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CONTENT OF WATER-SOLUBLE SALTS IN TYPICAL GRAY SOILS,
DEGREE AND TYPES OF SALINATION
Mallaeva Dilafruz Abdikholiq kizi
Phd student
Karimov Khusniddin Nagimovich
Ph.D., Senior Researcher
Institute of Soil Science and Agrochemical Research
Academician M. Mirzaev Research Institute of Horticulture,
Viticulture and Winemaking
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14380005
Annotation.
The type of salinity in the studied sections of typical irrigated
gray soils consists of sulfate and chloride-sulfate salinity types, and according to
the degree of salinity, they are classified as non-saline, weakly and moderately
saline. They are considered to be relatively fertile soils with good amelioration
status. Increasing salinity levels lead to a decrease in soil fertility and a decrease
in the quantity and quality of agricultural crops.
Key words:
soil, salinity, toxic salts, land reclamation, fertility.
Introduction.
Salinity is considered one of the negative soil processes that
determine the fertility and productivity of irrigated lands, as well as the
ecological and reclamation state and the productivity of agricultural crops. This
process depends on the relief, geomorphological and lithological structure of the
site (selected objects), soil climate and human economic conditions, especially
the state of hydraulic and hydro-reclamation systems, as well as the depth of
groundwater, the level of mineralization and a number of other factors. The
damage caused by soil salinity to the national economy is extremely great. In
weakly saline lands, cotton productivity decreases by 25-30% compared to non-
saline fertile lands, by 40-50% in moderately saline soils, by 60-80% in soils
with strong sulfate-chloride and chloride salinity, and in very strongly saline and
saline lands, cotton seedlings die after the first irrigation. The complete
destruction of the soil has been proven in scientific research and field
experiments. The main reason for this is the “toxic” (poisonous) effect of toxic
salts accumulated in the soil on plants.
Among the many factors causing soil salinization, groundwater occupies the
main place. It is necessary to pay special attention to the concepts (states) of its
“critical depth” and “critical mineralization”. The evaporation of a large amount
of moisture from the soil surface of irrigated lands with a dry and hot climate of
our republic accelerates the process of natural salinization. Therefore, the main
meliorative measures should be aimed at preventing this negative process,
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reducing its impact on the productivity of irrigated soils and the life of cultivated
plants.
Literature review.
The salts involved in the formation of saline soils, the
main elements in the formation of saline compounds are Ca, Ma, Na, K, Cl, S, N, B,
Si, and the participation of Sr, Li, and J, Br elements in the process of soil
salinization has also been determined in studies. The migration of these
elements and their accumulation in the soil mainly occurs in the form of the
following hypothetical salts: chlorides - NaCl, KCl, MgCl2, CaCl2; sulfates -
Na2SO4, MgSO4, K2SO4, CaSO4; carbonates - Na2CO3, NaHCO3, MgCO3, CaCO3,
Ca(HCO3)2; nitrates - NaNO3, KNO3; borates - Na2B2O2 and others. These salts
can also include dissolved silica - SiO2 x H2O; silicates - Na2SiO4 K2SiO3, Ca
SiO3 and alkali metal humates [3; 103-p.].
The solubility of MgCl2 salt decreases sharply in the presence of CaCl2. A
similar situation is rarely observed for CaSO4 in the presence of Na2SO4 and
MgCl2. The solubility of CaCO3 salt increases approximately 22 times in the
presence of NaCl, and 50 or more times in the presence of Na2SO4. The
solubility of MgCO4 increases 4 times in the presence of NaCl, and 5 times in the
presence of NaSO4 [2; p. 122].
There are several methods for determining the amount of toxic salts in the
soil (%), one of which is the method of determination using the empirical
formula proposed by N.I. Bazilevich and E.I. Pankova. It is determined by
dividing the sum of the national equivalent amounts of sodium (Na) and
magnesium (Mg) ions in the aqueous solution by 15 [1;80-82.].
The closer the mineralized groundwater is located to the surface, the more
rapidly the salinization process occurs, and its prevention requires the
organization of hydromelioration systems, maintaining collector and aquifer
networks in full working order, ensuring the full flow of groundwater, and strict
adherence to irrigation and salt leaching regimes, norms and technologies. The
salinization process also depends on the relief of the location, geomorphological
and lithological conditions, and a number of other factors [1; 80-82.].
The processes of salinization and desalination of irrigated areas, their
direction and level of activity, conditions of salt accumulation and secondary
salinity in the soil, the amount and reserves of salts, distribution patterns of
saline soils depend on the above-mentioned natural and anthropogenic-
economic conditions kli, high brackish, brackish, deep brackish, deep brackish
and non-brackish) can be found [1; 80-82.].
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Research results.
Due to the fact that the soils of the selected research
object are located in low mountains and sub-mountain and sub-mountain plains
(5-10, >10), active salinity conditions are not observed in these areas, the soils
are mainly weakly saline and non-saline. Only in some weakly saline lowland
areas can moderately saline soils be found.
The results of the analytical data of water absorption analysis conducted on
polluted and saline soils under the influence of various anthropogenic and
natural factors in irrigated lands developed under various geomorphological-
lithological and soil-climatic conditions are presented in the table in the amount
of main sections (0-200 cm).
Due to the deep location of weakly mineralized groundwater in the typical
gray soils irrigated by the studied farms, the well-drained foothills, and the
ruggedness and disturbance of the relief, the soils are mainly non-saline, the
total amount of easily soluble salts in water in the soil profile is 0.115-0.290%,
only in some sections is the amount of salts observed in the amount of 0.300-
0.535%, which indicates weak salinity.
According to the data presented in the table, section 15 is practically not saline,
the amount of salts in the soil profile is 0.135-0.290%. Only one salt horizon
(0.488 and 0.443) is found in sections 16-17, and two salt horizons are found in
sections 13-14 and they are observed in amounts of 0.415-0.520 and 0.345-
0.535%. The chlorine content in the upper aquifer layers of the soil is
Amount (%) of easily soluble salts in water, degree of salinity and types
Sectio,
No.
Depth,
cm
Dry
residue
НСО
3
-
Cl
-
SO
4
2-
Ca
2+
Mg
2+
Na
+
Anionic
cations
SO4/
Cl
Salting
pH
Type
Level
"Khiromiddin Nurullaevich" farm, Kitab district
13
0-30
0,270
0,052
0,016
0,126
0,053
0,007
0,016
3,92
8,69
S
Unsalte
d
7,31
0,85
0,45
2,62
2,64
0,58
0,7
3,22
30-50
0,300
0,060
0,016
0,139
0,045
0,006
0,036
4,32
6,42
S
Lightly
salted
7,25
0,98
0,45
2,89
2,25
0,49
1,58
2,74
50-80
0,205
0,040
0,021
0,082
0,040
0,003
0,016
2,95
2,90
CH-S
Lightly
salted
7,35
0,65
0,59
1,71
2,00
0,25
0,7
2,25
80-100
0,225
0,049
0,017
0,093
0,040
0,003
0,023
3,23
3,96
CH-S
Lightly
salted
7,41
0,080
0,49
1,94
2,00
0,25
0,98
2,25
100-150
0,415
0,049
0,010
0,218
0,040
0,003
0,078
5,62
16,21
S
Lightly
salted
7,50
0,080
0,28
4,54
2,00
0,25
3,37
2,25
150-200
0,520
0,043
0,014
0,28
0,030
0,003
0,119
6,91
14,92
S
Lightly
7,47
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0,70
0,39
5,82
1,50
0,25
5,16
1,75
salted
13А
0-30
0,305
0,043
0,010
0,154
0,030
0,003
0,056
4,18
11,43
S
Lightly
salted
7,35
0,70
0,28
3,20
1,50
0,25
2,43
1,75
30-50
0,238
0,040
0,007
0,12
0,038
0,006
0,022
3,35
12,50
S
Unsalte
d
7,27
0,65
0,20
2,50
1,90
0,49
0,96
2,39
50-80
0,485
0,052
0,010
0,257
0,035
0,003
0,103
6,48
19,10
S
Lightly
salted
7,39
0,85
0,28
5,35
1,75
0,25
4,48
2,00
80-100
0,410
0,055
0,007
0,216
0,040
0,003
0,076
5,54
22,45
S
Lightly
salted
7,25
0,90
0,20
4,49
2,00
0,25
3,290
2,25
13Б
0-30
0,340
0,048
0,024
0,159
0,043
0,005
0,051
4,78
4,87
CH-S
Medium
salty
7,22
0,79
0,68
3,31
2,15
0,41
2,22
2,56
30-50
0,310
0,052
0,010
0,151
0,028
0,005
0,057
4,27
11,21
S
Lightly
salted
7,21
0,85
0,28
3,14
1,40
0,41
2,46
1,81
50-80
0,370
0,061
0,010
0,185
0,035
0,003
0,072
5,13
13,75
S
Lightly
salted
7,41
1,00
0,28
3,85
1,75
0,25
3,13
2,00
80-100
0,385
0,043
0,014
0,199
0,040
0,003
0,069
5,24
10,64
S
Lightly
salted
7,45
0,70
0,39
4,15
2,00
0,25
2,99
2,25
14
0-30
0,300
0,054
0,037
0,118
0,028
0,009
0,052
4,39
2,36
CH-S
Medium
salty
7,32
0,89
1,04
2,46
1,40
0,74
2,25
2,14
30-50
0,305
0,055
0,043
0,109
0,020
0,009
0,062
4,44
1,79
CH-S
Medium
salty
7,24
0,90
1,27
2,27
1,00
0,74
2,70
1,74
50-80
0,345
0,046
0,021
0,165
0,065
0,003
0,029
4,77
5,81
S
Lightly
salted
7,36
0,75
0,59
3,43
3,24
0,25
1,28
3,49
80-100
0,535
0,043
0,010
0,296
0,055
0,003
0,096
7,15
8,81
S
Lightly
salted
7,45
0,70
0,70
6,17
2,74
0,25
4,16
2,99
100-150
0,230
0,049
0,007
0,140
0,030
0,003
0,050
3,91
14,55
S
Unsalte
d
7,35
0,80
0,20
2,91
1,50
0,25
2,16
1,75
150-200
0,265
0,052
0,010
0,123
0,030
0,003
0,045
3,70
9,18
S
Unsalte
d
7,39
0,85
0,28
2,57
1,50
0,25
1,95
1,75
14А
0-30
0,183
0,051
0,010
0,075
0,035
0,005
0,012
2,68
5,57
S
Unsalte
d
7,23
0,84
0,28
1,56
1,75
0,41
0,52
2,16
30-50
0,278
0,046
0,016
0,134
0,045
0,007
0,027
3,99
6,2
S
Unsalte
d
7,33
0,75
0,45
2,79
2,25
0,58
1,16
2,83
50-80
0,280
0,049
0,010
0,134
0,035
0,003
0,043
3,86
9,93
S
Unsalte
d
7,35
0,80
0,28
2,78
1,75
0,25
1,86
2,00
80-100
0,265
0,052
0,010
0,123
0,035
0,003
0,039
3,70
9,18
S
Unsalte
d
7,41
0,83
0,28
2,57
1,75
0,25
1,70
2,00
14Б
0-30
0,145
0,045
0,016
0,049
0,028
0,005
0,009
2,21
2,26
CH-S
Lightly
salted
7,21
0,74
0,45
1,02
1,40
0,41
0,40
1,81
30-50
0,168
0,049
0,010
0,067
0,035
0,005
0,007
2,47
4,96
CH-S
Lightly
7,17
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0,80
0,28
1,39
1,75
0,41
0,31
2,16
salted
50-80
0,155
0,049
0,010
0,056
0,015
0,003
0,029
2,24
4,140
CH-S
Lightly
salted
7,09
0,80
0,28
1,16
0,75
0,25
1,24
1,00
80-100
0,155
0,052
0,010
0,058
0,020
0,009
0,014
2,33
4,290
CH-S
Lightly
salted
7,08
0,85
0,28
1,20
1,00
0,74
0,59
1,74
Farm "Varganza Bogishamol Home Service LLC", Kitab district
15
0-30
0,210
0,024
0,010
0,107
0,020
0,005
0,034
2,90
7,96
S
Unsalte
d
7,23
0,39
0,28
2,23
1,00
0,41
1,49
1,41
30-50
0,290
0,062
0,010
0,134
0,020
0,007
0,058
4,09
9,96
S
Unsalte
d
7,26
1,02
0,28
2,79
1,00
0,58
2,51
1,58
50-80
0,155
0,046
0,010
0,058
0,020
0,003
0,023
2,23
4,29
CH-S
Lightly
salted
7,09
0,75
0,28
1,20
1,00
0,25
0,98
1,25
80-100
0,200
0,046
0,010
0,088
0,020
0,006
0,032
2,87
6,57
S
Lightly
salted
7,18
0,75
0,28
1,84
1,00
0,49
1,38
1,49
100-150
0,135
0,040
0,010
0,051
0,025
0,006
0,006
1,99
3,79
CH-S
Lightly
salted
7,21
0,65
0,28
1,06
1,25
0,49
0,25
1,74
150-200
0,180
0,040
0,007
0,086
0,015
0,015
0,015
2,65
9,00
S
Unsalte
d
7,08
0,65
0,20
1,80
0,75
1,23
0,67
1,98
15А
0-30
0,325
0,043
0,014
0,160
0,022
0,005
0,067
4,42
8,59
S
Lightly
salted
7,27
0,70
0,39
3,35
1,10
0,41
2,91
1,51
30-50
0,325
0,041
0,016
0,159
0,022
0,003
0,071
4,43
7,36
S
Lightly
salted
7,32
0,67
0,45
3,31
1,10
0,25
3,08
1,35
50-80
0,235
0,043
0,007
0,113
0,015
0,003
0,052
3,26
11,80
S
Unsalte
d
7,29
0,70
0,20
2,36
0,75
0,25
2,26
1,00
80-100
0,220
0,046
0,007
0,103
0,030
0,006
0,025
3,09
10,70
S
Unsalte
d
7,25
0,75
0,20
2,14
1,50
0,49
1,100
1,99
15Б
0-30
0,352
0,045
0,012
0,181
0,020
0,007
0,075
4,84
11,06
S
Lightly
salted
7,19
0,74
0,34
3,76
1,00
0,58
3,26
1,58
30-50
0,168
0,040
0,014
0,068
0,018
0,005
0,027
2,47
3,64
CH-S
Lightly
salted
7,16
0,66
0,39
1,42
0,90
0,41
1,16
1,31
50-80
0,170
0,052
0,007
0,072
0,025
0,009
0,013
2,55
7,50
S
Unsalte
d
7,25
0,85
0,20
1,50
1,25
0,74
0,56
1,99
80-100
0,315
0,040
0,010
0,165
0,020
0,009
0,060
4,36
12,25
S
Lightly
salted
7,33
0,65
0,28
3,43
1,00
0,74
2,62
1,74
16
0-30
0,192
0,052
0,010
0,081
0,023
0,006
0,027
2,82
6,04
S
Unsalte
d
7,19
0,85
0,28
1,69
1,15
0,49
1,18
1,64
30-50
0,488
0,052
0,014
0,258
0,028
0,006
0,109
6,61
13,77
S
Lightly
salted
7,28
0,85
0,39
5,37
1,40
0,49
4,72
1,89
50-80
0,245
0,040
0,007
0,121
0,030
0,003
0,038
3,38
12,65
S
Lightly
salted
7,19
0,65
0,20
2,53
1,50
0,25
1,63
1,75
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80-100
0,160
0,037
0,007
0,072
0,025
0,009
0,007
2,30
7,50
S
Unsalte
d
7,20
0,60
0,20
1,50
1,25
0,74
0,31
1,99
100-150
0,145
0,043
0,007
0,061
0,015
0,009
0,004
2,17
6,35
S
Unsalte
d
7,17
0,70
0,20
1,27
1,25
0,74
0,18
1,99
150-200
0,150
0,040
0,014
0,062
0,015
0,015
0,008
2,32
3,28
CH-S
Lightly
salted
7,15
0,65
0,39
1,28
0,75
1,23
0,34
1,98
16А
0-30
0,228
0,043
0,008
0,107
0,018
0,005
0,043
3,16
9,70
S
Unsalte
d
7,22
0,70
0,23
2,23
0,90
0,41
1,85
1,31
30-50
0,130
0,046
0,011
0,046
0,018
0,009
0,009
2,02
3,10
CH-S
Lightly
salted
7,11
0,75
0,31
0,96
0,90
0,74
0,38
1,64
50-80
0,120
0,043
0,007
0,041
0,025
0,003
0,006
1,76
4,30
CH-S
Lightly
salted
7,07
0,70
0,20
0,86
1,25
0,25
0,26
1,50
80-100
0,220
0,040
0,014
0,099
0,025
0,003
0,037
3,10
5,28
S
Unsalte
d
7,11
0,65
0,39
2,06
1,25
0,25
1,60
1,50
16Б
0-30
0,285
0,048
0,012
0,139
0,018
0,009
0,055
4,02
8,50
S
Unsalte
d
7,09
0,79
0,34
2,89
0,90
0,74
2,38
1,64
30-50
0,168
0,043
0,009
0,069
0,025
0,005
0,017
2,39
5,76
S
Unsalte
d
7,05
0,70
0,25
1,44
1,25
0,41
0,73
1,66
50-80
0,195
0,046
0,007
0,086
0,030
0,003
0,023
2,75
9,000
S
Unsalte
d
7,11
0,75
0,20
1,80
1,50
0,25
1,00
1,75
80-100
0,170
0,043
0,007
0,072
0,020
0,003
0,027
2,40
7,500
S
Unsalte
d
7,21
0,70
0,20
1,50
1,00
0,25
1,15
1,25
17
0-30
0,442
0,043
0,009
0,232
0,028
0,003
0,095
5,78
19,32
S
Lightly
salted
7,32
0,70
0,25
4,83
1,40
0,25
4,15
1,63
30-50
0,185
0,048
0,012
0,077
0,025
0,005
0,025
2,43
4,71
CH-S
Lightly
salted
7,07
0,79
0,34
1,60
1,25
0,41
1,07
1,66
50-80
0,215
0,037
0,007
0,105
0,020
0,003
0,040
2,98
10,90
S
Unsalte
d
7,13
0,60
0,20
2,18
1,00
0,25
1,73
1,25
80-100
0,115
0,40
0,007
0,041
0,025
0,003
0,005
1,71
4,30
CH-S
Lightly
salted
7,12
0,65
0,20
0,86
1,25
0,25
0,21
1,50
100-150
0,125
0,046
0,007
0,043
0,025
0,003
0,008
1,85
4,5
CH-S
Lightly
salted
7,1
0,75
0,20
0,90
1,25
0,25
0,35
1,50
150-200
0,190
0,037
0,010
0,088
0,010
0,012
0,028
2,71
6,54
S
Unsalte
d
7,08
0,60
0,28
1,83
0,50
0,99
1,22
1,49
17А
0-30
0,255
0,037
0,010
0,126
0,025
0,003
0,046
3,51
9,36
S
Unsalte
d
7,11
0,61
0,28
2,62
1,25
0,25
2,01
1,50
30-50
0,103
0,051
0,010
0,025
0,022
0,005
0,003
1,64
1,85
CH-S
Lightly
salted
7,01
0,84
0,28
0,52
1,10
0,41
0,13
1,51
50-80
0,090
0,037
0,007
0,038
0,020
0,003
0,008
1,59
3,95
CH-S
Lightly
salted
7,03
0,60
0,20
0,79
1,00
0,25
0,34
1,25
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80-100
0,215
0,370
0,007
0,111
0,010
0,015
0,032
3,11
11,55
S
Unsalte
d
7,23
0,60
0,20
2,32
0,50
1,23
1,38
1,73
17Б
0-30
0,168
0,048
0,120
0,067
0,028
0,006
0,014
2,52
4,08
CH-S
Lightly
salted
7,09
0,79
0,34
1,39
1,40
0,49
0,63
1,89
30-50
0,215
0,046
0,009
0,098
0,020
0,005
0,037
3,04
8,16
S
Lightly
salted
7,28
0,75
0,25
2,04
1,00
0,40
1,63
1,41
50-80
0,190
0,046
0,010
0,081
0,020
0,006
0,028
2,70
5,96
S
Unsalte
d
7,11
0,75
0,28
1,67
1,00
0,49
1,21
1,49
80-100
0,165
0,040
0,007
0,072
0,020
0,003
0,025
2,33
7,50
S
Unsalte
d
7,19
0,65
0,20
1,5
1,00
0,25
1,10
1,25
18
0-30
0,331
0,054
0,009
0,255
0,031
0,058
0,100
5,09
15,8
S
Lightly
salted
7,14
0,095
0,25
3.95
1,15
0,32
3,85
1,25
30-50
0,178
0,052
0,012
0,082
0,019
0,009
0,037
2,29
5,28
S
Lightly
salted
7,13
0,60
0,28
1.48
1,28
0,49
1,22
1,78
50-80
0,195
0,034
0,017
0,112
0,022
0,008
0,075
2,47
6,78
S
Unsalte
d
7,19
0,60
0,28
1.90
1,17
0,28
1,77
0,98
80-100
0,147
0,40
0,019
0,054
0,027
0,009
0,008
1,66
3,96
CH-S
Lightly
salted
7,22
0,65
0,24
0,95
1,20
0,29
0,33
1,48
100-150
0,109
0,046
0,015
0,097
0,018
0,008
0,004
1,31
4,27
CH-S
Lightly
salted
7,20
0,75
0,22
0,94
1,00
0,25
0,49
1,43
150-200
0,101
0,037
0,012
0,091
0,009
0,021
0,025
2,46
5,69
S
Unsalte
d
7,11
0,60
0,26
1,48
0,38
0,103
1,12
1,57
18А
0-30
0,218
0,033
0,028
0,155
0,036
0,006
0,054
3,39
7,30
S
Unsalte
d
7,05
0,55
0,39
2,85
1,25
0,24
2,11
1,44
30-50
0,122
0,047
0,011
0,028
0,034
0,007
0,008
1,58
3,53
CH-S
Lightly
salted
7,10
0,97
0,28
0,99
1,35
0,48
0,14
1,53
50-80
0,100
0,041
0,009
0,038
0,033
0,007
0,004
1,65
3,30
CH-S
Lightly
salted
7,18
0,68
0,26
0,86
1,12
0,23
0,33
1,31
80-100
0,201
0,340
0,014
0,132
0,018
0,019
0,037
3,19
7,68
S
Lightly
salted
7,14
0,69
0,29
2,23
0,64
1,28
1,41
1,68
18Б
0-30
0,157
0,054
0,133
0,075
0,037
0,009
0,019
2,54
6,12
S
Unsalte
d
7,12
0,72
0,24
1,47
1,54
0,57
0,68
1,63
30-50
0,223
0,038
0,014
0,032
0,019
0,008
0,043
3,14
8,48
S
Unsalte
d
7,09
0,77
0,25
2,12
1,16
0,46
1,66
1,52
50-80
0,201
0,052
0,021
0,087
0,031
0,007
0,034
2,77
7,0
S
Unsalte
d
7,15
0,79
0,22
1,54
1,08
0,98
1,28
1,53
80-100
0,168
0,048
0,009
0,077
0,014
0,008
0,032
2,28
7,82
S
Unsalte
d
7,07
0,75
0,23
1,8
1,13
0,29
1,11
1,31
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0.010-0.037%, sulfates are 0.081-0.232%. The ratio of sulfates to chlorine
ions in the aquifer layers is 5.57-19.32, and in the sub-aquifer layers it is 4.71-
13.77, indicating sulfate salinity (SO4:Сl>5). This indicator is 2.36 and 1.79 in
section 14, respectively. The type of salinity in this section is chloride-sulfate.
The amount of salts in typical gray soils irrigated by farms in the Kitab
district fluctuates in the soil profile in sections 13, 13B, 14 at 0.270-0.520%, in
sections 15, 15A, 16, 17 at 0.210-0.488%, and in the upper layer of the soil the
amount of salts is 0.270-0.340% and 0.125-0.220%, respectively. According to
the salinity chemistry, the soils are of sulfate and chloride-sulfate salinity types,
and the soils are weakly and moderately saline.
The environmental reaction of the studied soils is weakly alkaline, which is
characteristic of all types and types of soils distributed in Uzbekistan, and the pH
values are recorded at 7.07-7.50.
In conclusion
, typical gray soils are mostly non-saline and weakly saline, and
the profile of sections 13-18 consists of mixed-sulfate and chloride-sulfate
salinity types, and are relatively fertile soils with good reclamation status.
References:
1. Bazilevich N. I., Pankova E. I. Uchet zasolennyx pochv //Metodicheskie
rekomendatsii po melioratsii solontsov i uchetu zasolennyx pochv. M.: Colossus.
- 1970. - S. 80-112.
2. Gafurova L.A. Abdullaev S.A., Namozov H.Q. Remedial soil science //Tashkent:
National Encyclopedia of Uzbekistan. - 2003.
3. Kovda V. A. Problemy opustynivaniya i zasoleniya pochv aridnyx regionov
mira. – Federalnoe gosudarstvennoe unitarnoe predpriyatie Akademicheskiy
nauchno-izdatelskii, proizvodstvenno-poligraficheskii i knigorasprostranitelskii
tsentr Nauka, 2008. 103 p.
