RISK FACTORS AND DIAGNOSIS OF KIDNEY STONE

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RISK FACTORS AND DIAGNOSIS OF KIDNEY STONE

Bahromov Bekzod Shavkatovich

Asian International University, Bukhara, Uzbekistan.

https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15515734

Abstract. Kidney stone affect 15-18% of the population in industrialized countries. The

average life time risk of stone formation has been reported in the range of 7-13%. Recurrent
stone formation is a common part of the medical care of patients with stone diseases. The
aetiology of this disorder is multi factorial and is strongly related to dietary lifestyle habits or
practices. Increased rates of hypertension, diabetes and obesity which are linked to
nephrolithiasis, also contribute to an increase in stone formation. Hence, this study was
undertaken to find out the prevalence among kidney stone patients. Also to find out the risk
factors influencing the development of kidney stones especially Family history, inadequate fluid
intake, Stress, Over weight and Obesity, Dietary habits and lifestyle modifications, association
with other diseases (diabetes, hypertension).

Keywords: Kidney stone, risk factors.

INTRODUCTION

Kidney stones, one of the most painful of the urologic disorders, are not a product of

modern life. Unfortunately, kidney stones are one of the most common disorders of the urinary
tract. A large number of people are suffering from urinary stone problem all over the globe.
Kidney stones, which are solid crystals that form from dissolved minerals in urine, can be caused
by both environmental and metabolic problems. Calcium oxalate and/or phosphate stones
account for almost 80% of all renal stones observed in economically developed countries.
Kidney stones are quite common and usually affect people who are between 35 and 65 years of
age. They affect men more than women. It is estimated that renal colic (severe pain caused by a
kidney stone) affects about 13-25% of men, and 5-8% of women. In India, 15% of the population
is expected to have urinary stones, out of which 65% may end up with loss of kidneys or renal
damage. Recurrent stone formation is a common problem with all types of stones and therefore
an important part of the medical care of patients with stone disease.

In most countries with a relatively high incidence of renal calculi due to climate, diet

habits, local geology with hydro mineralogy and sanitation by affecting geo minerology. Rising
global temperatures could lead to an increase in kidney stones. Dehydration has been linked to
stone disease, particularly in warmer climates, and global warming will exacerbate this effect.
The correlation between increased environmental temperature and increased number of stone
events supports the conclusion that global warming has an impact on the development of stones.
As a result, the prevalence of stone disease may increase, along with the costs of treating the
condition. The researchers discovered that stone formers had a 65% greater risk of developing
chronic kidney disease (CKD) and a 45% increased risk of developing end-stage renal disease
(ESRD), the most severe form of CKD.

Diet may have a significant impact on the incidence of urinary stones. The incidence has

been steadily increasing, paralleling the rise in other diseases associated with the so called
‘Western diet’. Being obese (higher BMI) and experiencing weight gain have been associated
with stone risk among men and women. Diet and fluid intake may be important factors in the
development of urinary stones. As per capita income increases, the average diet changes, with an
increase in saturated and unsaturated fatty acid; an increase in animal protein and sugar; and a

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decrease in dietary fibre, vegetable protein and unrefined carbohydrates. Increased animal
protein intake, lower potassium intake, lower fluid intake were recently identified to higher stone
risk.

Clinical diagnosis of ureteric colic
Ureteric colic is classically among the most painful of emergency presentations.

Typically, pain of varying intensity is felt in the flank and radiates towards the groin. When the
stone is lodged distally in the ureter (ureterovesical junction), there is no flank pain. Low-grade
or intermittent flank pain can occur with stones in the renal pelvis. However, flank pain is not a
specific symptom of ureteric calculi. In patients with acute flank pain referred for UHCT,
ureteric stones are found in 38–75% of examinations. The presence or absence of haematuria is
not sufficiently sensitive or specific for the diagnosis of ureteric calculi. In 250 patients with
flank pain, kidney stones on UHCT and concurrent urine testing, the sensitivity of haematuria for
kidney stones was 91% and specificity %32. Of patients with flank pain but no haematuria, 24%
had a stone. Eight of 20 with proven non-renal abdominal pain had haematuria. In a prospective
study of 300 patients with acute flank pain, UHCT and concurrent urine testing, haematuria had
a positive predictive value (PPV) of 65%, negative predictive value (NPV) of 75% and accuracy
of 65% in predicting stone disease. In a retrospective review of UHCT, reports of 1000 patients
with acute flank pain and concurrent urine microscopy, haematuria had a sensitivity of 87%,
specificity of 51%, PPV of 75% and NPV of 68% for the presence of kidney stones. Fever
suggests either a separate diagnosis of urinary tract infection or coexisting urinary tract infection.

CONCLUSION

In this study, we could establish a significant relationship between family history, diet

and life style modifications, low fluid intake, obesity are the major factors play a role in
development of renal calculi. We also found a significant relationship between patients
associated with diabetes mellitus, hypertension and renal calculi. Life style changes helps to
reduce recurrent stone disease. Renal calculi can be prevented by the most important thing is to
drink plenty of water daily the goal should be to urinate from two to four litters per day make
sure you avoided getting dehydrated, there are no specific dietary recommendation until a stone
from your system has been analysed. After analysis diet can be evaluated and changes
recommended.

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