ISSN:
2181-3906
2023
International scientific journal
«MODERN SCIENCE АND RESEARCH»
VOLUME 2 / ISSUE 11 / UIF:8.2 / MODERNSCIENCE.UZ
147
«DOIRA» CHOLG’USI TARIXI VA XALQ CHOLG’ULARI
Gulmanov Ibodulla Shukurllayevich
Uzbekiston Davlat Konservatoriyasi Nukus filiyali óqtuvchisi.
https://doi.org/
10.5281/zenodo.10084034
Annotatsiya.
Maqolada doira cholg’usining paydo bo’lishi va xalq cholg’ulari haqida sóz
etilgan. Maqola davomida mavzu doirasidagi asosli fikr va mulohazalar keltirib o’tilgan.
Kalit so’zlar:
doira cholg’usining paydo bo’lishi, xalq cholg’ulari, «Chirmanda».
HISTORY OF "DOIRA" INSTRUMENT AND FOLK INSTRUMENTS
Abstract.
The article talks about the emergence of circle instruments and folk instruments.
Reasonable opinions and comments within the scope of the topic are cited throughout the article.
Key words:
emergence of circle instrument, folk instruments, "Chirmanda".
ИСТОРИЯ ИНСТРУМЕНТА «ДОЙРА» И НАРОДНЫХ ИНСТРУМЕНТОВ
Аннотация.
В статье говорится о возникновении круговых инструментов и
народных инструментов. Аргументированные мнения и комментарии в рамках темы
приводятся на протяжении всей статьи.
Ключевые слова:
возникновение кругового инструмента, народные инструменты,
«Чирманда».
Musiqa sohasida, O’rta Osiyo va Sharq xalqlari qatori, o’zbek usullari, ya’ni ritmik yo’llari
va ularning rivojlanish usullari alohida o’rin egallaydi. Chalish usullar qoida bo’yicha urib
chalinadigan musiqa asboblari ijrosida qo’llaniladi. Eng ko’p tarqalgan urma zarbli musiqa
asboblaridan, O’zbekistonda, Tojikistonda va Uyg’ur xalqlarida va shu bilan bir qatorda, Sharqda
o’zining shirali ovoziga ega bo’lgan, musiqa cholg’u asbobi doira hisoblanadi. Doira iborasi
ba’zan «Dapp», «Childirma», «Chirmanda» deb ham yuritiladi. Xorazmda dapp, childirma
ijrochini esa “Dappchi”- childirmachi deb aytadilar, Buxoroda doiradast, Farg’onada
chirmandachi, Samarqanda esa doirachi deb yuritiladi.O’zbek xalqi qadimdan doira asbobini juda
ardoqlab kelgan.
O’tmishda bu asboblarning sadolari ostida xalqni maydonlarga, to’y-tomoshalarga,
musobaqa kurashlarga va har-xil sayillarga chaqirganlar. Jumladan: "Hosil bayrami", "Uzum
sayli", "Qovun sayli" va shunga o’xshash kabi mavsumiy bayramlar keng tarqalgan. Bayramlarda,
madaniy marosimlarda ayniqsa karnay, surnay va nog’ora, doira kabi urma zarbli musiqa
cholg’ulari keng qo’llanilgan.Buyuk Shark mutafakkirlarining merosi, xalq cholg’ularini
o’rganish sohasida ham tarixiy qimmatga ega. Abu Nasr Muhammad Farobiyning mashhur asari
"Musiqa haqida katta kitob" ("Kitob al-musiqa, al-kabir") ulkan ahamiyatga ega hisoblanadi. O’rta
asr olimi bu kitobdan ikki xil musiqa ijrochiligi: ohangni inson ovozi (qo’shiq san’ati) va
cholg’ular vositalarida qayta tiklashga ajratadi. Darvish Ali o’z davri (XVII acr) da mavjud
bo’lgan cholg’u ansambllari va ularning ijrochilari haqida ma’lumot bergan. Saroyda 60
cholg’uchidan iborat ansambl bo’lgan. «Nog’ora xona» deb atalgan 60 kishilik cholg’uchilar
ansamblni nog’orachi boshqargan. Darvish Ali misol tariqasida shunday dalilni keltiradi: «Sulton
Husayin saroyida ansamblning rahbar-mehtar vazifasini nog’orachi Sayid Ahmadbin mehtariy
Miroqiy bajargan. «Nog’ora xona» nog’ora va damli musiqa cholg’ularida kuy chalayotgan paytda
ijrochilar joylashgan xona ko’zda tutiladi.Bizning jumhuriyatimizda doyra ritmik usullarini
ISSN:
2181-3906
2023
International scientific journal
«MODERN SCIENCE АND RESEARCH»
VOLUME 2 / ISSUE 11 / UIF:8.2 / MODERNSCIENCE.UZ
148
dunyoga mashhur qilishda o’z hissasini qo’shgan Usta Olim Komilovning boy merosi avlodlar
uchun katta maktab vazifasini o’tamoqda.
Mashhur doyrachilar G’ofur Azimov, G’ofur Inog’omov, Rahim Isaxo’jayev, Evner
Barayev, Qahramon Dadayev, Ravshan Akbarbekov, Odil Kamolxo’jayev, Dadaxo’ja
Sottixo’jayev, To’ychi Inog’omovlar ustaning ananalarini davom ettirdilar.Shuningdek, Toshkent
Davlat konservatoriyasi dosenti A.XLiviyev ham "Doira uchun etyudlar" to’plamini yaratgan edi.
SamDU musiqa fakulteti dosenti Y.Haqqulov "Doira uchun pyesalar" to’plami yaratganlar.
A.Rasulov nomidagi SamDSBY katta o’qituvchisi Asliddin Sirojev "Doyra uchun pyesalar»
yaratdilar, A.Ashrafxo’jayev "Doira sinfi bo’yicha xrestomatiya"yozganlar. Doira ko’rinishidan
oddiy aylanma shaklida bo’lib, diametri taxminan 400 mm bo’lgan, gardishi ilgari uzum zangidan
qilingan, so’ngi vaqtlarda yog’ochni egib yoki kichik bo’laklarga bo’lib, ularni bir-biriga ulab
yasaladi. Doyraning gardishiga buzoq yoki baliq, ba’zan toyning terisidan qoplangan. Gardish
o’rtasiga qirqdan ortiq halqachalar taqiladi. Bu halqachalar doyrani chalganda ijroga qo’shimcha
sado beradi. Bu halqachalarning nomi shing’iroq, shilshila deyiladi, shing’iroqlar mayda doiracha
shaklida bo’lib, misdan va temir metallardan ishlab yasaladi. Doyrada 2 ta asosiy tovush bor. Biri
past "bum" (Xorazmda "gup") ikkinchisi baland "bak" (xorazmda "toq") deb yuritiladi. Ketma-ket
kelgan ikkita qisqa tovush "bakko" yoki «bakka» (tak-tak) yoki (bak-bak) "taka" deb yuritiladi.
Ilgarilari Bum (gup) 1ta chorak notaga teng bo’lgan. Bak (tak) ham 1ta chorak nota hisoblangan.
Bak-bak (tak-tak) 2 ta-choraktalik notaga teng. Bakka (taka) esa 2 ta 8 talik notaga teng. Agar
taktlar o’rtasida pauza kelsa "Ist" so’zi qo’llanilgan.
Masalan: bakka bum bak ist baka bak. 30 yillardan so’ng doyra usullari, ya’ni "Bum"
chiziq ostiga "Bak" esa chiziq ustiga yozilib, ijro etiladigan bo’ldi. Bu doira usullarini A.Eyxgorn,
V.Leysok, N.Mironov, V.Uspenskiylar bir nota chiziq oralig’ida nota yo’lida yozganlar. Doirani
tovush balandligi noaniq, ya’ni uning terisi qanday tortilganiga qarab sado beradi, aniq bir nota,
ya’ni tovush, ovoz bir xil chiqmaydi. Bum bilan bak oralig’i kvarta intervaliga yaqinroq. Ijro har
xil usul bilan kelishi, barmoqlar harakatida tovushlarning o’zgarishiga olib keladi. Doira ijrosi,
o’ng qo’l bilan chap qo’l harakatiga bog’liq, doirani qaysi yeriga, gardish o’rtasiga yo chetiga yoki
bo’lmasa gardishdan ozgina o’rtasiga yaqinroq urib cholish, o’ziga xos tovush chiqaradi. Ba’zan
barmoqlarga metaldan yasalgan noxun taqilib chalinadi. Mana shunaqa ijro etilgan bum bilan
bumni, bak bilan bakni farqi juda katta bo’ladi. XX asrning 50-60-yillariga kelib, doirani chalish
usullari A.I.Petrosyans tomonidan o’zgartirildi, Toshkent eksperemental labaratoriyasida
tasdiqlanib, ko’pchilik musiqashunos olimlar tomonidan 4 qatorlik doira chalish usuli joriy etildi
va hozirgacha qo’llanilib kelinmoqda. Har bir qo’lning, ya’ni o’ng va chap qo’llarning ovozlari
tovushlari alohida yoziladi. Quyida doirachilikda dong taratgan mashhur va mohir doyrachilar
xotirasini yodga olamiz: Usta Olim Komilov, To’ychi Inog’omov, G’ofur Azimov, Bolta
Sharipov, Dadaxo’ja Sottixo’jayev, Rashid Nurmehammedov, Rahmon Otaboyev, Samarqandlik
Baxtiyor Jobirov va boshqalar. Endilikda sitqi dildan xizmat qilib kelayotgan doirachilar: Rahim
Isaxo’jayev, Qahramon Dadayev, Tal’at Sayfiddinov, Dilmurod, Elmurod, Xolmurod Islomovlar,
Rahmatullo Samadov, Abbos Qosimov va boshqalar.
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ISSN:
2181-3906
2023
International scientific journal
«MODERN SCIENCE АND RESEARCH»
VOLUME 2 / ISSUE 11 / UIF:8.2 / MODERNSCIENCE.UZ
149
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150
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