Жамият ва инновациялар –
Общество и инновации –
Society and innovations
Journal home page:
https://inscience.uz/index.php/socinov/index
Digital culture and society: problems of their relationship in the
conditions of globalization
Evgeniya YUGAY
1
Navoi State Pedagogical Institute
ARTICLE INFO
ABSTRACT
Article history:
Received June 2021
Received in revised form
20 June 2021
Accepted 15 July 2021
Available online
15 August 2021
This article considers problems of relationship of digital
culture and society in the conditions of globalization. The author
fully reveals the problems that are indicated in the Concept of the
national strategy “Digital Uzbekistan 2030”. The negative
consequences that can be caused by digital transformation in the
period of globalization are also indicated.
The problem of the disappearance of traditional labor
markets is touched upon, which causes major socio-economic
shifts, including in the sphere of labor relations, while the type of
professional activity and the nature of labor itself are changing.
In the digital economy, the very process of recruiting is changing,
i.e. there is a replacement of professions with machines. Digital
culture is a world based on computers operating on the principle
of digital binary coding. Its origins are the result of a long history
of automation. The Republic of Uzbekistan is represented in
many foreign and international indices and studies that
indirectly assess the level of the country’s readiness for digital
transformation. And here the author raises the issue of
cybercrime, where the problems of vulnerability of human rights
and the protection of his personal data are highlighted.
Thus, the study of the impact of digital communications on
culture and society is associated with the presence and need to
solve a number of emerging problems, where our state pays
special attention to determining the goals, objectives and
measures for the implementation of the domestic and foreign
policy of the Republic of Uzbekistan in the field of application of
information and communication technologies.
2181-1415/© 2021 in Science LLC.
This is an open access article under the Attribution 4.0 International
(CC BY 4.0) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.ru)
Keywords:
digital Uzbekistan,
digitalization,
digital skills,
artificial intelligence,
automation,
cybercrime.
1
Lecturer, Navoi State Pedagogical Institute, Navoi, Uzbekistan.
E-mail: yugaievgeniya@mail.ru.
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Raqamli madaniyat va jamiyat: globallashuv sharoitida ularning
o‘zaro munosabatlari muammolari
ANNOTATSIYA
Kalit so‘zlar:
raqamli O‘zbekiston,
raqamlashtirish,
raqamli ko‘nikmalar,
sun’iy intellekt,
avtomatlashtirish,
kiber jinoyat.
Ushbu maqola globallashuv sharoitida raqamli madaniyat va
jamiyat o‘rtasidagi munosabatlar muammolarini o‘rganadi.
Muallif “Raqamli O‘zbekiston 2030” milliy strategiyasi kontsep-
tsiyasida ko‘rsatilgan muammolarni to‘liq ochib beradi.
Globallashuv davrida raqamli transformatsiya natijasida yuzaga
kelishi mumkin bo‘lgan salbiy oqibatlar ham ko‘rsatilgan.
An’anaviy mehnat bozorlarini yo‘q bo‘lishi muammosi
muhokama qilinmoqda, bu esa katta ijtimoiy-iqtisodiy o‘zgarish-
larni, shu jumladan, mehnat munosabatlari sohasidagi o‘zgarish-
larni keltirib chiqaradi, shuningdek kasbiy faoliyat turini va
ishning o‘ziga xos xususiyatini o‘zgartiradi. Raqamli iqtisodiyot
sharoitida xodimlarni tanlash jarayoni o‘zgarib bormoqda, ya’ni
kasblarni avtomat bilan almashtirish amalga oshirilmoqda.
Raqamli madaniyat – raqamli ikkilik kodlash printsipi asosida
ishlaydigan hisoblash mashinalariga asoslangan dunyo. Uning
kelib chiqishi – uzoq avtomatlashtirish tarixining natijasidir.
O‘zbekiston Respublikasi raqamli transformatsiyaga tayyorligini
bilvosita baholaydigan ko‘plab xorijiy va xalqaro indekslarda va
tadqiqotlarda namoyish etilgan. Va bu erda muallif kiber-
jinoyatlar muammosini ko‘targan, bu erda inson huquqlarining
zaifligi va uning shaxsiy ma’lumotlarini himoya qilish muammo-
lari yoritilgan.
Shunday qilib, raqamli kommunikatsiyalarning madaniyat va
jamiyatga ta’sirini o‘rganish, davlatimiz maqsadlarni belgilashga
alohida e’tibor qaratayotgan, paydo bo‘layotgan bir qator
muammolarning mavjudligi va zarurligi bilan bog‘liq bo‘lib,
bizning mamlakatimiz axborot-kommunikatsiya texnologiya-
larini qo‘llash sohasida O‘zbekiston Respublikasining ichki va
tashqi siyosatini amalga oshirish maqsadlari, vazifalari va chora-
tadbirlarini belgilashga alohida e’tibor qaratmoqda.
Цифровая культура и общество: проблемы их взаимоотношений в
условиях глобализации
АННОТАЦИЯ
Ключевые слова:
цифровой Узбекистан,
цифровизация,
цифровые навыки,
искусственный интеллект,
автоматизация,
киберпреступность.
Данная статья рассматривает проблемы взаимоотношений
цифровой культуры и общества в условиях глобализации.
Автор полностью раскрывает проблемы, которые указаны в
Концепции национальной стратегии «Цифровой Узбекистан
2030». Также указываются негативные последствия, которые
могут быть вызваны цифровой трансформацией в период
глобализации.
Затрагивается проблема исчезновения традиционных
рынков
труда,
что
вызывает
крупные
социально-
экономические сдвиги, в том числе и в сфере трудовых
отношений, при этом меняется тип профессиональной
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деятельности и характер самого труда. В условиях цифровой
экономики меняется сам процесс подбора кадров, т.е.
происходит замена профессий автоматами. Цифровая культура
– это мир, основанный на вычислительных автоматах,
работающих по принципу цифрового бинарного кодирования.
Его
происхождение
–
результат
долгой
истории
автоматизации. Республика Узбекистан представлена во
многих
зарубежных
и
международных
индексах
и
исследованиях, которые косвенно оценивают уровень
готовности страны к цифровой трансформации. И здесь автор
поднимает вопрос о проблеме киберпреступности, где
выделяются проблемы уязвимости прав человека и защиту его
персональных данных.
Таким образом, исследование влияния цифровых средств
коммуникации на культуру и общество связано с наличием и
необходимостью решения целого ряда проявляющихся
проблем, где наше государство уделяет особое внимание
определению целей, задач и мер по реализации внутренней и
внешней политики Республики Узбекистан в сфере
применения
информационных
и
коммуникационных
технологий.
INTRODUCTION
Nowadays, the level of digitalization of a country determines its economic and social
development, as well as competitiveness in the world arena. In recent years, the reforms
carried out in Uzbekistan have been accompanied by the active introduction of modern
information and communication technologies into the process, the population’s access to
telecommunications services is expanding, public services are gradually being converted
into electronic form and provided on a “one-stop” basis. The position of the Republic of
Uzbekistan in the UN rating on the development of electronic government is gradually
strengthening [1]. Moreover, the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan signed the Decree
“On the approval of the Strategy “Digital Uzbekistan 2030” and measures for its effective
implementation”.
In order to accelerate the progress of digital technologies and create a favorable
environment for their development, the main tasks of digital development of the Republic
of Uzbekistan are identified in the Resolution of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan
"On approval of the Concept of the national strategy “Digital Uzbekistan 2030”. The
introduction of certain tasks and appropriate digital solutions entails not only improving
the qualitative development of most sectors of the economy, social sphere and public
administration. Furthermore, confronts society with more diverse and complex tasks,
resulting in the main problem, where culture is experiencing a moment of “technological
singularity”, that is, an explosive acceleration of scientific and technological progress,
which can completely transform culture and human consciousness.
In this regard, the Concept of the National Strategy “Digital Uzbekistan 2030”
identifies problems as negative results of the digital transformation of the state: [2]
–
the disappearance of traditional labor markets;
–
replacement of some professions with automated systems;
–
an increase in the scale of cybercrime;
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–
the vulnerability of human rights in the digital space and the protection of his
personal data;
–
problems of data reliability and others.
Namely, here we trace the problems of understanding and mastering by a person
the set of competencies that characterize the ability to use information and communication
technologies for a comfortable life in a digital environment, for interacting with society and
solving digital problems in professional activities. This is the main characteristic for
understanding digital culture.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Affecting
the problem of the disappearance of traditional labor markets
, here it is
necessary to emphasize that their complete disappearance is not yet foreseen. The
development of the digital economy of our country, based on the production, distribution
and consumption of information, causes major socio-economic shifts, including in the field
of labor relations, while the type of professional activity and the nature of work itself are
changing.
In the digital economy, the accumulation of material goods ceases to be the main
goal of society, intangible values and interests come to the first stage. The new nature of
work is associated with the improvement of the qualifications of workers, their constant
training and creative communication. The development of the labor market based on
digital technologies leads to the modernization of labor relations: in communication
between employers and performers, there is an active use of information and
communication technologies and the formation of new norms of behavior, where
problems of employment of the population in the digital economy take on new meaning.
Here we trace the digital culture at the material and functional levels, where the transition
to a digital economy in the labor market requires completely new skills and competencies.
For the effective usage of digital technology and scaling up businesses nationally and
internationally, organizations need to find people with the right mix of technical, business,
interpersonal and creative skills. In the current conditions, basic skills (the ability to write
and count correctly) are clearly not enough – it is also necessary to have business and
interpersonal qualities. State-of-the-art technical skills are critical to any manufacturing
process or service delivery, complemented by leadership-level (C-suite, entrepreneurial)
skills specifically tailored for digital management. For employers, the so-called “soft skills”
of potential candidates have recently become a priority: personal qualities and social skills,
for example, the ability to work in a team, curiosity, initiative, critical thinking,
self-management, the ability to solve complex problems, interact with different people to
prioritize correctly.
New working conditions require new skills – digital. According to the Canadian
classification, digital skills cover several categories: [3].
1.
Foundational skills, including basic literacy, writing, paperwork and billing,
without which only low-skilled jobs can be successfully completed. Before employee can
start working with digital technologies, he needs to have a set of these skills.
2.
Transversal skills, which include mostly transferable and flexible skills such as
teamwork, lifelong learning, problem solving, and relationship development. Without
these “flexible” skills, an employee’s technical potential cannot be fully realized.
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3.
Digital technical skills relate to the use of a computer and software, the
application of network security measures, and others. These skills are critical to the
effective functioning of today’s digital workplaces.
4.
Digital information processing skills – high-level of cognitive skills in relation to
information processing, for example, finding, synthesizing, evaluating, applying, creating
and transmitting information. This includes, among other things, the skills required to
obtain specialized qualifications and professions in the ICT field.
The new competitive environment is forcing companies to treat their personnel
differently. Competition in the search for and attraction of the most talented and qualified
specialists has noticeably increased, as well as the focus of employers on retaining the best
employees. Human capital, especially those with digital skills, is becoming a key resource
in a firm’s competitive strategy.
It is also worth noting here that the importance in government policy is attached to
the development of e-commerce. In accordance with the Decree of the President of May
14, 2018 “On measures for the accelerated development of e-commerce”, in order to
stimulate business entities in the field of e-commerce, the National Register of e-commerce
subjects e-tijorat.uz was created, on which 32 entities are currently registered. The main
universal electronic trading platform in Uzbekistan is the Trade Uzbekistan trading
platform (website tradeuzbekistan.com), created by the Ministry of Investment and
Foreign Trade. Other electronic trading platforms have also been launched, for example
uzbtextile.com for textile manufacturers in B2B format, universal.uz for small and
medium-sized businesses, etc. At the same time, the level of development of legal
e-commerce in Uzbekistan is still low.
According to the ICT Development Index (IDI), Uzbekistan in 2017 ranked 95th
(index – 4.9) among 176 countries of the world (for comparison: Belarus – 32nd (7.55),
Russia – 45th (7.07), Kazakhstan – 52nd (6.79). Iceland took the first place (8.98), the
second – South Korea (8.85) [4].
According to a study by Ecorys UK Ltd, commissioned by the British government,
already in 2022, approximately 22% of new jobs in the global economy will be created
thanks to “digital professions” [5]. In the near future, the main focus will be on recruiting
staff with the necessary digital skills. Moreover, 73% of recently surveyed companies are
already experiencing serious problems in finding such specialists [6].
All innovations and implemented measures for the application of information and
communication technologies require an increase in digital literacy of the population, the
training of highly qualified personnel in the field of digital technologies, the creation of
favorable conditions for retraining of staff, the popularization of remote work methods, i.e.
all those competencies that we can attribute to digital culture.
Further, in the digital economy, the process of recruiting is changing, i.e. there is a
replacement of professions with automatic machines.
Digital culture is a world based on
computers operating on the principle of digital binary coding. Its origins are the result of a
long history of automation, with mechanical watches as their starting point in the
European modern era. The 20th century automaton culture developed its value basis in
the form of what could be called a technological imperative. Its formulation can sound like
this: everything that can be technologized must be technologized.
Marshall McLuhan – the discoverer and profit of the imperativeness of technology –
in his famous book “Knowing the Media” characterized this power of automata (he
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considered the latter as the crown of the evolution of media) through their anthropological
reversion and subordination of man. In the civilization of automatic machines, a person
turns into a “sexual organ of the machine world” – an element, a node of the self-
determined development of technology [7]. A person finds himself in a completely new
existential situation, because he gradually realizes the superior power of what he himself
created.
There are two vectors of development of the labor market in the context of the
digitalization of the economy. The first scenario, an optimistic one, is based on the fact that
the labor market in the digital economy is in need of creative people who are able to think
creatively. Manufacturing will generally not need people, but they will be needed for the
sphere of “human-centered” services, since robots in the near future will not be able to
replace creativity, invention, design, programming and maintenance of themselves,
organization and adjustment of production. Technologies for online control of robotic
equipment will develop, which will require a large number of online operators. Thus, the
introduction of AI and robots in the manufacturing sector should be seen as an expansion
of technical capabilities. In addition, digital technology will enable older workers and
workers with disabilities to better integrate into the marketplace while machines perform
hazardous and routine jobs. People will be able to more actively use their free time for
other work or leisure, for creativity and the provision of innovative services. With the
timely development of educational programs and their implementation with the help of
the state, the transition from old professions to new ones will become less painful.
Personnel of the “digital era” will provide production, storage, processing and sale of
information, create unique knowledge, and also manage it.
New digital technologies have a number of advantages that positively affect the
labor market: [8].
–
The use of modern digital portals for job search allows candidates to improve their
career opportunities through access to an extensive database of relevant vacancies.
Thanks to the Internet and special web services, the transparency of information about
both employing companies and potential candidates has increased significantly. In turn,
various social networks play a significant role, from which you can get a lot of useful
information about employers and employees;
–
Digital platforms help to increase labor productivity, as they better match the
profile of the applicant to the proposed vacancy. In addition, they can reduce
unemployment, as well as reduce shadow employment and job search time. Examples
include digital platforms such as Uber and YouDo, whose business models are based on the
effective correlation of supply and demand levels in the labor market.
–
The introduction of modern digital tools in all spheres of life contributes to the
emergence of new professions and jobs.
–
Thanks to modern technologies, it becomes possible to work remotely, which
makes it possible to increase the efficiency of employment of specialists from regions with
low local demand.
This also leads to the problems of digitalization of production, where things will
come into closer contact with each other (the industrial Internet of things), and between
people, on the contrary, alienation will grow. As a result, digitalization can lead to negative
impacts on those employed in the production of products and the provision of services,
when the product creation chain is minimized, design, 3D printing and delivery will be
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sufficient. According to some experts, by 2030 the labor force will be quantitatively
smaller, it will be older, formally better educated, and there will be a tendency for 50% of
professions to die out.
Robots are far superior to humans in terms of endurance, accuracy and speed. In
other words, they are more productive and practically do not allow scrap (if configured
correctly). This means that robotization, which increases productivity and reduces the cost
of production, as a whole, will be an unconditional benefit and a driver of economic
development. However, a study of recent research suggests that most experts do not share
the bright expectations for industrial automation. The pace of world robotization indicates
that we are gradually moving towards a deserted industry. Some surveys claim that more
than half of all existing jobs will either change or disappear altogether [9].
The likely consequences of the automation of work will be the stratification of the
population by income level, an increase in unemployment, as well as a decrease in the level
of income and life of people in settlements with limited employment opportunities (the so-
called monotowns). Researchers predict that robotization will lead to a split in society: on
one side there will be qualified professionals – engineers and developers, and on the other
– low-skilled personnel. It was about such a society and its problems that Kurt Vonnegut
wrote in his novel The Mechanical Piano back in 1952 [10].
Researchers predict that AI will soon significantly change the labor market. A major
2017 poll by researchers from AI Impacts, the Future of Humanity Institute (Oxford
University) and the Department of Political Science (Yale University) suggests that AI will
surpass humans in many activities over the next ten years. Such as translation from foreign
languages (by 2024), writing essays for schoolchildren (by 2026), truck driving (by 2027).
In 2031, AI will finally replace sellers in retail, in 2049 it will write the first bestseller, and
by 2053 it will master the profession of a surgeon. Researchers believe with a fifty percent
probability that AI will outstrip humans in all tasks within the next 45 years and automate
all human jobs in 120 years, and respondents from Asia expect these events to occur much
earlier than North Americans [11].
As a result of the above, the replacement of professions with automatic machines
entails several problems: a well-paid employee either completely loses his job, or switches
to a less paid one; the payment of all kinds of taxes, including municipal taxes, due to which
the local budget exists, is reduced or completely stopped, and this is already a problem not
only for the employee, but for the entire settlement where the robotic production is located
– after all, the robot does not pay either income tax or deductions to the pension fund; the
complete or partial release of the employee also raises the following ethical question: what
should he do with himself in the freed time? According to J. Stiglitz, winner of the Swedish
National Bank’s prize for economic sciences in memory of A. Nobel, the use of artificial
intelligence technologies for the benefit of society will reduce the working week from
45 hours to 25-30 hours against the background of an increase in general welfare and
quality of life [12]. At the same time, will a person not feel his uselessness, detachment
from society? Will he feel superfluous, unclaimed, which can lead to psychological stress,
apathy, depression?
Today, the Republic of Uzbekistan is represented in many foreign and international
indices and studies that indirectly assess the level of the country’s readiness for digital
transformation. Touching upon the issue of cybercrime, here we can also note the
problems of vulnerability of human rights and the protection of his personal data.
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In the “Global Cybersecurity Index” of the International Telecommunication Union,
the republic has risen to 41st position and took 52nd place, thus standing on a par with the
leaders of the CIS countries in strengthening cybersecurity [13].
Touching upon the problems of cyberspace, according to J. Stern, they should focus
not on the study of Internet culture, but on the cultural studies of the Internet; the study of
the Internet should thus become one of many other areas of research in everyday life [14].
Many people today spend a significant portion of their lives on the Internet. And it
is quite natural that criminals began to use the Internet space for their illegal activities.
Cybercrimes pose a real threat to the economic and legal security of modern society.
Currently, the Republic of Uzbekistan pays special attention to the tasks and
problems of ensuring cybersecurity at the state level, as evidenced by the ongoing work to
identify threats, vulnerabilities and incidents in cyberspace. In 2019, 268 incidents, 816
vulnerabilities and about 132,000 cybersecurity threats were identified in information
systems and websites of the national segment of the Internet [15].
For scammers, the attraction of cybercrime is that it is much more efficient and safer
to steal from electronic wallets than to get into a victim’s pocket. In addition, there are no
psychological barriers, as the perpetrators do not even see their victim. Most often,
cybercrimes are committed with the aim of causing material damage to individuals and
legal entities. The goal can also be political – causing damage to basic state institutions
(theft of data constituting state or commercial secrets, organizing cyber sabotage) and
ideological (for example, recruiting Internet users into the ranks of terrorist groups).
The most common types of cyber fraud are: [16]: phishing, as a result of which
cybercriminals lure gullible users to their sites disguised as sites of well-known organizations,
and extract their personal data, account and credit card numbers in order to subsequently
withdraw money from these accounts; spoofing (disguising as another user or network
resource), cyber ransomware (encrypting a file using a specially launched virus and then
demanding money for decryption), spam (mass mailing of advertising information to
addressees without their consent), copyright infringement (putting music on the public
domain) , photographs, films, books, etc. Without the consent of the authors), etc.
The law of being in the digital space states: “once it is on the Internet, it will remain
on the Internet forever” [17]. Everyone on the Internet leaves a «digital footprint» of their
presence. “Digital footprints” ever left by a user of the World Wide Web are phone
numbers, e-mail addresses, associated logins and passwords, as well as bank details;
geolocation data; photo, video and audio files; browser history and searches in individual
applications, and so on. “Digital footprints” in one way or another characterize the
personality of the person who left them. Moreover, “digital footprints” and “digital
memory” can change the opinion about a person and radically change his fate. “Digital
memory”, unlike “digital footprint”, does not characterize the “prints” left by a person, but
what happens to them a week, a year or several more years later, or even after the death
of their owner.
“Digital memory” also has negative properties. Yes, there is a law on the right to be
forgotten. However, not everything can be “erased” – only that which is unreliable and
tarnishes the reputation.
Many see the danger of the predominance of artificial intelligence over the human,
“digital slavery” is seen everywhere: this is attachment to a bank card, on which all your
savings are, and which can be blocked at any time; this is when you forgot your pin – code
and cannot withdraw money from the card; this is when fraudsters have withdrawn money
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from your card and you have to prove in court that this happened through no fault of yours;
attachment to the phone number that needs to be provided. It is possible to change the
number, but it is very problematic.
Currently, Uzbekistan is implementing a number of measures aimed at combating
cybercrime. In particular, legal regulation in this area is being improved, foreign
experience is being studied, work with the population is being carried out, which consists
mainly in calls for vigilance and clarifying the need to protect personal data. Cybercrime is
a real threat to the security of modern society and undermines the credibility of public
authorities. To combat cybercrime, new approaches are needed based on the widespread
use of the achievements of science and technology, as well as the training of employees of
a new formation who are fluent in the secrets of computer programming. And of course,
the study of digital culture in general.
CONCLUSION
Thus, the study of the impact of digital communications on culture and society is
associated with the presence and need to solve a number of emerging problems, where our
state pays special attention to determining the goals, objectives and measures for the
implementation of the domestic and foreign policy of the Republic of Uzbekistan in the
field of application of information and communication technologies, as well as – the
formation of a national digital economy, ensuring national interests and implementing
strategic national priorities.
REFERENCES:
1.
Resolution of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan “On approval of the
Concept of the national strategy” “Digital Uzbekistan – 2030” ID-10574.
2.
Concept of the national strategy “Digital Uzbekistan – 2030”, Chapter 1. General
provisions.
3.
Asliturk A. Cameron S. Faisal // The Information and Communications
Technology Council, Ottawa, Canada. – PP. 19–20. – Retrieved from: https://www.ictc-
ctic.ca/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/Skills-in-the-Digital-Economy-Where-Canada-
Stands-and-the-Way-Forward-.pdf. – Date of access: 06.11.2020.
4.
Yuri Kutbitdinov, CEIR, Economic Review No. 10 (238) 2019, Retrieved from
https://review.uz/post/uzbekistan-otsifroviyvaetsya.
5.
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