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ORIGIN, PATHOGENESIS AND MODERN TREATMENT OF LARYNGITIS
SYMPTOMS, CLINICAL DIAGNOSTIC METHODS
¹Khudoyberdiyev Yorkhin Ilkhomovich
²Odilov Javokhir Azamat o’g’li
³Mullajonov Jaloliddin Karomiddinovich
¹'²'³Samarkand State Medical
University, Department of Otorhinolaryngology No. 1, 1st year
clinical resident.
https://doi/org/10.5281/zenodo.15635457
Research objective.
The cause of most cases of acute laryngitis is infection - mainly
viruses of the ARVI group (influenza, parainfluenza, adenovirus, etc.), measles virus, less often -
bacteria (whooping cough, diphtheria, scarlet fever, tuberculosis, etc.). Less often, the disease
develops against the background of allergies, trauma or exposure to chemical irritants on the
mucous membrane of the larynx.
Patients under 5 years of age, 7-8 years of age are at risk of developing acute stenosing
laryngotracheitis or laryngeal stenosis - an emergency condition requiring urgent medical
attention.
Introduction
Laryngitis is rarely an independent pathology and occurs primarily - as a rule, it continues
the course of other diseases of the upper respiratory tract (pharyngitis, tracheitis) and is
combined with them. It affects people of any age - both adults and children.
According to the nature of the flow, they are divided into:
acute laryngitis (occurs suddenly, accompanied by severe symptoms);
chronic laryngitis (occurs with alternating phases of exacerbation and remission, even
during exacerbations its symptoms are smoothed out and not clearly expressed).
Depending on the structural changes in the mucous membrane of the throat,
otorhinolaryngologists distinguish the following types of laryngitis:
catarrhal (the simplest form);
hypertrophic (characterized by the formation of nodular growths in the ligaments;
clinically, voice changes predominate);
atrophic (the mucous membrane of the larynx becomes thinner, not only the larynx, but
also the back of the larynx is involved in the pathological process);
hemorrhagic (characterized by the presence of obvious hemorrhages in the laryngeal
mucosa);
stenotic or obstructive (occurs in children under 5 years of age and is characterized by the
rapid development of narrowing of the larynx - stenosis).
Materials and Methods
Depending on the etiological factor, laryngitis in adults and children can be infectious or
non-infectious. Infectious, in turn, is divided into nonspecific (caused by ARVI and nonspecific
bacteria) and specific.
The most common types of specific laryngitis are:
a.
diphtheria (observed in diphtheria);
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b.
syphilitic (in stages 2-3 of syphilis, the laryngeal mucosa becomes infected, and as the
wounds heal, scars form on it);
c.
tuberculosis (thickenings in the form of tubercles appear on the mucous membrane).
d.
Symptoms of laryngitis
e.
Acute laryngitis in adults and children is characterized by the following symptoms:
f.
sore throat;
g.
dry throat;
h.
dry paroxysmal ("barking") cough;
i.
hoarseness of the voice up to aphonia (a condition in which the patient loses the ability to
speak due to swelling of the vocal folds);
j.
difficulty breathing.
Dry cough is almost constant or paroxysmal in nature and worsens when lying down. It
becomes more productive - the patient coughs up a small amount of viscous sputum.
Manifestations of intoxication syndrome are detected: increased div temperature, headache,
fatigue, general weakness, sweating, etc.
The symptoms of chronic laryngitis, which mainly affects adults, are the same, but they
are less intense. During periods of remission, symptoms are minimal or absent.
Causes of laryngitis
The cause of most cases of acute laryngitis is infection - mainly viruses from the ARVI
group (influenza, parainfluenza, adenovirus, etc.), measles virus, less often - bacteria (pertussis,
diphtheria, scarlet fever, tuberculosis, etc.). Less often, the disease develops against the
background of allergies, trauma, or exposure to chemical irritants on the mucous membrane of
the larynx.
Risk factors include:
•
hypothermia;
•
increased load on the vocal cords;
•
smoking;
•
prolonged stay in a room with dust or chemical contamination;
•
decreased local and systemic immunity due to severe somatic diseases, hypovitaminosis,
overwork, severe stressful situations.
Results
Treatment of laryngitis in adults and children includes, first of all, a set of non-drug
measures. The main recommendation is to ensure vocal rest for several days. In addition, the
patient should not speak in a whisper, since in this case the ligaments are less loaded than when
speaking loudly. Drinking plenty of warm water will alleviate the symptoms and quickly remove
the products of intoxication from the div. A diet that excludes irritating foods (carbonated
drinks, hot, spicy foods) will reduce the mechanical impact on the affected mucous membranes.
It is important to quit smoking.
1.
Drug treatment of laryngitis includes: gargling with antiseptic solutions;
2.
inhalation of saline solution to moisten the respiratory tract;
3.
oral antiseptics;
4.
if the disease is bacterial in nature - antibiotic therapy (after identifying the pathogen);
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5.
antitussives / expectorants;
6.
antipyretic.
7.
As part of complex treatment, physiotherapy methods are used as an auxiliary method -
UHF, electrophoresis, etc.
Prevention of laryngitis
1.
To reduce your risk of developing laryngitis, you can:
2.
quit smoking;
3.
do not overcool;
4.
lead an active lifestyle;
5.
complete and balanced nutrition;
6.
do not drink very cold drinks;
7.
prevent increased stress on the vocal apparatus;
8.
timely treatment of viral and bacterial infections of the upper respiratory tract;
9.
do not provoke a course of somatic diseases that can negatively affect the immune
system.
Conclusion
With the right actions of the patient, most cases of acute viral laryngitis lead to its
recovery. Bacterial laryngitis, especially with the wrong therapeutic approach (for example, with
an incomplete course of antibiotic therapy), becomes chronic - the symptoms of such a pathology
accompany the patient throughout his life, periodically increasing or decreasing.
After recovery or achieving remission, the patient should adhere to preventive measures
that will help consolidate the positive effects of therapy and prevent relapse of the disease.
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