ISSN:
2181-3906
2023
International scientific journal
«MODERN SCIENCE АND RESEARCH»
VOLUME 2 / ISSUE 5 / UIF:8.2 / MODERNSCIENCE.UZ
750
УДК.373.7
SINFDAN TASHQARI O’QISH DARSLARIDA O’QISH SAMARADORLIGINI
OSHIRISH
Xolikova Dilobarxon Maxsitovna
Farg`ona davlat universiteti, O`zbekiston Respulikasi, Farg`ona shahri
Dilobar-79@mail.ru
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7954113
Annotatsiya.
Boshlang’ich sinflarda sinfdan tashqari o’qishga kichik yoshdagi
o’quvchilarni ta’lim olishida qo’shimcha darsni o’zlashtirishga tayyorlashning ajralmas qismi,
ta’lim jarayonida ularni ahloqiy-estetik tarbiyalashning muhim vositasi sifatida qaraladi. Sinfdan
tashqari o’qishning maqsadi, kichik yoshdagi o’quvchilarni bolalar adabiyoti va xalq og’zaki
ijodining xilma-xil namunalari bilan tanishtirish, ularda kitobxonlik madaniyatini tiklab tarkib
toptirishdir.
Tayanch iboralar:
sinfdan tashqari o’qish, kichik yosh, adabiyot, kitob, madaniyat,
o'quvchi, boshlang'ich sinf, maktab.
INCREASING LEARNING EFFICIENCY IN CLASSROOM STUDY LESSONS
Abstract.
In elementary grades, extracurricular study is considered as an integral part of
preparing young students for mastering an additional lesson in their education, as an important
tool for their moral and aesthetic education in the educational process. The purpose of reading
outside the classroom is to introduce children's literature and various examples of folk art to young
students, to restore the culture of reading in them.
Key words:
reading outside the classroom, young age, literature, book, culture, student,
elementary school, school.
ПОВЫШЕНИЕ ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТИ ОБУЧЕНИЯ НА УРОКАХ В КЛАССЕ
Аннотация.
В начальных классах внеклассная работа считается составной
частью подготовки младших школьников к усвоению дополнительных уроков в их
образовании, важным средством их нравственно-эстетического воспитания в
образовательном процессе. Цель внеклассного чтения - познакомить младших школьников
с детской литературой и различными образцами народного творчества, восстановить у
них культуру чтения.
Ключевые слова:
внеклассное чтение, юношеский возраст, литература, книга,
культура, ученик, начальная школа, школа.
Maktab o'quvchini o'qish malakasi bilan qurollantirish bilan bir qatorda kitobni mustaqil
o'qiy oladigan, uni tushunadigan, ma'lum bir mavzuga oid kitoblarni tanlay oladigan, gazeta va
jurnallarni ham mustaqil o'qiydigan faol kitobxonni tarbiyalaydi. Shu jihatdan sinfdan tashqari
o'qish (STO') tarbiyaning asosiy quroli sifatida xizmat qiladi, ko'p narsani bilishga havasni
orttiradi.
STO'ning maqsadi o'qish malakalarini takomillashtirish, kitob tanlay oladigan, muntazam
kitob o'qiydigan, o'qilgan kitobni to'g'ri baholay oladigan ongli kitobxonni tarbiyalashdir.
Maktablarda 1959-yildan boshlab maxsus STO' darslari tashkil etilgan. STO' darslari 1-2-
sinfda haftada 1 marta, 3-4-sinfda 2 haftada 1 marta o'tkaziladi. Savod o'rgatish jarayonida esa
haftadagi oxirgi alifbe darsining 17-20 daqiqasi ajratiladi.
ISSN:
2181-3906
2023
International scientific journal
«MODERN SCIENCE АND RESEARCH»
VOLUME 2 / ISSUE 5 / UIF:8.2 / MODERNSCIENCE.UZ
751
Sinfdan tashqari o'qish o'quv dasturi bilan chambarchas bog'liq bo'lib, unda ko'zda tutilgan
maqsad va vazifalarni amalga oshirishda yaqindan yordam beradi. Buning uchun o'quvchilarda
kitobxonlik madaniyatini tarbiyalash, ularni oddiy kitobxondan ijodkor kitobxon darajasiga
ko'tarish talab etiladi. O'quvchilarda kitobga havas uyg'otishda har bir bolaga yakka tartibda
yondashish, shaxsiy qiziqishlarini hisobga olish zarur. Bolalarda kitob ustida ishlash malakasini
shakllantifish ularda kitobxonlik madaniyatini tarbiyalashning muhim omilidir. Bunda o'qish
uchun ajratilgan soatlardan foydalaniladi.
Badiiy va ilmiy-ommabop asarlar mustaqil ravishda va izchil o'qib borilsagina,
o'quvchilarning dunyoqarashini shakllantirish va kengaytirishga xizmat qiladi.
Sinfdan tashqari o'qish tanish bo'lmagan mualliflarning kitoblari muqovasi, titul varag'i,
kirish so'zi, mundarijasi va suratlariga qarab asarning taxminiy mazmunini aniqlashga o'rgatish
vazifasini amalga oshirishga xizmat qiladi.
Sinfdan tashqari o'qish darslarining asosiy vazifasi o'quvchida badiiy kitoblarni o'qishga
havas uyg'otish, o'qigan kitoblari yuzasidan kundalik yurita olishga o'rgatish, bolalar adabiyotining
mashhur adiblari hayoti va ijodi bilan elementar tarzda tanishtirish hisoblanadi.
Bolalarda ezgulikka muhabbat, yovuzlikka nafrat uyg'otish, ularning bog'lanishli nutqini
o'stirish, adabiy-estetik tafakkurini yuksaltirish sinfdan tashqari o'qish darslarining ham tub
mohiyatini tashkil etadi.
STO' darslarining muhim vazifalaridan biri mustaqil o'qish malakalarini tarbiyalash
hisoblanadi. Buning uchun mustaqil bajarish uchun topshiriqlar berish, qiziqarli mashq turlaridan
foydalanish, eng yaxshi insholarni, taqrizlarni, yozuvchi haqida to'plangan ma'lumotlarni o'qitish,
«Tez aytish», «Topishmoqlar topish», «Ifodali o'qish», «Maqollar aytish musobaqasi»,
«Ertak to'qish», «Bilimdonlar anjumani» kabi ko'rik-tanlovlar tashkil qilish, muayyan
mavzular bo'yicha savol-javoblar uyushtirish, o'yin tarzidagi ish turlaridan foydalanish zarur.
O'qilgan asarlar yuzasidan suhbatlar o'tkazish, «Kitob haftaligi» tashkil etish, asarlar asosida
kichik insholar yozishni mashq qilish yaxshi samara beradi.
STO' sinfda o'qish bilan uzviy bog'liq ravishda uyushtiriladi. Sinfda o'qish STO' uchun
zarur bo'lgan o'qish malakalarini shakllantiradi, o'quvchilarning o'qigan asarini tushunishga
o'rgatadi, lug'atini boyitadi. STO' qiziqarli va o'ziga jalb etadigan faoliyat bo'lib, bolalarning bilim
doirasini boyitadi, qiyoslash uchun material beradi. Sinfda o'qish - hayotga tayyorlash vositasi,
sinfdan tashqari o'qish esa hayotning o'zidir.
Hozirgi paytda boshlang'ich sinf o'quvchilari uchun sinfdan tashqari o'qishga mo'ljallangan
«Kitobim - oftobim» (1-3-sinflar uchun) nomli qo'llanmalar ham chop etilgan.
Sinifdan tashqari o’qishni tashkil qilish o’qituvchining zimasidagi vazifa hisoblanadi.
Bunda o’quvchi uni bosqichlarga ajratib tashkil qiladi. STO' darslari o'quvchilarda mustaqil kitob
tanlash va o'qish malakalarini shakllantiradi. Mustaqil o'qish malakasini shakllantirish 3-
bosqichga bo'linadi:
I. Tayyorlov bosqichi. Bu 1-sinfning savod o'rgatish davriga to'g'ri keladi. Unga darsning
bir qismi – 17-20 daqiqasi ajratilgani uchun «STO' mashg'uloti» deb yuritiladi. Uning o'ziga xos
xususiyatlari shundaki, o'qituvchi asarni o'zi tanlaydi, asarning kichik hajmda bo'lishiga va boshqa
kitob tanlash tamoyillariga e'tibor beradi. Asarni o'qituvchining o'zi o'qib beradi. O'quvchilar
asarni eshitishga, eshitganlarini idrok etishga, ularga soddagina baho berishga, asar mazmuni bilan
ISSN:
2181-3906
2023
International scientific journal
«MODERN SCIENCE АND RESEARCH»
VOLUME 2 / ISSUE 5 / UIF:8.2 / MODERNSCIENCE.UZ
752
sarlavhasining mosligini aniqlashga, asar mazmunini hikoya qilib berishga o'rgatiladi. Bu
bosqichda o'quvchilar o'qish gigiyenasi va kitobga qanday munosabatda bo'lish bilan tanishadilar.
2.
Boshlang'ich bosqich. Bu 1-sinfning 2-yarim yiiligiga to'g'ri keladi. Bu bosqichda haftada
1 marta 45 daqiqalik dars uyushtiriladi. Asarni o'qishdan oldin o'quvchilar asar nomi va uning
muallifi bilan tanishadilar, rasmlarini tomosha qiladilar, daftarlariga u haqda soddagina qilib asar
muallifini va nomini yozadilar. Asar elementar tarzda tahlil qilinadi. Tanlangan asar (kitob) yaxshi
o'qiydigan o'quvchiga maxsus tayyorgarlikdan so'ng o'qitiladi. Asarning oson o'qiladigan
o'rinlarini bo'sh o'qiydigan o'quvchilarga o'qitish ham mumkin. Bu tilarda o'qishga qiziqish
uyg'otadi. Bu bosqichda o'quvchilar har xil tezlikda bo'g'inlab o'qiydilar. Shuning uchun o'qituvchi
bu jarayonda har bir o'quvchiga individual yondashishi, kichik kitobxonni kitobni mustaqil
o'qishga o'rgata borishi lozim.
3. Asosiy bosqich: 2-4 sinfga to’g’ri keladi. Bu davrda o’quvchilarning o’qish malakalari
mustahkamlanadi. Bu bosqichda o’quvchilarning sinfdan tashqari o’qiganlariga baho quyiladi.
Baho qo’yishda dastur talablariga asoslaniladi: sinfning umumiy ishlariga qatnashishi, o’qigan
kitoblarining sifat o’zlashtirishiga miqdoriga, o’qigan kitobiga munosabat bildira olishiga e’tibor
beriladi. Bunda o’quvchilar muayyan mavzuga doir bir necha asarlarni o’qib keladilar, ularning
ayrim o’rinlarini ifodali o’qib beradilar, o’qigan asarlarini o’zaro taqqoslaydilar.
STO’ darslarini xususiyatlari. STO’ bosqichlari, dastur talablari, tarbiyaviy vazifalari,
o’quvchilarning qiziqishlari bilan belgilanadi. Masalan, tayyorlov bosqichida kichik hajmdagi
asarni o’qituvchi o’qib bersa, o’qilganlari yuzasidan suhbat, qayta hikoyalash o’tkazilsa,
boshlang’ich bosqichda butun sinf o’quvchilari bir xil kitob bilan ta’minlanadi, barcha o’quvchilar
bitta matn ustida ishlaydilar. Bunda bitta yozuvchi yoki bir mavzudagi asarlar ko’rgazmasi tashkil
qilinadi. Asar ichida o’qishga topshirilishi ham mumkin, albomlar tayyorlanadi, kinofilm,
diafilmlardan parchalar ko’rsatiladi, musiqiy daqiqalar o’tkaziladi, asar mazmuni yuzasidan ijodiy
rasmlar chizdiriladi, kitobni saqlash maqsadida kitobni yamash, o’rash o’rgatiladi, «ertaklar
bayramlari», «Ifodali o’qish konkursi» o’tkaziladi.
Asar tahliliga doir ishlar kengaytiriladi, o’quvchilar o’qiganlarini taqqoslashga
umumlashtirishga, xulosalashga o’rgatiladi. Qahramonlarni elementar tavsiflaydi. Rollarga bo’lib
o’qishdan foydalaniladi. Asosiy bosqichda STO’ darslari 2-sinfda haftada 1 marta, 3-4 sinflarda 2
haftada 1 marta o’tkaziladi. O’quvchilar mustaqil o’qishga o’rgatiladi, ular «G’uncha», «Gulxan»
jurnalari bilan, «Tong yulduzi» gazetasi bilan tanishtiriladi, ya’ni bolalar matbuoti bilan
tanishtiriladi. Bu bosqichda o’zbek, qardosh, chet el adabiyoti yozuvchilarining turli janrdagi, turli
mavzudagi asarlaridan foydalaniladi. Qo’shimcha sahnalashtirishlardan foydalaniladi. Bir darsga
o’quvchilar bir nechta asarlar o’qib kelib, ular haqida o’z fikrlarini aytib beradilar. Qahramonlarni
tasvirlab rasm chizadilar. Yozuvchilar hayoti va ijodiga doir kechalar uyushtiriladi. Shu tarzda
adabiyotni sevadigan, mustaqil fikr yurita oladigan kitobxon shaxsi shakllantiriladi.
Kichik yoshdagi hozirgi zamon maktab o'quvchilariga kitob barcha ilmlarning kaliti
ekanligini tushuntirish amaliy sur'atdagi jonbozlikni talab etadi. O'qituvchi buni uddalay olishi,
bolalarni qiziqtirgan tevarak-atorofdagi turli voqea-hodisalar kitoblarda mufassal yoritilishini
o'rgatmog'i lozim. O'quvchilar kitobga mehr qo'yadi, turli janrdagi badiiy asarlar bilan tanishadi.
Asta-sekin mustaqil o'qish, asarlardan zavqlanish, erkin fikrlash malakalari yuzaga keladi.
O'qituvchidan to'g'ri yo'nalish olgan bolaning kitob o'qishga ishtiyoqi ortib boradi. Dastlab, ularga
mustaqil o'rganish uchun tavsiyalanuvchi kitoblar shakl va mazmun mutanosibligiga ega bo'lib,
ISSN:
2181-3906
2023
International scientific journal
«MODERN SCIENCE АND RESEARCH»
VOLUME 2 / ISSUE 5 / UIF:8.2 / MODERNSCIENCE.UZ
753
muqovasi chiroyli ishlangan, bo'yoqli rasmlarga boy, yirik-yirik harflarda yozilgan, tili ravon,
qiziq syujetli yoki tasvir vositalari tanishligi bilan diqqatni jalb qiladigan ko'rinishda taqdim
etiladi. Shunda bolalarning kitobga muhabbati orta boradi hamda atrofga bilim nigohi bilan
qarashga o'rganib, o'zligini kashf etishga kirishadi. O'quvchiga bilim berishdagi bosh maqsad ham
xuddi ana shundadir. Zotan, «Kadrlar tayyorlash milliy dasturi» davlat, jamiyat va oila oldida
o'zligini tanigan, o'z javobgarligini his qiladigan shaxslarni tarbiyalashga o'ta mas'uliyat bilan
yondashganligi bejiz emas. Ma'lumki, milliy dastur ta'lim-tarbiya sohasidagi davlat buyurtmasi
hisoblanib, milliy istiqlol g'oyalarining mazmun-mohiyatini yosh avlodga to'liq ochib berish uchun
xizmat qiladi. Bolalar adabioyoti so’z san’ati va tarbiya vositasidir. Kichkintoylar uchun
yoziladigan har qanday badiy asar ularning yosh xususiyatlariga, saviyalariga mos, yosh
kitobxonlar qalbida o’y-fikrlar uyg’otadigan, yorqin obrazlarga boy, yuksak g’oylarga, ulkan va
porloq ishlarga ilhomlantiradigan bo’lishi zarur. Eng muhimi mavzular tushunarli sodda va
qiziqarli tilda ifodalanishi kerak.
Bolalar adabiyoti yoshlarni iymon-e’tiqodli kishilar sifatida va vatanga muhabbat ruhida
tarbiyalashda qudratli quroldir.
Faqat chinakam badiiy asargina bolalarga kuchli ta’sir ko’rsatib, ana shu yuksak talablarga
javob beradi.
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