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SIALOLITHIASIS DIAGNOSTIC METHODS
Sharapova Nozima Erkinjonovna
Teacher of the Department Fundamental Medicine Disciplines Asia International University
sharapovanozimaerkinjonovna@oxu.uz
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15516800
Abstract. One of the most common disorders of the salivary glands is sialolithiasis. A
history of pain or/and swelling in the salivary glands, especially during meal suggests this
diagnosis. For small and accessible stones conservative therapies like milking of ducts with
palliative therapy can produce satisfactory results. Surgical management should be considered
when the stone/stones are inaccessible or large in size as conservative therapies turned out to be
unsatisfactory. In this paper, we present three cases of sialolithiasis in the submandibular gland
along with a review of existing literature. The purpose of this paper is to add three more cases to
the literature and review the theories of etiology, clinical features, available diagnostic and
treatment procedures.
Keywords:
salivary
stone
disease,
subclinical
hypothyroidism,
subclinical
hyperthyroidism, mineral metabolism, bone remodeling, thyroid.
Sialolithiasis is the main cause of unilateral diffuse parotid or submandibular gland
swelling. Its incidence has been poorly studied but seems to be much higher than the classic data
published by Rauch of 1 case per 300 000 people per year. In a recent study, based on hospital
admission figures in England, Escudier and McGurkestimated this incidence to be between 1 per
15 000 and 1 per 30 000. Personal observations of an incidence between 1 per 10 000 and 1 per
20 000 seem to confirm these results (F.M. and P.D., unpublished data, 2002). Sialolithiasis
results in a mechanical obstruction of the salivary duct, causing repetitive swelling during meals,
which can remain transitory or be complicated by bacterial infections. Traditionally, recurring
episodes necessitate treatment by open surgery, and sialolithiasis still represents the most
frequent reason for submandibular gland resection. Interestingly, parotid gland resection remains
less frequent, probably because of the higher incidence of postoperative complications such as
facial paresis.In the early 1990s, several authors have attempted to cure sialolithiasis
conservatively. Radiologists dealing with sialoliths during sialography have attempted retrieval
of these stones using a Dormia basket either blindly
or under sialographic control. Initial
attempts to explore salivary ducts were also performed during the same period,
but equipment
limitations precluded adequate visualization. Others, inspired by urologic techniques, developed
extracorporal lithotripsy for sialolithiasis. Although endocannular lithotripsy was also
available, a lack of adequate instrumentation prevented complete ductal exploration and
treatment. Thanks to major advances in optical technologies, complete exploration of the
salivary ductal system and a precise evaluation of its pathologic state are now possible.
Sialendoscopy,
or sialoendoscopy as it is called by others, is therefore a new procedure, aiming
to visualize the lumen of the salivary ducts to diagnose and treat ductal diseases. The objective of
this article is to review the existing diagnostic and interventional modalities for sialolithiasis
management. The exact pathogenesis of sialolithiasis remains unknown, and various hypotheses
have been proposed. The first is based on the existence of intracellular microcalculi that, when
excreted in the canal, may become a nidus for further calcification. The second hypothesis
suggests that aliments, substances, or bacteria present within the oral cavity may migrate into the
salivary ducts and become the nidus for further calcification. Both hypotheses presuppose an
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initial organic nidus that progressively grows by the deposition of layers of inorganic and
organic substances. According to most published data, salivary stones are localized in the
submandibular gland in 80% to 90% of sialolithiasis cases. In our experience, parotid glands are
affected more frequently (in up to 40% of cases), a difference possibly explained by the
sensitivity of the new detection methods used.This may also explain a high incidence of multiple
sialolithiasis that was found in 58% (29/50) of parotid and 29% (31/106) of
submandibular affected glands. The annual growth rate of established salivary stones has been
estimated to be 1 mm per year.They vary in shape, being round or irregular. According to 2
recent studies, the size ranges from 2 mm to 2 cm, with the mean being 3.2 mm and 4.9 mm for
parotid and submandibular stones, respectively, a finding that emphasizes the need for
fragmentation before extraction of these stones. The classic occlusal film effectively shows
ductal stones, while intraglandular and small stones can be missed. According to an early report
by Rauch and Gorlin,
only 20% of sialoliths are radiotransparent; hence, this method should only
be used for screening when no other method is available.
Magnetic resonance sialography is a new diagnostic procedure, with promising results. It
consists of 3-mm T2-weighted fast spin–echo slides, performed in the sagittal and axial planes.
Volumetric reconstruction is then performed, allowing a visualization of the ducts and their
condition. The advantages include a rapid, totally noninvasive technique, no dye injection, no
irradiation, and no associated pain. The disadvantages are (1) the 45 minutes required for the
reconstruction (although the acquisition time is 10 minutes); (2) MR imaging–associated
inconveniences such as equipment costs, ferromagnetic implants, and examination intolerance by
claustrophobic patients; and (3) limitations because of artifacts resulting from dental bridges.
This new technique has been shown to be an excellent radiological technique for sialolithiasis.
Diagnostic sialendoscopy is a recently described procedure that allows an almost complete
exploration of the ductal system, including the main duct and secondary and tertiary branches
(
). This is possible thanks to the most recently manufactured endoscope (Karl Storz,
Tübingen, Germany), which has a small outside diameter (2 channels of respectively 0.9- and
1.3-mm diameter) and incorporates a rinsing channel, necessary for dilatation of the ductal
system and for cleaning and rinsing of the debris during the procedure. The need for a semirigid
system has been demonstrated by the difficulty in directing a flexible system without a mobile
tip and its fragility and poor image quality. Among the last 450 endoscopies we performed,
diagnostic sialendoscopy was achieved in 98% of cases, while others report a 96% success
rate. Rare limitations include an extremely tortuous canal that could hamper endoscope
progression and difficulties in directing the endoscope at the distal end of the canal system.
The classic treatment of sialolithiasis is antibiotics and anti-inflammatory agents, hoping for a
spontaneous stone expression through the papilla. In cases of submandibular stones located close
to Wharton papillae, a marsupialization (sialodochoplasty) is performed and the stone
removed. Interestingly, although sialolithiasis is the most frequent reason for submandibular
gland resection,
stones are often left in the Wharton duct remnant.
In cases of posterior-located
submandibular or parotid stones, a conservative approach is adopted whenever possible,
probably because parotidectomy for infectious conditions is associated with a high incidence of
facial nerve complications
In conclusion,
the approach toward unilateral salivary gland swelling is the same for the
submandibular and parotid glands, although the smaller diameter of the parotid ductal system
renders the procedure more challenging.Once a clinical suspicion of a ductal obstruction is
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present, we tend to favor diagnostic sialendoscopy as the initial procedure of choice, mainly
because of its minimally invasive nature and excellent patient acceptance. In cases of multiple
glandular symptoms or unclear clinical presentation, MR sialography should be performed so
that the texture of the gland, surrounding tissue, and ductal system of several salivary glands can
be assessed.
If diagnostic sialendoscopy reveals 1 or more stones (or other ductal pathologic
conditions, such as stenosis), the interventional procedure can be conducted in the same setting.
For small stones less than 4 mm in diameter in submandibular cases and less than 3 mm in
parotid cases, extraction is performed with custom-designed wire baskets of various sizes. In
cases of bigger stones, prior fragmentation is necessary using an external lithotriptor or,
preferably, a dedicated laser system. Stenoses are treated with metallic dilators when located in
the main duct or with balloon catheters under endoscopic control for localized or more peripheral
strictures.
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