ISSN:
2181-3906
2023
International scientific journal
«MODERN SCIENCE АND RESEARCH»
VOLUME 2 / ISSUE 5 / UIF:8.2 / MODERNSCIENCE.UZ
843
TALABALARDA TANQIDIY FIKRLASHNI RIVOJLANTIRISH
Axmedbekova Mahpuza
FarDu o‘qituvchisi
Siddiqova Feruzaxon Murotjonovna
Namangan davlat universiteti
Tasviriy va amaliy bezak San’ati 2 - kurs Magistratura talabasi”
Feruzaxon@.gmail.com
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7954740
Annotatsiya.
Ushbu maqolada tanqidiy fikrlashni asosi, kelib chiqishi va uning talabalarning
ilmiy va ijodiy faoliyatida tugan o’rni rivojlanish omillari asoslar va fikr mulohazalar bilan
keltirib o’tildi.
Tayanch so’zlar:
Tanqidiy fikrlash bu, hokimiyat (obroʻ), Barri K.Beyer (1995), talabalar o’z
g’oyalari, talabalarning erkin, kreativ.
РАЗВИТИЕ КРИТИЧЕСКОГО МЫШЛЕНИЯ У УЧАЩИХСЯ
Аннотация.
В данной статье были представлены основания и происхождение
критического мышления и его роль в научной и творческой деятельности студентов,
факторы развития, причины и мнения.
Основные слова:
Критическое мышление – это авторитет (авторитет), Барри К.
Бейер (1995), студенты владеют идеями, студенты свободны, креативны.
DEVELOPMENT OF CRITICAL THINKING IN STUDENTS
Abstract.
In this article, the basis and origin of critical thinking and its role in the scientific
and creative activities of students, development factors were presented with reasons and
opinions.
Keywords:
Critical thinking is authority (authority), Barry K. Beyer (1995), students own
ideas, students are free, creative.
Kirish
Tanqidiy fikrlash bilan bogʻliq eng qadimgi yozuvlar Platon tomonidan
yozilgan Suqrot taʼlimotini taqdim etgan dialoglardir. Ular Platonning birinchi dialoglari bo‘lib,
Suqrot bir yoki bir nechta suhbatdoshlari bilan axloqiy masalalar, masalan, Suqrotning qamoqdan
qochishi to‘g‘ri bo‘ladimi, degan mavzuda gaplashadi. Faylasuf bu masalani o‘ylab, mulohaza
yuritadi va shunday xulosaga keladi: qochish uning ustida tutgan barcha narsalarni (qadriyatlarni)
buzadi, masalan, Afina qonunlari va Suqrot tinglayman, degan ichki rahbar ovoz. Suqrot tanqidiy
haqiqatni aniqlab berdiki, inson bilim va aqlga „hokimiyat“ (obroʻ) asosida bogʻliq boʻlmaydi. U
hokimiyat va yuqori lavozim egalari juda sarosimali va mantiqsiz boʻlishi mumkinligini isbotladi.
Tanqidiy fikrlash — fikrlashning alohida turi boʻlib, faktlarni tahlil qilish orqali xulosalar hosil
qiladi. Ushbu konsepsiya murakkab va turli xil taʼriflarga ega, jumladan, ratsionallik, skeptitsizm,
xolis tahlil va faktlarni tekshirish. Tanqidiy fikrlash bu — oʻz-oʻzini boshqaradigan, oʻzini oʻzi
tarbiyalaydigan, oʻzini oʻzi nazorat qiladigan va oʻzini oʻzi toʻgʻirlaydigan fikrlash shaklidir.
Uning zaruriy sharti ongni takomillashtirishning qatʼiy meʼyorlariga rozi boʻlish va ularni
hushyorlik bilan qoʻllashdir.
Adabiyotlar tahlili.
Tanqidiy fikrlash Richard V.Pol tomonidan ikki toʻlqinli harakat
sifatida tasvirlangan (1994). Tanqidiy fikrlashning „birinchi toʻlqini“ koʻpincha „tanqidiy tahlil“,
tanqidni oʻz ichiga olgan sof, oqilona fikrlash deb ataladi. Uning tafsilotlari unga murojaat
ISSN:
2181-3906
2023
International scientific journal
«MODERN SCIENCE АND RESEARCH»
VOLUME 2 / ISSUE 5 / UIF:8.2 / MODERNSCIENCE.UZ
844
qilganlar orasida farq qiladi. Barri K.Beyer (1995) fikriga koʻra, tanqidiy fikrlash aniq, asosli hukm
chiqarishni anglatadi.Tanqidiy fikrlash jarayonida gʻoyalar isbotlanishi, toʻliq koʻrib chiqilishi va
baholanishi kerak. Tanqidiy fikrlash qobiliyatlari boʻyicha AQSh Milliy kengashi tanqidiy
fikrlashni quyidagicha taʼriflaydi: " kuzatish, tajriba, mulohaza yuritish, mulohazalar yoki muloqot
orqali toʻplangan yoki hosil qilingan maʼlumotlarni eʼtiqod va harakatni (kontseptuallashtirish)
boshqaradigan tushunchalarga faol va mohirona aylantirish, qoʻllash, tahlil qilish, sintez qilish
yoki baholashning intellektual, ilgʻor jarayoni sifatida aniqlanadi. Ko'pincha e'tiqodlarimizda
emotsional yoki boshqa ruhiy investitsiyalarga ega bo'lganimiz sababli, odamlarning mantig'i yoki
dalillari zaifmi-yo'qligiga qaramay, odamlar oldinga qadam qo'yish va bu e'tiqodlarni himoya
qilishga urinish odatiy emas. Darhaqiqat, ba'zida odamlar bu haqda ko'p narsa bilmasalar ham,
ular fikrlarini himoya qiladi - ular o'ylaydi
, lekin ular yo'q. Biroq, tanqidiy fikrlashni o'rganishga
harakat qiladigan kishi, bilish kerak bo'lgan hamma narsani allaqachon bilgan deb o'ylashdan
qochishga harakat qiladi. Bunday kishi, norozi bo'lgan kishilar ularga tegishli narsalarni o'rgatishi
va muhim, tegishli dalillarni bilmagan holda pozitsiyani tortib olishdan bosh tortishlariga yo'l
qo'yishga tayyor. Tanqidiy fikrlashda erkinlik bo’lishi uchun talabalar ma'qul va noma'qul
narsalarni aytish, ular qaqida fikrlash, ijod qilish uchun ruxsat olishlari lozim. Talabalar yo’l
qo’yiladigan xolatlarni anglab olishgach, tanqidiy taqlil qilishga faol kirishadilar. Tanqidiy taxlilga
izn olish onglilik tamoyiliga asoslanadi. Bunda taxlil va xaddan oshish orasidagi farq aniqlab
bеrilishi lozim. Tanqidiy fikrlashga izn fikrlash uchun chinakam maqsad bo’lgan va do’stona
hamda samarali sharoitda bеriladi. Tanqidiy fikrlashning omillaridan biri talabalarning fikrlash
jarayonini qadrlashdir. Talabalar o’z fikrlash jarayonini qadrlashni namoyish qilishga qarakat
qiladilar, unga va uning oqibatlariga nisbatan jiddiy munosabatda bo’la boshlaydilar. Fikrlash
jarayonini tashkil etish davomida talaba ularning fikrlari, o’z tanqidiy taqlili natijalari qimmatli
ekanligini ularning ongiga singdirish zarur. O’qituvchi talabalardan muayyan matеrialni shunchaki
qayta ishlashni talab qilganda tayyor qoliplardan, andozalardan holi bo’lishi lozim. Bu esa
talabalarda o’zgalar g'oyalarini mеxanik tarzda qayta ishlab chiqish eng muhim va qimmatli
ekanligiga ishonch qosil qilishga olib kеladi.
Tahlillar va natijalar
.
Talabalarni tavakkaldan holi bo‘lgan, ya’ni g‘oyalar qadrlangan,
talabalarning fikrlash faoliyatida faol ishtirokini yuqori motivatsiyalash imkoni bo‘lgan muhitda
o‘ylash lozimligi haqida ularda ishonch hosil qilish zarur. Muayyan mavzu yoki vaziyatga
qiziqmaydigan odam hech qachon bu haqda tanqidiy fikrlash mashqlarini bajara olmaydi. Buning
sababi shundaki, barcha ma'lumotlarni to'plash va xolisona tahlil qilish uchun siz nima
bo'layotganini bilishni juda xohlashingiz kerak. Shu sababli tanqidiy xulosalarni shakllantirishga
qodir odamlar tug'ma tabiatan qiziquvchan yoki ba'zi hollarda uni ishlab chiqarishni o'rganganlar.
Shaxs mustaqil fikrlay olishi kerak Olingan barcha ma'lumotlarni qabul qilib, inson hech qachon
tanqidiy fikrlash qobiliyatini rivojlantira olmaydi. Aksincha, unga erishmoqchi bo'lgan kishi
uchun, u haqiqatni haqiqatdan boshqasini ajratish uchun, qabul qilgan barcha fikr va faktlarni tahlil
qila olishi kerak. Xuddi shu sababga ko'ra tanqidiy fikrlashni ishlatishga qodir bo'lgan odam bilan
osonlikcha manipulyatsiya qilinmaydi: har doim eshitganlari haqida mulohaza yuritish orqali u
haqiqatni bo'lmagan narsadan ajrata oladi. Ijodiy fikrlashni talab qiladi U har bir eshitgan narsasiga
ishonishi mumkin emasligi sababli, tanqidiy fikrlaydigan kishi turli muammolarning yangi
echimlarini topishi kerak; shu tariqa siz o'zingizning javoblaringizni yaratishingiz mumkin, hatto
ularni hali hech kim topmagan bo'lsa ham. Tanqidiy fikrlash poyezdining rivojlanishi jarayonida
ISSN:
2181-3906
2023
International scientific journal
«MODERN SCIENCE АND RESEARCH»
VOLUME 2 / ISSUE 5 / UIF:8.2 / MODERNSCIENCE.UZ
845
6-sezgi yordamga kelishi mumkin. Narsalar, hodisalar, harakatlar haqida taxminlar ongsiz
darajada mavjud. Sezgi mantiqqa bo'ysunmaydi, lekin qaror qabul qilish uchun qo'shimcha sifatida
qimmatlidir. Tanqidiy fikrlash tabiiy jarayon, oddiy fikrlash poyezdidir, deb ishoniladi. Biroq,
ichida hayotiy vaziyatlar odamlar undan chetga chiqadilar . Talalarda ham tafakkurni tarbiyalash
va rivojlantirish hayot sifatini yaxshilash, qabul qilish demakdir to'g'ri qarorlar va hayotda
muvaffaqiyatga erishing. Fikrlash jarayoni nazariy ilm va amaliyot vaqtida dunyoga to'g'ri
qarashni shakllantiradi va mantiqni rivojlantiradi.
Fikrlashning rivojlanishi ko'p foyda keltiradi. Bularga quyidagilar kiradi:
to'g'ri xulosalar chiqarish qobiliyati;
kerakli ma'lumotlarni to'plash qobiliyati;
asoslash va mulohaza yuritish qobiliyati;
muammoni aniq tushunish qobiliyati;
g'oyalardan foydalanish qobiliyati;
odamlar bilan muloqot qilish;
muqobil fikrlashdan foydalanish qobiliyati.
Tanqidiy fikrlashni rivojlantirgandan so'ng, inson o'z xulosalarini to'g'rilab, bir yo'nalishda o'ylay
boshlaydi. Bunday fikrlash standartlardan farq qiladi va murakkab muammolarni hal qilish
imkonini beradi.
Xulosalar.
Demak to'g'ri va haqiqat bo'lgan g'oyalar mavjud, lekin oxirgisiga tegishli bo'lgan
g'oyaga ega bo'lishni istasak-da, biz so'nggi guruhning juda qadimdan, juda kichik ekanligini
tushunishimiz kerak. Aksincha, aksariyat hollarda, ko'p narsalar haqida, xususan, ko'p
munozaralarning asosiy mavzusi bo'lgan narsalar haqida mutlaqo aniq ma'lumot yo'q. Biror kishi
shubha-gumonlik va tanqidiy fikrlashni mashq qilganda, ular o'zlarini xulosa chiqarishga shubha
bilan qarashlari mumkinligini eslashadi, bu ularning haqiqatan ham to'g'ri ekanligini ko'rsatib
qo'yganini yoki ko'rsatishi mumkin emasligini anglatadi. Ba'zi haqiqatlar qat'iy ishonchni talab
qiladi, ammo mumkin bo'lgan haqiqatlar faqat dalillarga asoslangan ishonchni talab etadi, ya'ni
dalil va sababga ko'ra ularga xuddi shu kuchga ishonishimiz kerak. Mazkur fikrlar va muloxazalar
talabalarning erkin, kreativ va keng ma’noda dunyoda o’larining ideal o’rinlarini topishi uchun bir
muncha asos bo’lib xizmat qiladi.
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