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TO YOUNG CHILDREN. Modern Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 5,
599–561.
THE HISTORY OF THE FORMATION OF THE METHOD OF
TEACHING HUSNIKHAT
Yulduz Qalandarova
Student of Nukus State Pedagogical Institute
As we know, the art of calligraphy occupies a special place in the cultural
heritage of the Uzbek people. Calligraphy is one of the most perfect types of
ancient Eastern art. The history of the writing of the peoples of Central Asia begins
from very ancient times. In the middle of the 1st millennium BC, Aramaic writing
began to spread in Iran, Central Asia and other countries.
Writing is a set of special characters accepted in a language. Photographic
writing first appeared in the period of the seed system. Later, we all know that in a
time when human society consisted of small and scattered families, people
exchanged ideas with each other only through oral speech. Writing appeared on the
basis of this human need. In the beginning, signs were used in the life of primitive
people. The remnants of this writing are still present in the seals of clans, shell
necklaces of the northern Indians, signs and other forms representing the private
property of a social class. As a result of the development of technology, such as
telephone, telegraph, radio, television, and the Internet, its advantage has weakened
in terms of distance, but with the attention of the times, writing is still superior to
oral speech. A large number of monuments found and deciphered at the beginning
of the 19th-20th centuries made it possible to shed light on the emergence and
historical development of writing.
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This achievement of the science led to the separation of the history of writing
as an independent branch of the science of linguistics. According to various
monuments, a number of local writings began to appear on the basis of the
Aramaic script. Avesta, Khorezm, Sugdian, Kushon, Runic, Uyghur and other
writings are among them. During the 5th-8th centuries, the Turkic peoples widely
used the Orhun-Enasoy script. This writing is also known as the Turkic-runic
writing in science. In 1892-1893, Danish scientist Velgilim Thomson and Russian
scientist V.V. Radlov were able to read the inscriptions on the monument. We
know that Central Asia was conquered by the Arabs in the VII-VIII centuries.
From this period, Central Asia, including the Uzbek people, began to use the
Arabic script. Our people used this alphabet for 1200 years. Zahiriddin Muhammad
Babur, the representative of our classic literature, wrote "Hatti Baburi" at the age
of 20. But this record is not implemented in practice.
As we know, "Bait ul-Hikmat" is a scientific institution that unites scientists.
Caliph Harun al-Rashid founded in Baghdad. In Uzbek works it is referred to as
"House of Knowledge" or "House of the Wise". Along with the development of all
fields, such as architecture, sculpture, geometry, jurisprudence, hadith, theology,
religion, mysticism, tariqat, ideology, astronomy, the world of medicine,
translation, and literature, the art of calligraphy also developed. . All kinds of
works were hand-copied by famous husnikhat sahibs, that is, calligraphers. This
caused those works to be widely spread among the people and read with love.
"Calligraphy" was considered one of the most perfect types of ancient Eastern art.
The art of calligraphy in Central Asia has a rich history. In the 14th-16th centuries,
the development of the book industry of our country was incomparable. During
these times, there were no printing houses in the world to print books.
That is why, especially in the East, the interest in the art of calligraphy and the
need for calligraphers was extremely great. Invaluable works created by people of
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literature and science have reached us thanks to the work of scribes. During these
times, a number of talented artists became creators of elegant books, including
Muhammad bin Husain al-Tibi, Mir Ali Tabrizi, Khorezmi, Sultan Ali Mashhadi,
Mir Ali Qilqadam. For example, Hafiz Shirozi copied Khusrav Dehlavi's
"Khamsa". It is known from our sources and literature that the great thinker
Alisher Navoi is also a skilled calligrapher. In addition to technical tasks,
calligraphers also sought to develop their own writing style. For example, since the
12th century, the style of Kufi calligraphy has been widely used in the life of
calligraphers. Based on this style, the following six main styles of Arabic writing
have emerged.
1. Suls letter - four sides of this letter are written flat and two sides are round. 2.
Naskh letter- the inventor of this letter is the famous calligrapher Ibn Muqla'. 3.
Muhaqqaq letter - one part is flat and the other parts are written in round form. 4. It
originates from Rayhani's letter-Muhaqaq, and its inventor is Ibn Awwab. 5. The
letter of piety is made up of a half-flat, half-round line. 6. Riqa letter - most letters
are written in combination with each other. Each of these letters has been used in
its place. Munis, son of the famous poet and calligrapher Shermuhammad
Awazbek, gave useful advice about calligraphy and beautiful writing instruments
in his treatise "Savodi Talim":
The target of the word joke,
The treasure of meaning,
Every word has a meaning,
He would have died without the letter...
He also attached great importance to the rules of writing and said: The
discipline of the work of the world, the discipline of the people of the world,
without it, it cannot be a book, without it, it cannot be a story...Hazrat Alisher
Navoi is also one of the teachers who taught science. Even if a disciple were to
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give hundreds of treasures for one letter taught by him on the path of truth, he
would not be able to repay the right:
On the path of truth, who taught you a letter with pain,
It is an irreplaceable ado with a hundred treasures.
I must emphasize that the world fame of Alisher Navoi, the great poet of the
East, has a significant contribution of Bukhara and Sharisab literature fans -
famous calligraphers. The study of Navoi's work and copying of his works began
in his own time. His works are widely distributed not only in the country where he
lives, but also in several foreign countries. In particular, we all know that when the
poet was working on "Khamsa", the famous calligrapher Abdujamil copied the
finished part of it. The poet praised the art of calligraphy in his great work "Majolis
un-nafais" and mastered it thoroughly Sultan Ali Mashhadi, Maulana Soyimi,
Maulana Saifi, Maulana Sher Ali, Shaykhzada Puroni, Maulana Voysi, Maulana
Kotibi and Abdujamil Katib Herati. He proudly mentioned famous writers such as
It is worth noting that most of the manuscripts of Alisher Navoi's works that
have reached us were read in Bukhara and Sakharisabz, ancient centers of science.
These manuscripts provide the reader with various information and play a positive
role in the perfect study of Navoi's works.
We know that in June 1926, the Central Executive Committee of Uzbekistan
decided to adopt a new alphabet based on Latin letters.
In Uzbekistan, the transition from the Arabic script to the Uzbek alphabet
based on Latin letters was completed in the first half of 1930. However, this script
was not used for long. On May 8, 1940, a law was passed to change the current
Uzbek script to a new alphabet. After the declaration of the independence of the
Republic of Uzbekistan, the issue of the Uzbek alphabet based on the Latin script
was raised. This issue was discussed at the 13th session of the 12th convocation of
the Supreme Council of the Republic of Uzbekistan on September 2-3, 1993, and
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the decision "On the introduction of the Uzbek alphabet based on the Latin script"
was adopted.
In conclusion, I can say that one of the important tasks facing our schools
today is to improve students' literacy. Clean and beautiful writing plays a big role
in improving students' literacy. In the beautiful writing classes, when the exercise
on the shape of the letters is carried out, it is taken from simple to complex,
because the letters of the alphabet are divided into groups according to their shape.
The knowledge acquired during learning to write must remain a permanent rule.
The first requirements for the development of beautiful writing skills and the rules
for keeping the correct slope of the writing, approximating the distance between
the elements, will be taught later in the 2nd grade in calligraphy lessons. Pupils can
keep these rules in mind. Formation of beautiful writing skills is continued not
only in primary grades, but also in higher grades. Every writing exercise should be
done with a specific goal in mind.
The great Russian pedagogue K. D. Ushensky paid special attention to
husnikhat lessons and said that "initial orthographic skills are restored in husnikhat
lessons." The model writing of the teacher is the main factor in the formation of
correct writing in children. In addition to these, we know from history that a
number of scientists, poets and virtuous people who lived in the Middle Ages
learned the art of calligraphy and wrote down their famous works. allows us to use
it in the field.
List of used literature
1. Karimov I.A. "The perfect generation is the foundation of our future"
Tashkent 1999
2. Abdullayev Y "Methodology of teaching literacy in the old school"
Tashkent "Teacher" 1996
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3. Kh. Gulomova, G. Mamatova. Sh. Yoldasheva, H. Boqiyeva, A. Sobirova
"Husnikhat and its teaching methodology" study guide
4. Раджапов, У. Р., & Мирахмедов, Ф. Т. (2018). Строго
регламентированные методы при обучении движениям и воспитании
физических качеств. Молодой ученый, (5), 185-187.
5. Norov, I., & Uldawlet, D. (2021). Psychological mechanisms that increase
the effectiveness of the educational process.
6. WWW ziyonet.uz
FINE ART TEACHING METHODOLOGY
Askarov Timur Berdakhovich
Graduate student of Nukus State Pedagogical Institute
All practical and theoretical knowledge in this field is necessary for training
teachers of fine and applied arts. These are mainly drawing, painting, composition,
applied decorative arts, sculpture, art history, and most importantly, mastering the
methodological bases of teaching these knowledge. By acquiring this knowledge in
the content of education, the future teacher will not only become a master of his
field, but will also have the ability to share the secrets of this art with students and
young people. It is necessary to rely on general art education science and
methodology in the context of education and upbringing of fine and applied arts
together with our national art heritage. In the training of young pedagogues, it is
necessary to follow the priority of the important directions of educational content,
general artistic and national traditions.
