74
среде, в которой им приходится существовать, и подходящим инструментом для описания
реальности, а также реакции людей.
ЛИТЕРАТУРА:
1. Рушди, Салман (2001). Ярость. Нью-Йорк: Рэндом Хаус.
2. Рушди, Салман (1995а). Стыд. Лондон: Винтаж.
3. Рушди, Салман (1998). Сатанинские стихи. Лондон: Винтаж.
4. Рушди, Салман (1999). Земля под ее ногами. Нью-Йорк: Пикадор.
5. Рушди, Салман (1995b). Дети полуночи: Лондон: Винтаж.
SHIFT TO NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES AS ALTERATIONS PRODUCED IN THE
WORD
Satullayeva N.J.
Assistant-teacher, English Language and Literature Department
KarSU named after Berdakh, Nukus, Uzbekistan
tel: +99891 3712022
Резюме:
Бул мақалада инглис тилиндеги айырым фейиллердиӊ фонетикалық пәт қойылыў
қағыйдаларына байланыслы, гәп ишинде қолланылыў мәнилериниӊ ѳзгериўи ҳаққында сѳз етиледи.
Резюме:
В этой статье рассматривается об связанным правилам фонетических ударении, об
изменении значениях использования в предложениях в некоторых глаголов.
Summary:
This article is about some verbs of using phonetic stress rules, change of meanings in the
sentences.
Таяныш созлер:
бир буӯынлы, даӯыслы сеслердиң қатнасы, фонетикалық үлги, ѳткизиў, қарсы
гүреслер, асырыў, пәтлердиӊ айырмашылығы.
Ключевые слова:
би-слоговой, участие гласных, фонетический шаблон, проводить,
протестовать, увеличить, различие ударения.
Key words
:
bi-syllabic, vowels involved, phonetic pattern, conduct, protest, increase, stress distinction.
The other marginal type that has to do with the stress pattern is slight changes in stress. There are
some bi-syllabic verbs which shift to nouns or adjectives with a change in word stress from the verb
distribution / –´– / to the noun and adjective pattern /´— / – this stress shift also affects the phonetic
pattern, pecкially the length of the vowels involved. These are the cases of the verb ‗
conduct
‘ [
kәn'dΛkt
]
to the noun ‗
conduct
‘ [
'kɔndΛkt
], from the verb ‗
protest
‘ [
prә'test
] to the noun ‗
protest
‘ [
'prәutest
], or
from the verb ‗
increase
‘ [
in'kri:s
] to the noun ‗
increase
‘ [
'inkri:s
]: the verb ‗
conduct
‘ [
kәn'dΛkt
] –
откизиў – проводить, the noun ‗
conduct
‘ [
'kɔndΛkt
] – атқарыўында – исполние; the verb ‗
protest
‘
[
prә'test
] – наразылығын билдириў – протестовать, the noun ‗
protest
‘ [
'prәutest
] – қарсы-гҥреслер –
протесты; the verb ‗
increase
‘ [
in'kri:s
] – асырыў – увеличить, the noun ‗
increase
‘ [
'inkri:s
]– кӛбейиў
– рост.
1.
Katherine Harris, the secretary of state and a Republican, announced late Wednesday night that
she would not accept petitions to
conduct
[
kәn'dΛkt
]
manual recounts from Broward and Palm Beach
counties, both of which had voted for Mr. Gore by large margins, to conduct such tallies.
Госсекретарь ҳәм республикашы Кэтрин Харрис сәршемби кҥни кешқурын, кѳпшилиги мырза
Горға даўыс берген Бровард ҳәм Палм Бич округларынан, даўыс-бланкларды қолда қайта санаўды
ѳткизиў
хаққында жазылған арзаларды қабылламаў керек екенин жәриялаған еди.
Кэтрин Харрис, госсекретарь штата и секретарь Республиканцев, заявила поздно ночью в среду,
что ей не следовало бы принимать ходатайства, поступивших от округов Бровард и Палм Бич,
проводить
пересчѐт голосов вручную по бланкам, оба из которых проголосовали за господина
Гора с большим преимуществом.
2.
President-elect Bush inherits a nation whose citizens will be ready to assist him in the
conduct
[
'kɔndΛkt
]
of his large responsibilities.
Қайта сайланған президент Буш миллеттиң пуқараларының оған ӛзиниң мойнындағы
ҥлкен ўазыйпаларын
атқарыўда
жәрдем бериўге таяр болыўын мийрас қылады.
Вновь избранный президент Буш получает в наследство государство, граждане которого
будут готовы поддержать его в
исполнении
столь больших ответственных обязательств.
3.
Rove instructed his staff to call network officials to complain, then he went before the cameras
himself to
protest
[
prә'test
]
publicly.
75
Ров ӛз қол астындағы жумысшыларына әмелдарларға шағым етиўин, ал кейин болса ӛзи
камералар алдына барып, халық алдында
наразылығын
әшкаралап
билдирди
.
Ров проинструктировал свою команду позвонить в сеть должностных лиц с жалобой и
затем сам пошел к камерам
протестовать
публично
4.
Mr. Bush has not always been in step with his generation, staying distant from the political
upheavals of the 1960's that fueled the civil rights movement, the
protests
[
'prәutest
]
against the Vietnam
War and the counterculture.
1960-жыллардағы жҥз берген пуқаралар ҳуқуқлары ушын гҥрес, контрмәденият ҳәм
Вьетнамдағы урысқа
қарсы гҥреслер
сыяқлы сиясый аўдарыспақлардан узақ болған Мырза Буш
ӛз әўлады менен ҳәр дайым да келисимде емес еди.
Господин Буш не всегда был похож на своих сверстников, он держался на расстоянии от
политических потрясений 1960х годов, которые были полны движениями за гражданские права,
протесты
против Вьетнамской войны и и все виды контркультуры.
5.
The absentee ballots were critical: the Bush camp was counting on them to
increase
[
in'kri:s
]
their man's lead because so many came from servicemen abroad, who tended to be Bush
supporters.
Сайлаў бюллетенлердиң жетиспей қалыўлары ҳәдден тысқары ўәзиятта еди: Буш кампаниясы,
даўыс бериўде ҥстемлигин
асырыў
ушын, тап усыған исенип отыр еди, себеби кӛплеген әскерлер
Бушты қоллап қуўатлаў ушын сырт еллерден арнап келген еди.
Отсутствие избирательных бюллетеней было критическим: кампания Буша рассчитывала
на них, чтобы
увеличить
свое превосходство в голосовании, потому что множество
военнослужащих специально приехали из-за границы, намереваясь поддержать Буша.
6.
Another big reason for all the new affordable technology is the steady
increase
[
'inkri:s
]
in
computing power that we also see in our homes and offices.
Барлық жаңа имканиятлы технологиялар ушын және бир жақсы себеп бул бизде ҥйимиз ҳәм
жумыс орынларымызда кӛре алатуғын санақ системасындағы турақлы
кӛбейиў
болып
есапланады.
Еще одна хорошая причина для всех новых доступных технологий это неуклонный
рост
вычислительной мощности, который мы также можем наблюдать в своих домах и офисах
This distinction is not kept in all the varieties of English and it tends to be lost. However, the shift
of stress is still productive, as the following quotation from the entry corresponding to '
increase
' in
the Longman Pronunciation Dictionary shows:
The stress distinction between verb -´- and noun ´— is not always made consistently. Nevertheless, 85%
of the BrE 1988 poll panel preferred to make this distinction (as against 7% preferring ´— for both verb
and noun, 5% -´- for both, and 3% ´— for the verb, -´- for the noun
[2: 2003: 387].
There is a great amount of phrasal verbs which are being nominalized with a change in the stress
patterns, such as in ‗
layoffs
‘ – жумыссызлық – увольнения;
‗
outbreak
‘ – тосаттан пайда болыў – вспышка; and ‗
outlets
‘ – жәриялаўы – выпуск.
1.
The heavily subsidized state-run sector is drowning in red ink and
layoffs
.
Анағурлым жәрдем кӛрсетилген мәмлекетлик сектор қызыл бойаўға ҳәм
жумыссызлыққа
батып атыр.
Субсидирующий государственный сектор в значительной степени тонет в красном черниле
и
увольнениях
.
2.
Outbreak
of a Deadly Virus.
Ӛлим вирусының
тосаттан пайда болыўы
.
Вспышка
смертельного вируса
3.
Lately, after most media
outlets
started criticizing Putin, Gazprom started to demand its money
back, and authorities are now accusing Media Most founder Vladimir Gusinsky of moving assets offshore
to put them out of reach.
Соңғы ўақытта, кӛпшилик ғалаба хабар қураллары В. Путинди қаралап
жәриялаўы
баслағаннан кейин, Газпром ӛз ақшаларын қайтарып бериўлерин талап ете баслады, ҳәм ҳәзирде
ҳҥкимет ғалаба хабар қуралларын, кӛбинесе тийкар салыўшысы Владимир Гусинскийди
белсендилерди шегарадан тысқарыға кӛшириўде айыпламақта.
В последнее время, после того, как большинство
выпусков
средств массовой информации
СМИ начали критиковать В. Путина, Газпром начал требовать возвращение своих денег и в
данное время власти обвиняют главного основателя СМИ Владимира Гусинского в перемещении
активов за пределы их досягаемости.
76
As we can see most new words are not as new as we tend to think. They are just readjustments
within the same language, like additions to existing items or recombination of elements. This is where the
field of action of conversion may be placed, and that is why this type of morphological studies reveals
interesting aspects in the diachronic evolution of the English language.
REFERENCES:
1.
The Cambridge Advanced Learner‘s Dictionary. – UK, 2003.
2.
Wells J. C. Longman Pronunciation Dictionary. Essex: Longman. 2003.
3.
Казакова Т. А. Практические основы перевода. учебное пособие. СПб.: Лениздат; Изд-во
«Союз». 2002.
4.
Муругова Е.В. К проблеме конверсии частей речи // Е.В. Муругова. Гуманитарные и
социально-экономические науки. Ростов н/Д. СКНЦ. 2005. №2.
LINGUISTIC CHARACTERISTICS OF ENGLISH DICTIONARIES AND THEIR NEW WAYS
OF COMPILING
Maksetova N.M.
Master's student, KarSU named after Berdakh, Nukus, Uzbekistan
Uteshova Z.Kh.
PhD, docent, KarSU named after Berdakh, Nukus, Uzbekistan
Annotation
: The main trends in the development of English lexicography are described, British,
American and Russian dictionaries are singled out, which are the most important in the history of English
lexicography. Much attention is paid to the classification of dictionaries and the characteristics of the
main types of dictionaries in the English language. The structure of dictionaries and dictionary entries is
analyzed on the material of English dictionaries.
Key words
: dictionary, lexicology, linguistic meanings of words, characteristics, classification, articles.
The present sorts of English dictionaries are very diverse. This diversity is explained, first of all,
by means of the complexity of the item of the lexicographic description itself, this is, the language. in
addition, the numerous desires of society obtaining the most numerous data about the language also
complicate and amplify the repertoire of dictionaries. There is nearly no manner to offer in a single
dictionary all, to a point, comprehensive records about the language, that is why in any country wide
lexicography, we discover masses of dictionaries of various types. Depending on what the dictionaries
describe, what's the situation in their description, they're divided into encyclopedic and linguistic. The
primary, as you know, do now not explain words as such, but objects, matters, occasions, phenomena.
Encyclopedic dictionaries monitor the extent and content of principles about those gadgets,
matters, activities, phenomena.
In linguistic dictionaries, in contrast to encyclopedic dictionaries, it isn't always the object or idea
denoted via the given phrase this is defined, but the word itself, that is, the word is characterized as a unit
of language, which means of the phrase, its grammatical, spelling, orthoepy features are given, its stylistic
associations indicated. The linguistic dictionary offers the spelling and pronunciation of the phrase. Then
he lists the primary grammatical varieties of the word, then offers a grammatical description of the
phrase. That is followed by means of the disclosure of the semantic structure of the phrase, displaying
what meanings it has and the way and when those meanings are found out in speech.
Encyclopedic dictionaries are compiled not via philologists, but by means of professionals in
various fields of expertise. Most often, encyclopedias are the collective work of many scientists,
specialists of their field of information.
Linguistic dictionaries are created by means of philologists or lexicographers, that is, linguists
who're mainly engaged in compiling dictionaries.
The most effective department of dictionaries is carried out in step with the quantity of
vocabulary supplied in them. Relying on the volume of the dictionary, it is normal to differentiate large,
medium, small and very small dictionaries. L. Zgusta proposes to single out a brilliant-large dictionary
and (over four hundred thousand phrases) [1; p. 65].
Probably, large dictionaries of lexicography encompass dictionaries containing over one hundred
thousand words. Medium dictionaries encompass dictionaries containing from 40 to 100 thousand
phrases. Dictionaries containing from 10 to 40 thousand phrases can be attributed to small ones. Very
small dictionaries are dictionaries containing less than 10,000 phrases. There's no consensus among
