ISSN:
2181-3906
2023
International scientific journal
«MODERN SCIENCE АND RESEARCH»
VOLUME 2 / ISSUE 5 / UIF:8.2 / MODERNSCIENCE.UZ
765
MAKTABGACHA YOSHDAGI BOLALAR DIQQATINI RIVOJLANTIRISH
MASALASIDA OLIMLAR FIKRLARI
Qurbonova Saida Miralimjanovna
FarDu o‘qituvchisi
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7954154
Annotatsiya.
Mazkur maqolada maktabgacha yoshdagi bolalar diqqatini rivojlantirish
masalasida olimlar fikrlari keltirib o’tilgan va tahlil qilingan. Maqola davomida asosli fikr hamda
mulohazalar berilgan.
Kalit so’zlar:
maktabgacha yoshdagi bolalar, diqqatni rivojlantirish, olimlar fikrlari.
OPINIONS OF SCIENTISTS ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF ATTENTION OF
PRESCHOOL CHILDREN
Abstract.
In this article, the opinions of scientists on the development of preschool children's
attention are presented and analyzed. Reasonable opinions and comments are given throughout
the article.
Key words:
children of preschool age, development of attention, opinions of scientists.
МНЕНИЯ УЧЕНЫХ О РАЗВИТИИ ВНИМАНИЯ ДОШКОЛЬНИКОВ
Аннотация.
В данной статье представлены и проанализированы мнения ученых по
вопросу развития внимания дошкольников. Обоснованные мнения и комментарии даны на
протяжении всей статьи.
Ключевые слова:
дети дошкольного возраста, развитие внимания, мнения ученых.
Diqqat shunday muhim bir psixik jarayonki, u insonning jamiki faoliyatlarida bevosita
ishtirok etadi. I.P.Pavlovning
1
oliy nerv faoliyati haqidagi ta'limoti va A.A.Uxtomskiylar
tomonidan ilgari surgan dominantlik tamoyili va ularning zamondoshlari tadqiqotlarida diqqatning
fiziologik asoslari va mexanizmlarini ilmiy nuqtai nazardan tushuntirish imkonini yaratdi.
Sobiq sovet psixologiyasida diqqat muammosi xorij psixologiyasiga nisbatan ancha
murakkab mustaqil ilmiy manbalarga ega hisoblanadi va u shu bilan o’zaro farq qiladi. Sobiq sovet
psixologiyasida diqqatga nisbatan mukammal qat'iy fikr vujudga kelgani yo’q, lekin uning atrofida
juda ko’p tortishuvlar, munozaralar bo’lib o’tgan. Diqqatning psixologik tabiati to’g’risidagi 20-
30 yillarda boshlangan ilmiy bahslar, to hozirgi kungacha davom etib kelmoqda. Ilmiy
munozaralarning zamirida asosiy fikr diqqatning bitta ob'ektga qaratilishidir. Bu ilmiy model ong
ob'ekt tarzida ifodalanadi. Bu g’oyani yirik psixolog P.P.Blonskiy ilgari surgan va asoslagan.
Uning fikricha, odamning ongi bitta ob'ektga qaratilgandan keyin u atrofdagi narsa va hodisalarni
ko’rmaydi.
Ko’pchilik psixologlar P.P.Blonskiyning
2
bu fikriga qo’shilmaydilar. Jumladan, atoqli
psixolog S.L.Rubinshteyn mulohazasiga ko’ra diqqat ongga ham, ob'ektning xususiyatlariga ham
bog’liq emas. Buning ahamiyatli tomoni diqqatning ob'ektga yo’naltirilishidadir. Mazkur
yo’naltirishning asosiy sabablari sifatida shaxs, ehtiyoj, maqsad ko’rsatiladi. Demak, diqqat
1
Shаpоvаlеnkо I.V. Vоzrаstnаya psiхоlоgiya (Psiхоlоgiya rаzvitiya i vоzrаstnаya psiхоlоgiya): uchеbnik dlya
studеntоv vuzоv. Shаpоvаlеnkо I.V. – M.: Gоrdаriki, 2007. – 344s.
2
Blеyхеr V.M. , Burlachuk L.F. Psiхоlоgichеskaya diagnоstika intеllеkta i lichnоsti. K., 1978.
ISSN:
2181-3906
2023
International scientific journal
«MODERN SCIENCE АND RESEARCH»
VOLUME 2 / ISSUE 5 / UIF:8.2 / MODERNSCIENCE.UZ
766
odamning munosabati orqali ifodalanadi, ya'ni diqqat - munosabatdir. Bu yerda diqqat psixik
jarayon emas, balki shaxs xususiyatini belgilab beryapti.
Diqqat qaralgan tashqi ifodaga ega bo’lgan ob'ektni sezish, idrok qilishdan iboratdir. Shu
o’rinda qarama-qarshilik vujudga keladi, chunki ob'ektning yo’qolishi bilan diqqat ham o’z
funksiyasini tugatadi.
A.N.Leontev
3
mulohazasiga ko’ra, bu orientir faoliyati emas, chunki ob'ektning paydo
bo’lishi bilan diqqat ham namoyon bo’ladi, ob'ekt yo’q bo’lsa, demak diqqat ham bo’lmaydi, deb
ta'kidlaydi. P.Ya.Galperin esa ob'ektning paydo bo’lishi bilan diqqat yuzaga keladi. Ob'ekt
yo’qolgandan keyin esa psixik qism bo’lgan tekshirish, nazorat qilish jarayoni boshlanadi. Demak,
diqqat ongning bir ob'ektga yo’naltirilishi va ongli holatni nazorat qiluvchi jarayondan iboratdir.
Psixologiyada diqqatni "yo’naltirish" deganda, psixik faoliyatning tanlovchanligi va ixtiyoriy
hamda ixtiyorsizligi tushuniladi.
20-yillarda bir qancha psixologlar diqqat muammosini ustanovka bilan bog’lab
tushuntirishga harakat qiladilar. Buning yaqqol isboti sifatida K.N.Kornilov tahriri ostida 1926
yilda chop qilingan psixologiya darsligidagi bir mavzu "Ustanovka va diqqat" deb atalganligi bilan
izohlash mumkin. Darslikda yozilishicha, qator ob'ektlardan bir ob'ektni ajratish diqqatning
sub'ektiv kechinmasidir va buni ob'ektiv hodisalar bilan taqqoslash, sezgi organlarining
ustanovkasidan, ishlash vaziyatidan iboratdir.
Shunga o’xshash g’oya L.S.Vigotskiyning dastlabki tadqiqotlarida ham ko’zga tashlanadi.
L.S.Vigotskiy diqqat bilan aloqador bo’lgan ikkita ustanovka turini ajratib ko’rsatadi, ular:
a) sensor ustanovka - tayyorgarlikda idrokning ustunligi qobiliyati
b) motor ustanovka - tayyorgarlikda harakatning ustunligi qobiliyati.
Sensor ustanovkada idrok, motor ustanovkada esa harakat ustunligi sezilib turadi.
L.S.Vigotskiy
4
unga misol qilib jismoniy tarbiya mashg’ulotida komanda (buyruq) berishni misol
keltiradi. Safda turganlarga qarab "O’ng" deb aytamiz. Shu zahotiyoq saflanganlar buyruq oxirini
aytishga sensor ustanovka qo’zg’aydi "ga!" deyish oyoqlarni aylantirishga moslashish bilan
bog’liq motor ustanovka komanda oxirini eshitishni ta'minlaydi.
Bu yillarda psixologlar ustanovkani kishining ijtimoiy tajribasi bilan bog’liq ravishda
tadqiqot qilishga harakat qilganlar. P.P.Blonskiyning mulohazasicha, diqqatning asosida kishining
ijtimoiy qiziqishlari yotadi. Psixologlar orasida diqqatni tushuntirishda turli qarashlar, nazariyalar
vujudga keladi. Vaholanki, P.P.Blonskiy diqqat bilan qo’rquv, vahimani bir narsa deb qaraydi.
qo’rquv - bu diqqatning intensivroq namoyon bo’lishi, ya'ni maksimal darajada aks etishi deb
tushuntiradi. Bu yerda psixik faoliyatning ma'nosi butunlay yo’qotib ko’rsatilgandek tuyuladi va
diqqat biologik nuqtai nazardan qaraganga o’xshab ketadi. Biologik pozisiyada diqqat bosh miya
yarim sharlari faoliyati bilan emas, balki vegetativ nerv tizimi bilan bog’liqlikda tushuntiriladi.
Taniqli psixolog D.N.Uznadzening diqqatni ustanovka bilan bog’lash nazariyasiga
N.F.Dobrinin qarshi chiqdi. N.F.Dobrinin fikricha, diqqatni ustanovka bilan bog’lovchi nazariya
quyidagi jihatlarni hisobga olmagan. Diqqat haqiqatdan ma'lum moslashuvchi harakatlar bilan
birga bo’ladi, lekin bu harakatlarga borib yetmaydi. Agar tomoshabin sahnadan o’girilsa, ko’zini
yumadi, quloqini berkitadi, u sahnada nima bo’layotganiga diqqat qilolmaydi. Sahnaga qarash va
3
Blеyхеr V.M. , Burlachuk L.F. Psiхоlоgichеskaya diagnоstika intеllеkta i lichnоsti. K., 1978.
4
Vоlkоv B.S. Vоzrаstnаya psiхоlоgiya. V 2-х ch. Uchеb. pоsоbiе dlya Vuzоv, spеs. ОPD.F.01-Psiхоlоgiya /
Pоd rеd. B.S.Vоlkоvа. – M.: VLАDОS, 2005. Ch.2. – 343 s.
ISSN:
2181-3906
2023
International scientific journal
«MODERN SCIENCE АND RESEARCH»
VOLUME 2 / ISSUE 5 / UIF:8.2 / MODERNSCIENCE.UZ
767
eshitish uchun boshqa hamma narsalardan chalg’ish kerak va idrokni sahnada bo’layotgan
hodisalarga qaratish lozim. qarab turib ko’rmaslik, tinglab turib eshitmaslik mumkin. Diqqat
shundan iboratki, u nimaga qaratilgan bo’lsa uni ko’rish demakdir. Yug’oridagi mulohazalardan
kelib chiqqan holda N.F.Dobrinin diqqatni kishi psixik faoliyatini biron-bir ob'ektga yo’naltirish
va to’plash bilan boshqa ob'ektlardan chalg’ish orqali tushuntiradi.
Diqqat psixik faoliyatning qandaydir ob'ektga yo’nalishi va to’planishi orqali o’rganishni
qator mualliflar tanqid qiladilar. Ana shulardan biri S.L.Rubinshteyndir. S.L.Rubinshteyn diqqatni
alohida mazmunga ega emasligiga qo’shiladi, lekin uning guvohlik berishicha, diqqatni biror
ob'ektga tanlab yo’nalishi uning fenomenologik xarakteridir. Bunday fenomenologik
tavsifnomada ham diqqatning tabiati va xususiyatlari ochilmay qolaverar ekan.
Psixolog G.S.Bakradze diqqatning ob'ektda to’planishi faoliyatning roli haqida qiziqarli
ilmiy tekshirish tajribasini o’tkazgan. Agarda diqqatni zaifligini tekshiruvchi o’z vaqtida payqab,
unga nisbatan qandaydir muskul harakatini amalga oshirsa, u yana tiklanadi. Bulardan tashqari
diqqat barqarorligini faoliyatning xarakteriga, shaxsning o’ziga bog’liqligi bir qancha psixologlar
tomonidan isbotlangan.
Jumladan, A.P.Gazova
5
diqqatning bo’linuvchanligini ko’p stanokda ishlovchi
to’quvchilarda o’rganib, juda qimmatli materiallarni yig’adi. Uning fikricha, diqqat bu kasbdagi
odamlarda ixtiyorsiz va ixtiyoriy muvozanatlashgan bo’lishi mumkin. Bir necha stanokda ishlash
malakalari hosil bo’lishi natijasida bularda ixtiyoriy muvozanatlashgan diqqat turi vujudga keladi.
Diqqatning bo’linuvchanligi ustida olib borilgan tadqiqotlar shuni ko’rsatadiki, ikkita yoki
uchta ishni birdaniga bajarish mumkin, bunda I.P.Pavlov
6
ko’rsatganidek, ulardan biri tanish
(ishlash oldin bajarilganligini eslatuvchi) va bosh miya yarim sharlar po’stlog’ida "navbatchi
punktlar" mavjud bo’lsa amalga oshiriladi. Ikkita faoliyatni bir davrning o’zida bajarish uchun
faoliyatning biri diqqatni talab qilmaydigan yoki avtomatlashgan bo’lishi talab qilinadi. Kishida
bunday imkoniyat faqat mashq qilish orqaligina yuzaga kelishi mumkin.
Sobiq sovet psixologiyasi namoyondalari, jumladan N.F.Dobrinin
7
o’zi va shogirdlari
o’tkazgan tekshirishlariga asoslanib, bunday tipologiya diqqatning mohiyatini ochishga yetarli
emas deb hisoblaydi. Turmushda shunday odamlar uchraydiki, ular ob'ektni ko’p, ham aniq idrok
qila oladilar. Yana shunday toifadagi kishilar mavjudki, ular narsalarni ham kam, ham noaniq
idrok qiladilar, o’zlaridan ko’p narsalarni qo’shib yuboradilar.
Tadqiqotchi Ye.B.Pirogova
8
o’quvchilarda eshitish va ko’rish diqqatini o’rganib, eshitish
diqqatining ko’lami ko’rish diqqatidan bir necha bor kichikligini ta'kidlab o’tadi. Diqqat
muammosini o’rganuvchi olimlar uning boshqa psixik jarayonlar bilan bog’liqligi va roli
masalalarini o’rganganlar. Jumladan, N.N.Lange, A.R.Luriya va boshqalarning tadqiqotlarida
ko’rishimiz mumkin.
N.N.Lange
9
diqqatning iroda, reflektiv, instinktiv, perseptiv holatlar bilan bog’liqligini
o’zining "Irodaviy diqqat nazariyasi" asarida ko’rsatib beradi. A.R.Luriyaning fikricha, kichik
5
Diagnоstika psiхichеskоgо razvitiya. Praga, 1978.
6
Djеms Uil`yam. Psiхоlоgiya: (pеrеvоd) pоd.rеd. L.А.Pеtrоvskоy. M: Pеdаgоgikа, 1998. – 367s
8
Vаsil`еv I.А.,Mаgоmеd-Eminоv M.SH. Mоtivаsiya i kоntrоl` zа dеystviеm. –M.: Izd-vо MGU, 1998. –143 s.
9
Djеms Uil`yam. Psiхоlоgiya: (pеrеvоd) pоd.rеd. L.А.Pеtrоvskоy. M: Pеdаgоgikа, 1998. – 367s.
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International scientific journal
«MODERN SCIENCE АND RESEARCH»
VOLUME 2 / ISSUE 5 / UIF:8.2 / MODERNSCIENCE.UZ
768
yoshdagi bolalarda diqqatning bu holatini ko’rish oson. Birinchi bosqichda u beqarorligi va
ko’lamining torligi uchun qo’zg’atuvchilar qurshovidagi diqqat bo’lolmaydi.
Uluq rus pedagogi K.D.Ushinskiy
10
ishlarida diqqat to’g’risida bir qator fikrlar aytilgan.
Diqqat ob'ektni to’la va aniq idrok qilish qobiliyatiga ega. Ziyraklikning qator sabablariga oldin
idrok qilingan ob'ekt izlarining ahamiyatidan tashqari K.D. Ushinskiy "ta'sirotning kuchi va
to’plangan aktlarni boshqara olishni ko’rsatadi". Bolaning rivojlanishi uchun diqqatini to’g’ri
yo’naltira olish muhimligini ko’rsatib o’tadilar. Diqqatning to’laligi barqarorligini ta'minlovchi
to’planishning psixologik mexanizmlarini muhokama qilish ham K.D.Ushinskiyning asarlarida
uchraydi. U diqqatning asosiy omili irodaviy boshqarish deb hisoblaydi. Shuning uchun diqqatni
maqsadga yo’naltirib, boshqara olish qiyin va murakkab jarayondir. K.D.Ushinskiyning
ko’rsatishicha, kishi o’z hissiyotlarini diqqat orqali boshqaradi, bunda u ixtiyoriy yoki faol turlarga
ajratadi. Uningcha, ixtiyoriy diqqat bizning tomonimizdan zo’r berish orqali o’ziga predmet
tanlaydi. Ixtiyoriy diqqatni ob'ektivlashtirish faol xarakteridan biridir. Chunki u kishining o’zi
orqali qo’zg’atiladi va qo’llaniladi.
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