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Существует множество причин, главной из которых является человеческий
фактор: ошибки проектирования и ведения расчетов, несоблюдение правил возведения
объекта, неправильная эксплуатация. Во многих случаях проверка строительных
конструкций на живучесть помогла бы проектировщикам решить данные проблемы.
Существует множество способов повышения долговечности конструкций в
отдельности и всего здания, и сооружения в целом. Одним из способов является ввод
дополнительных опорных закреплений и связей конструкции, которые в случае
обрушения одной конструкции помогут перераспределить напряжение с нее на соседние.
Использование материалов с более высокими прочностными показателями, так же
помогут повысить живучесть. На стадии проектирования необходимо использовать
более современные программные комплексы, на строительной площадке этого можно
добиться использованием современных измерительных приборов: тахеометр, лазерный
уровень, лазерная линейка, точность которых позволяет максимально приблизить
натурные конструкции к проектным. Таким образом, проблема определения
долговечности строительных конструкций актуальна на сегодняшний день. Данная
теория поможет проектировать еще более надежные и прочные конструктивные
элементы, которые не будут допускать их разрушений
.
ЛИТЕРАТУРА:
1.
В.В. Болотин. Применение методов теории вероятностей и теории надежности
в расчетах сооружений.М.,2020.
2.
Кудишин Ю. И., Дробот Д. Ю. Методика расчета строительных конструкций
на единичную живучесть. М., 2019.
3.
ГОСТ 27751—2014 «Надежность строительных конструкций и оснований».
4.
«Рекомендации по защите высотных зданий от прогрессирующего
обрушения». Г. И. Шапиро, Ю. А. Эйсман, В. И. Травуш. — М.: Москомархитектуры,
2016.
FEATURES OF SOLVING QUALITY PROBLEMS IN THE DESIGN AND
CONSTRUCTION OF HIGH-RISE BUILDINGS
prof. Yusupov X.I, PhD student Yakupov O.X.
Tashkent University of Architecture and Civil Engineering.
Annotation: The main problems arising in maintaining the quality of design and
construction of high-rise buildings, taking into account the possibility of introducing modern
information systems, are considered, attention is paid to the peculiarities of improving the
quality of work performed at all stages of the life cycle of an investment and construction
project.
Keywords: organization of construction; design quality, quality of construction and
installation work, project life cycle, high-rise buildings and structures.
Annotatsiya: Zamonaviy axborot tizimlarini joriy etish imkoniyatlarini hisobga olgan
holda ko'p qavatli binolarni loyihalash va qurish sifatini ta'minlashda yuzaga keladigan asosiy
muammolar ko'rib chiqiladi, investitsiya va qurilish loyihasining hayot tsiklining barcha
bosqichlarida bajariladigan ishlar sifatini oshirishning o'ziga xos xususiyatlariga e'tibor
qaratiladi.
Kalit so’zlar: qurilishni tashkil etish; dizayn sifati, qurilish-montaj ishlarining sifati,
loyihaning hayot aylanishi, ko'p qavatli binolar va inshootlar.
Аннотатция:
Рассмотрены
основные
проблемы,
возникающие
при
поддержании качества проектирования и строительства высотных зданий с учетом
возможности внедрения современных информационных систем, уделено внимание
357
особенностям повышения качества выполняемых работ на всех этапах жизненного
цикла инвестиционно-строительного проекта.
Ключевые слова: организация строительства; качество проектирования,
качество строительно-монтажных работ, жизненный цикл проекта, высотные здания
и сооружения.
Currently, the construction of high-rise buildings in major cities of Russia is becoming
increasingly popular. This trend is due to both the insufficient satisfaction of the population in
housing and office space in the central districts of the city, and the shortage and, accordingly,
the growing cost of land plots. At the same time, the construction complex of the Russian
Federation has not accumulated sufficient experience in the construction of high-rise buildings
and structures. The quality of the work performed at each stage of the project life cycle does
not meet the requirements, which leads to additional costs, violations of the deadlines for the
implementation of the investment and construction project, adjustments and corrections of
errors at each stage of the project. This article attempts to focus on the most significant issues
of improving the quality of investment and construction projects of high-rise buildings and
structures.
The pre-investment stage of the project should contain a feasibility study for the
construction and implementation of a high-rise building. At this stage, it is necessary to pay
attention to the peculiarities of the preferences of end consumers, to understand how much is
planned to be allocated for administrative, office and residential areas. Since there are usually
problems with parking spaces for cars in the city center, it is necessary to take into account the
use of certain building areas for parking vehicles, not only for residents, but also for employees
and their clients coming to the office. It is necessary to calculate in advance the risks associated
with the design, construction and sale of high-rise building areas. Since the design and
construction of high-rise buildings can take a long period of time, it is necessary to predict the
change in the cost of design and construction, apply methods of discounting future flows. A
high-quality SWOT analysis, a feasibility study taking into account the calculation of project
risks will make it possible to make the right decision on the further implementation of the
project [1].
An important role in maintaining the required quality of the construction of a high-rise
building is the design stage, whose errors can create significant problems during the
construction and operation of the facility. When choosing a site for the construction of high-
rise buildings, it is necessary to be guided by the urban planning plan of the city. When
developing the design documentation of a high-rise building, it is necessary to take into account
the possibility of connecting to communications (water supply, heat supply, electricity,
transport accessibility, etc.). High-rise buildings are energy-intensive, and accordingly, the
necessary capacities must be provided by the city services. Special attention should be paid to
the condition of the soil. Geological tests by specialized organizations must be carried out, the
risks of foundation shrinkage are calculated, and a positive expert opinion is obtained.
Insufficient attention to the peculiarities of the soil condition can negatively affect not only
stages of construction, but also lead to problems of breaking the stability of a high-rise building
during operation [1].
When developing architectural and planning solutions, it is necessary to take into
account the needs of customers for whom this high-rise building is being built. Consumers of
high—rise buildings are individuals who purchase (or rent) space for permanent residence, legal
entities who purchase (or rent) space for business purposes (office space, hotels, shops, etc.).
Accordingly, the preferences of customers are different and for the successful implementation
of all the areas of a high-rise building, it is necessary to design such architectural solutions that
would satisfy the needs of each client. For example, according to the conducted research, the
most important consumer characteristics include the increased area of the kitchen and
bathroom, the modern architectural appearance of the building as a whole, the presence of
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underground parking for vehicles, the tightness of window structures, etc. For example, strong
aerodynamic flows require new design features of window openings, since standard ones do
not provide proper air tightness. The solutions laid down in the project of a high-rise building
should be intelligent and not create problems of psychological discomfort for people on the
upper floors [3]. Qualitative study of these issues will increase the investment attractiveness of
a high-rise building. The use of BIM modeling methods in the design of architectural solutions
allows not only to present a building model in a 3D image (which itself increases the
attractiveness and understanding of the object for the client), but also to improve the quality of
design by eliminating inconsistencies between different sections of the project. As software
complexes can programs of the Autodesk family (Autocad, Archicad, Revit, Navisworks, etc.)
or the Russian development of Nanocad can be used [2]
A very important role in the design process is played by the detailed development of the
foundations of a high-rise building, which accounts for a huge load from the entire object. When
calculating foundations, it is necessary to take into account the properties of soils, the load from
the building, wind load, seismic effects, etc. Improving the quality of foundation design is
achieved through the use of appropriate software systems. BIM modeling technology allows
you to combine the spatial model of a building created earlier when solving architectural issues,
and allows you to calculate the isofields from various types of loads, to make a correct
calculation of foundations [2-3].
Conclusions. At the stage of completion of the project, the quality of operation lies in
the safe functioning of a high-rise building. For these purposes, systematic monitoring of the
behavior of the building should be provided by installing appropriate sensors that respond to
changes in the structural parameters of a high-rise building. At the same time, observations of
deformations should be carried out both during the construction process and during the
operation of a high-rise building [4].
Thus, the modern scientific approach to quality management of an investment and
construction project involves the introduction of a complex of engineering, technical and
information support. Achieving the required level of quality of project preparation is possible
only after the introduction of a unified communication control and management system based
on modern software and computer systems. At the same time, the role of operators of these
complexes increases, training and the ability to independently search and make non-standard
decisions turns out to be a key success factor.
LITERATURES
1.
Zou Y., Kiviniemi A., Jones S.W. A review of risk management through BIM
and BIM-related technologies. Safety Science. 2017; 97:88-98.
2.
Цыпкин Ю.А., Кудряшов Ю.Н. Новые информационные технологии для
рынка
объектов
недвижимого
имущества
//
Правовое
регулирование
сбалансированного развития территорий. М.: Московский государственный
университет геодезии и картографии, 2018. С. 315-319.
3.
Тихомиров С.А., Киевский Л.В., Кулешова Э.И. и др. Моделирование
градостроительного процесса. Промышленное и гражданское строительство. 2015. №
9. С. 51-55.
4.
Миндзаева М.Р., Горгорова Ю.В. Сравнительный анализ зарубежных
стандартов экологического строительства и их влияния на формирование российских
эко-стандартов // Инженерный вестник Дона, 2013, №4.
