some people very wealthy. The rich were getting richer and the poor
poorer. Many people were out of work as suddenly machines were doing their jobs.
During that period the idiom
daily bread
appeared and widely expanded among the
poor class of England. It meant money that you need and so that you could pay for
food, clothes and other ordinary needs
1
.
In Uzbek the variation of the model is “
Non yemoq
” which means to earn money.
There is no exact fact when and where this idiom was originated but Uzbek famous
writer Abdullo Qahhor who wrote plenty of great novels, which are rich in idioms,
first used the idiom
noni yemoq
in his work. “O‘qituvchi bo‘lib
non yegandan
keyin
bolalarni o‘ziga rom qilsin, bosib olsinda” (As he works as a teacher and gets
daily
bread,
must attract pupils attention and control them) (A. Qahhor). However, it is
clear that this idiom came into Uzbek literature later than its English equivalent.
Taking into account the fact that Uzbek equivalent began widely used in 1920s when
the city of Tashkent began to industrialize and also faced on several difficulties with
earning money. Further Word War Two made things worse and it was even hard to
find even daily bread to feed family, it is clear why the idiom
noni yemoq (to eat
bread)
extended and was essential among Uzbek nation
2
.
Analysis of phraseology with bread components which emphasize money or
source of living in both languages let us identify their symbolic value and describe
its cultural function. Consequently, it was
found that there are numerous idioms with
bread components which represent wealth or its absence. Uzbek idiom
“Nonni yog‘
bilan yemoq
(to eat bread with butter) means to live in wealth; If one has not only
bread but also butter to eat, it indicates how rich this person is. There two above
mentioned idioms can be compared with each other.
Nonni yemoq
and
Nonni yog‘
bilan yemoq,
these two idioms illustrate the local color of nation. With one word the
meaning of the idiom may be changed from negative to positive one. There, the
phrase butter reveals prosperity and reference to the upper class. Actually, English
1
https//idioms.the freedictionary .com
2
Раҳматуллаев
Ш
.
Ўзбек
фразеологик
луғат
. –
Т
., 1981. –
Б
. 25.
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famous idiom “
bread and butter”
has also very close meaning
.
According to
Christine Ammer given idiom can be expressed with several items. Firstly, the most
common explanation is, if something is one’s bread and butter, it is his most
important or only source of income. One’s bread-and-butter business is the part of
his business which produces the main part of his income. It's not exactly thrilling but
it is good bread-and-butter work all the same. Another given point is that the bread
and butter of a situation or activity is its most basic or important aspects
1
.
Majority of idiomatic units describe the identity of a nation which lives in the
ethnic community with a wide cultural aspect. Therefore, the presence of
particular idioms can be interpreted as the proof of belonging to one nation of
Earth. It can be proved with plenty of idioms belonging to two absolutely different
nations as well as religion. However, they have very close or even similar
meanings although they appeared in various centuries. For instance, English
saying
take the bread out from people's mouth
means to deprive someone of his or
her livelihood. Christine Ammer in her dictionary of idioms expressed this idiom
with description of period when employers took the bread out of the worker’s
mouth by lowering wages
2
. The existence of the same idiom in Uzbek lexicology
can surprise with its similarity in translation and in meaning.
“Og‘zidan nonni
olib qo‘ymoq”
or
“og‘zidagi noni oldirib qo‘ymoq”
these two equivalents of
English version also illustrates inequality and hostility of some people. On the
other hand, the second idiom emphasizes the weakness of person and his
disability to save his prosperity and let someone take his bread from his mouth.
In these circumstances, the analysis gave us the opportunity to find various
equivalents of English and Uzbek idioms which are close to each other. Most
idioms with bread component expanded in 1600s when people lived under the line
of poverty and their only food was bread and potatoes; meat was an uncommon
luxury. Poor craftsmen and laborers lived in just two or three rooms. There was no
government assistance for the unemployed, and many had trouble finding their
next meal or a warm place to live. Otherwise, people tried to support and en-
courage each other with cheering up idioms like “
half a loaf is better than no
bread”,
this saying is first found in the same place as many other proverbial
sayings by John Heywood in 1546. It means that something even if it is not what
you ideally would prefer, is better than nothing. In this saying the icon of bread
plays one of the main roles in teaching people fairness and equality. Psychological
experiment, which was set among UK and US children, was based on the concept
of “
half a loaf is better than no bread
”. One child was offered four sweets and the
other was offered one. The child with the opportunity to take four sweets was
given choice weather he got four sweets and the other child got one or both of
them got nothing. Most children chose the second option and reject the first one
preferring to maintain a sense of fairness. Consequently, it revealed that fairness is
1
Christine Ammer. The American Heritage. Dictionary of idioms. – London, 2003.
2
Ibid.
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innate concept in humans not learned. In Uzbek the equivalent is used without
bread component but it is also very close in meaning
“Yo‘qdan ko‘ra yarmi
yaxshi”
(it is better to have half than nothing)
Actually, local color is a very significant unit of the identity, as many people
think in the local categories. Consequently, the idioms reflect the local particu-
larity and most typical components appear in the variety of a semantic and struc-
tural type. There are several objects in each local culture, which are typical
examples of certain qualities, so they become stereotypic for the languages users.
Proper tend to carry metaphorical meanings, which reflect the socio – cultural
knowledge of a given community
1
. Uzbek lexicology has really unique idiom
which peculiars to its cultural aspects. “
Non ursin”
to be beaten by bread
for
foreigner who is not familiar with Uzbek specific nature this idiom will sound
strange and confusing. However, it has deep meaning and most Uzbeks use it due
to swear on or want to persuade someone to trust them. One important aspect is
that bread is divinized and it is clearly seen that people deify and treat bread with
extreme respect and admiration.
Literally, highly regarded component like bread is also essential ingredient for
British people and idioms with bread items often can give main characteristics
about nation. For instance,
cast the bread upon the water
means always to be
ready to do a good turn even if you do not expect a reward for it. For, some day,
you will surely find your reward waiting for you. Originated in the Bible this
idiom persuades people share with their prosperity and help each other without
expecting award and one day God will reward them. Nowadays, these kinds of
idioms can be very useful to educated people to be generous and plausible. Uzbek
idioms with bread also have deep meaning and related to social relationships as
well as values. Uzbek people often use given idioms to illustrate person’s negative
or positive condition and attitude to life. For example,
“Nonni yarimta qilmoq”
(to make one’s bread halved) means to deprive somediv of his property, as we
mentioned above in ancient time bread was an only source of food and people
regarded it very much. Bread replaced them money and when somediv tried to
bereave somediv’s job it meant that he wanted to take away his bread. Today,
when industrialism has already captured our world the idiom
nonni yarimta
qilmoq
expands and it becomes a common for most Uzbek people to use it in their
everyday speech. Although bread is a symbol of spiritual life and honour there are
several idioms which represent negative feelings. Uzbek idiom “Nonko’rlik
qilmoq”, (to be ungrateful) wholly illustrates people’s attitude to bread and their
unique characteristic feature. When someone, whom we really believe and give
our help, betrays us and can not prove our expectation. “Nonko‘rlik qilmoq”, (to
be ungrateful) is essential to use. In addition to this, “Nonni tuya qilib bermoq” (to
give bread as a camel) and “Non gadoyi bo‘lib qolmoq” (to be bread’s bagger)
also bring negative sense to the reader. It is remarkable that both idioms are found
1
Joanna Szerszunowicz. Humanities in new Europe 2. – Kaunas, Latvia: University Bialystok, 2007.
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in Uzbek literature and a great writer Oybek often stressed his heroes’ emotions
and conditions with the help of these idiomatical units.
The above mentioned analyses make it clear that bread has already been
idolized in both nations and two Uzbek opposite idioms can be good example of
it. “Nondek aziz bo‘l” (to be honourable as bread) is contrary to the saying
“Nondek xor bo‘l” (to be disrespectful as bread) of course the second idiom can
confuse the non native listener but there idiom used to insult the person who
disrespectfully wasted bread. Actually, English phraseological unit “break bread”
symbolizes good relationship among people.it is hard to remain enemies when one
has broken bread together. This explanation appears in most books and it means to
share bread (food). The idiom originated from sacramental bread of Communion
in Christian services and survived hymn, “Let Us Break Bread together,”
1
Idioms frequently alter in English and Uzbek languages. Although many
idioms last for a long time, some disappear very quickly. Therefore, some idioms
were popular fifty years ago may sound very old- fashioned and odd today. For
example, the idiom bread and Circuses is not so common nowadays it was origin-
nated by Juvenal, a roman poet active in the late and early second century AD and
is used commonly in cultural, particular political, and context and referred to a
superficial means of appeasement. In contrast with Uzbek language where also
exists old idioms like “non tegmagan, osh tegmagandek” (scrawny as was
removed from bread and food). In ancient times people were neither fat nor thin,
however, it was very hard time people tried to survive with available food.
Usually it was bread which was nourishing. When they saw very skinny person it
meant that he was so poor that he even did not have bread to eat. These idioms are
not frequently used and because of their needless.
Subsequently, it can be seen that several idioms which have very deep roots in
history and culture have analyzed. They have their origins in traditional skills,
such as ancient myths, literature and social life. However, where do new idioms
come from? They evolve all the time from TV, advertising, politics and business.
These idioms often quickly become expressions understood and used by many
people in their everyday lives. Some of these idioms will be popular for a few
years but then get forgotten; others may last. For example, the idiom “sliced
bread” gained its popularity in 1952 after a TV program where famous comedian
RED Skelton said in an interview with Salisbury Times: “Don’t worry about
television. It is the greatest thing since sliced bread” and this phrase expanded
among population and meant that something is best and most useful innovation or
development invented for a long time.
The analysis gave us the opportunity to find various examples the previously
described idioms with bread components in both English and Uzbek languages. The
purpose of the study is to overview of certain issues regarding the cultural and
historical base of bread idioms. Based on our results, it is clearly seen that “bread” is
1
https//idioms.the freedictionary.com
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always been honorable and regarded item and that’s way idioms with bread
components can really reflect people’s history and culture. In both languages “bread”
symbolizes money and wealth and it was a ring – buoy in difficult times.
In this study, we presented the analysis of some bread idioms which were
really regarded and essential part of living in both nations. The main aim of this
article is the comparison of etymology with historical events. Most of them reflect
different historical events, customs of some historical periods.
САЙДАЗИМОВА
УМИДА
Кандидат
филологических
наук
,
доцент
,
ТашГИВ
Экскурс
в
историю
развития
корейской
прозы
Х
VII–XVIII
вв
.
Аннотация
.
Мақолада
XVII–XVIII
асрлар
корейс
насри
ривожланиш
босқичлари
кўриб
чиқилади
.
Мазкур
давр
корейс
насрининг
ҳақиқатни
ифодалашдаги
ўрнининг
ўзига
хос
жиҳатлари
ҳамда
хусусиятларининг
умумий
таърифи
ёритилади
.
Таянч
сўз
ва
иборалар
:
ханмун
,
қадриятлар
,
реализм
,
қисса
,
роман
,
сатирик
ҳикоя
.
Аннотация
.
В
статье
прослеживается
экскурс
в
развитие
корейской
прозы
XVII–XVIII
вв
.
В
виде
обзора
рассматриваются
характерные
черты
и
особенности
корейской
прозы
указанного
периода
и
ее
роль
в
отображении
действительности
.
Опорные
слова
и
выражения
:
ханмун
,
ценности
,
реализм
,
повесть
,
роман
,
сатирический
рассказ
.
Abstract.
The article considers the levels of the progress of Korean prose in XVII–
XVIII centuries. The features and the role of Korean prose of this period in imaging the
reality have been examined as a review.
Keywords and expressions:
khanmun, wealth, realism, story, novel, satirical story.
Корейская
литература
,
как
и
любая
другая
,
представляет
собой
органич
-
ную
часть
культуры
корейского
народа
,
отражение
его
истории
и
развития
.
Между
тем
,
культура
имеет
непреходящее
значение
в
мире
ценностных
ориентаций
человека
.
В
связи
с
этим
культуру
как
социальный
феномен
можно
определить
именно
через
эти
ценностные
ориентации
1
.
Являясь
важ
-
ной
составляющей
духовно
-
ценностной
направленности
человека
,
культура
характеризует
уровень
общественного
сознания
,
сформировавшегося
не
только
потенциальными
ресурсами
знаний
,
но
и
обретенным
наработанным
опытом
человека
.
Культура
определяется
степенью
реализации
ценностей
и
ценностных
отношений
в
деятельности
человека
.
В
роли
проводника
таких
ценностей
и
ценностных
отношений
является
художественная
литература
,
которую
следует
относить
к
явлению
многоплановому
,
органично
сочетаю
-
1
Гуревич
П
.
С
.,
Палеева
Н
.
Н
.
Философия
культуры
. –
М
., 2014.
