ISSN:
2181-3906
2023
International scientific journal
«MODERN
SCIENCE
АND RESEARCH»
VOLUME 2 / ISSUE 3 / UIF:8.2 / MODERNSCIENCE.UZ
252
GEOLOGY, PROSPECTING AND EXPLORATION OF SOLID MINERALS,
MINERAGENY.
Ziyaev F Ch
Termez Engineering Institute of Technology
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7783754
Abstract. The areas of use of lead, zinc and silver are very different. Lead is widely used
in the electrical industry, especially for the manufacture of batteries and cable tubes, is used in
the aircraft and radio industries, and in mechanical engineering.
Keywords: search for polymetallic mineralization.
ГЕОЛОГИЯ, ПОИСКИ И РАЗВЕДКА ТВЕРДЫХ ПОЛЕЗНЫХ
ИСКОПАЕМЫХ, МИНЕРАГЕНИЯ.
Аннотация. Области применения свинца, цинка и серебра весьма разнообразны.
Свинец широко применяется в электротехнической промышленности, особенно для
изготовления аккумуляторов и кабельных трубок, применяется в авиационной и
радиопромышленности, в машиностроении.
Ключевые слова: поиск полиметаллического оруденения.
Relevance of the research topic.
Among other types of minerals, polymetallic (lead-zinc)
deposits in Tajikistan are of particular importance. Almost all objects of this mineral in Northern
Tajikistan, including Western Karamazar (Takeli and Kansai ore fields) are silver-bearing. This
determines the relevance of the research topic. In this regard, a more in-depth study of lead-zinc
objects is of great practical and theoretical importance.
The areas of use for lead, zinc and silver are very different. Lead is widely used in the
electrical industry, especially for the manufacture of batteries and cable tubes, is used in the aircraft
and radio industries, and in mechanical engineering. Because of its ability to absorb X-rays, it is
used as protective screens. Paints are also prepared from it, lead oxide is used in metallurgy, glass
making and medicine. Zinc is used for the production of galvanized iron, goes to the preparation
of brass, bronze, cupronickel and other alloys, in mechanical engineering, the electrical industry,
metallurgy, medicine and other sectors of the national economy. Silver is used mainly in the radio-
electronic, electrical, food industries, medicine, nanotechnology, as well as in the form of alloys
(coins are minted from them, jewelry and household products, laboratory and tableware are made),
etc. The widespread use of these metals in the national economy determines the need for
prospecting, exploration and production of polymetal deposits.
Research objectives.
To achieve this goal, the following tasks were envisaged: a detailed
study of the mineral composition of individual ore bodies and deposits of the Takeli and Kansai
ore fields as a whole, especially silver mineralization, to identify the typomorphic features of
individual minerals or mineral paragenetic associations, and to establish the staging of
hydrothermal mineralization.
The degree of scientific development of the problem under study.
Studies of the ore
content of Karamazar have a long history. The mining industry reached its peak in the Middle
Ages (VIII-XII centuries). Numerous mine workings of that time at the Kansai, Jerkamar, Takeli
and other deposits testify to this. However, information on the conduct of scientific research at that
time is very scarce. After a long break (until the end of the 19th century), we find the first
ISSN:
2181-3906
2023
International scientific journal
«MODERN
SCIENCE
АND RESEARCH»
VOLUME 2 / ISSUE 3 / UIF:8.2 / MODERNSCIENCE.UZ
253
information about the ore content of Kansai in the works of G.D. Romanovsky. At the beginning
of the 20th century, V.N. Tomilin and A.A. Andreev, summarizing the available information,
compile a catalog of the minerals of Turkestan. The systematic study of the Western Karamazar
begins in 1925-1927. At this time, they begin a detailed geological study and exploration work,
and already in 1931, the Kansai, Dagani Darbaza and Takeli deposits begin to be developed. In
the future, many researchers began to study the deposits of the Western Karamazar, such as I.V.
Dyugaev, B.N. Nasledov, A.V. Korolev, F.Ch. Ziyaev, F.I. Wolfson, Z.A. Koroleva, E.D.
Karpova, Kh.M. Abdullaev, Z.M. Protodyakonova, I.V. Dubrova, A.A. Filimonova, V.A.
Zharikov, Z.M. Protodyakonov and V.S. Popov. The works of these researchers provide
information about the geology, stratigraphy, tectonics, magmatism, petrography, mineralogy, ore
content, and metallogeny of the polymetallic deposits of Western Karamazar. In the Takeli and
Kansai ore fields, despite the rather detailed geological study, little attention was paid to the
mineral composition of the ores, especially the silver content.
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE STUDY
Purpose of the study.
The main goal of the dissertation work is a detailed study of the
mineral composition of ores using the latest methods of analysis and the conditions for their
formation in order to develop prospecting and evaluation criteria in the search for polymetallic
mineralization.
Research objectives.
To achieve this goal, the following tasks were envisaged: a detailed
study of the mineral composition of individual ore bodies and deposits of the Takeli and Kansai
ore fields as a whole, especially silver mineralization, to identify the typomorphic features of
individual minerals or mineral paragenetic associations, establish the staging of hydrothermal
mineralization, and determine thermobarogeochemical parameters mineral formation,
determination of genetic and age characteristics of lead-zinc mineralization.
Research objects.
are the polymetallic deposits of the Takeli and Kansai ore fields.
The subject of the study.
are the mineral composition of ores and thermobarogeochemical
conditions for the formation of polymetallic deposits.
Scientific novelty of the research.
For the first time, the latest analytical methods were used
for the deposits of the Kansai and Takeli ore fields, which made it possible to refine and
supplement the composition of the mineral complex. A detailed study of the mineral composition
made it possible to discover two silver minerals that were not previously described in these
deposits (pierseite and polybasite). Paragenetic associations of minerals have been identified and
the stages of mineralization formation have been somewhat clarified, the temperature intervals for
crystallization of polymetallic and silver mineralization have been determined, with the
establishment of a vertical paleotemperature gradient.
Theoretical significance of the study.
The data on silver finds within the Kansai and Takeli
ore fields, which were previously presented in the literature in a scattered form, are summarized.
The typomorphic features of minerals and the temperature range of the formation of the main ore
and silver mineralization in combination with a vertical paleotemperature gradient are revealed. It
has been established that the most optimal temperature for the formation of silver mineralization
is 260°-125°C.
Scientific and practical significance of the study.
The results obtained can be used in
solving applied problems of geology. The identified complex of thermobarogeochemical features
ISSN:
2181-3906
2023
International scientific journal
«MODERN
SCIENCE
АND RESEARCH»
VOLUME 2 / ISSUE 3 / UIF:8.2 / MODERNSCIENCE.UZ
254
of mineral formation at the deposits of the Kansai and Takeli ore fields is applicable not only in
the search and evaluation of new objects within the studied ore fields, but also for similar objects
in other areas, which will allow more efficient prospecting and evaluation work on relatively
poorly studied objects.
Provisions for defense:
1. A detailed mineralogical study of the deposits of the Kansai and Takeli ore fields makes
it possible to clarify the mineral composition of ore and vein formations.
2. Identification of the typomorphic features of individual minerals and paragenetic
associations makes it possible to establish the wide distribution of silver mineralization.
3. An analysis of the stages of hydrothermal mineralization allows us to speak of four stages
of mineral formation: I - sulfide, II - carbonate, III - sulfide-quartz, IV - carbonate-fluorite-barite.
Determining the thermobarogeochemical parameters of mineral formation makes it possible to
establish the temperature of mineral formation, the presence of a vertical temperature gradient, and
also to clarify the genetic features of lead-zinc mineralization.
4. The material composition, thermobarogeochemical parameters of mineral formation,
structural and textural features, wall-rock alterations of host rocks indicate that skarns played the
role of host environment, but did not directly participate in ore formation.
The degree of reliability of the results.
It is confirmed by the use of a complex of methods
of mineralogical-thermobarogeochemical studies, as well as by the representativeness of the
factual material. More than 500 samples, 85 polished sections were studied. More than 200 double-
sided polished plates of minerals and mineral punches were made and studied. More than 300
determinations of the temperatures of homogenization of inclusions of mineral-forming fluids in
minerals, 15 analyzes of water extracts, more than 60 chemical, 28 atomic absorption analyzes
were carried out. Also, the degree of reliability is confirmed by approbation of the results obtained
at scientific events of various levels and their publication, using both published literature data and
stock materials of the Main Geological Department under the Government of the Republic of
Tajikistan.
Compliance of the dissertation with the passport of the scientific specialty.
The content
of the research of this dissertation corresponds to points 1, 3 and 4 in the specialty 25.00.11 -
"Geology, prospecting and exploration of solid minerals, minerageny":
- conditions for the formation of deposits of solid minerals;
- metallogeny and minerageny: general, regional and special, purpose and tasks;
- forecast, prospecting, exploration and geological and economic evaluation of deposits.
CONCLUSION
1. Sulfide ores of the Takeli and Kansai ore fields contain a very peculiar complex of
minerals. They contain a large number of both hypogene and supergene minerals. In the Takeli
ore field, 37 minerals are described, of which 19 are hypogene and 18 are supergene. In the Kansai
ore field, 48 minerals are described, among which 19 are hypogene and 29 are supergene. The
main minerals of both ore fields are galena and sphalerite. Pyrite, chalcopyrite and fahlore are of
secondary importance. In deposits of the Takeli ore field, in addition, arsenopyrite is developed.
Of the supergene minerals, the most developed are goethite, hydrogoethite, cerussite, anglesite,
and smithsonite.
ISSN:
2181-3906
2023
International scientific journal
«MODERN
SCIENCE
АND RESEARCH»
VOLUME 2 / ISSUE 3 / UIF:8.2 / MODERNSCIENCE.UZ
255
2. On the Takeliysky ore field, from the actual silver minerals, 5 were found - native silver,
argentite, proustite, pyrargyrite, polybasite. In addition, Ag-tetrahedrite is described, in which the
amount of silver varies from 2.20 to 3.45, averaging 2.92 wt %.
3. Studies show that in the Kansai ore field, silver carriers are mainly silver minerals proper,
such as native silver, argentite, hessite, pyrargyrite, proustite, stromeyerite, stephanite, pierseite,
polybasite, miargyrite, argentopyrite and kerargyrite [3-A ].
4. It has been established that in ore minerals - galena, chalcopyrite and fahlore, silver is
isomorphically included in their structure. For example, in Takeley galena, the silver concentration
ranges from 676 to 3800 g/t, averaging 1424.6 g/t, in chalcopyrites, the average silver content is
667 g/t, and in tetrahedrites, the average silver content is 2.92 wt.%.
5. Polymetallic mineralization in the deposits of Western Karamazar occurred as a result of
a staged process of mineral formation with repeated opening of fault systems.
6. It has been established that ore formation occurred as a result of 4 stages: sulfide,
carbonate, sulfide-quartz and carbonate-fluorite-barite. The bulk of polymetallic mineralization is
associated with sulfide stages.
7. Thermobarogeochemical studies have established that the process of post-magmatic
mineral formation occurred in the temperature range of 450-90°C with a paleotemperature gradient
of 8-14°C per 100 m of depth. The results of the analysis of aqueous extracts revealed that the
solutions were initially bicarbonate-calcium, sulfate-calcium-sodium and sulfate-chloride-
calcium-sodium-magnesium and, in the final stage, bicarbonate-calcium.
8. Silver mineralization was formed at temperatures from 260 to 125°C, mainly from sulfate,
bicarbonate, bicarbonate-calcium solutions with an insignificant content of chlorine, sulfate ion,
sodium and potassium.
9. The material composition, thermobarogeochemical parameters of mineral formation,
structural and textural features, near-ore changes in host rocks, and other features of ore formation
indicate hydrothermal conditions for the formation of polymetallic ores in both the Takeli and
Kansai ore fields.
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