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Features of verbs of Russian modern literary language
Marufjon GANIEV
1
Fergana Medical Institute of Public Health
ARTICLE INFO
ABSTRACT
Article history:
Received January 2021
Received in revised form
30 January 2022
Accepted 20 February 2022
Available online
15 March 2022
In this article, first of all, definitions from explanatory
dictionaries of different periods with a difference of almost a
hundred years to the verb of the Russian literary language are
given. After the scientific definition, the verb is given the
concept of an infinitive, that is, an indefinite verb form. It
explains in which cases the infinitive is used and what the
infinitive serves for. Then the categories of the verb are listed,
such as transitivity and intransitivity of the verb, reflexivity and
irrevocability, and verbs of perfect and imperfect types with
specific examples. In the modern Russian literary language, the
category of transitivity and intransitivity is of particular
importance. The category of transitivity and intransitivity is
analyzed, respectively, with examples. The basic concepts of
transitivity and intransitivity of the verb of the Russian
language are given. The category of the reversibility and
irrevocability of the verb of the modern Russian literary
language is important and several examples are given, the
difference between them is explained. At the end of this article,
it stops at the types as a special category of the verb, an
explanation is given about their formation, in what ways perfect
verbs are formed, and in what ways imperfect verbs are formed,
and examples of perfect verbs and imperfect verbs are given.
Their difference is considered.
2181-
1415/©
2022 in Science LLC.
https://doi.org/10.47689/2181-1415-vol3-iss2/S-pp
This is an open access article under the Attribution 4.0 International
(CC BY 4.0) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.ru)
Keywords:
category,
formation,
education,
infinitive,
transitivity,
intransitivity,
reversibility,
irrevocability,
perfect,
imperfect.
1
Lecturer of the Department of
“
Uzbek language, Foreign Languages and Pedagogy
”
of the Fergana Medical Institute
of Public Health the city of Fergana, Uzbekistan. E-mail: gmm1965@mail.ru.
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Замонавий рус адабий тили феълларининг хусусиятлари
АННОТАЦИЯ
Калит сўзлар:
категория,
шаклланиш,
ясалиш,
инфинитив,
ўтимли,
ўтимсиз,
қайтарувчанлик
,
қайтмаслик,
тугалланган,
тугалланмаган.
Ушбу мақолада, биринчи навбатда, рус адабий тилининг
феълига деярли юз йиллик фарқ билан турли даврларнинг
изоҳли луғатларидан таърифлар берилган. Илмий
таърифдан сўнг феълга инфинитив, яъни ноаниқ феъл
шакли тушунчаси берилади. Инфинитив қайси ҳолатларда
ишлатилиши ва инфинитив нима учун хизмат қилиши
тушунтирилади.
Сўнгра феълнинг ўтимлилик ва ўтимсизлик, рефлек
-
сивлик ва қайтмаслик каби категориялари ҳамда
феълларнинг тугалланган ва тугалланмаган шаклларида
тўхталади ва аниқ мисоллар билан санаб ўтилади
.
Замонавий рус адабий тилида феълларнинг тугалланган
ва тугалланмаган шакллари категорияси алоҳида аҳами
-
ятга эга. Тугалланган ва тугалланмаган феъл шакллари
категорияси мос равишда мисоллар билан таҳлил
қилинади. Рус тилидаги феълнинг тугалланган ва тугал
-
ланмаган шаклларига асосий тушунчалар берилган.
Замонавий рус адабий тилининг бу категорияси муҳим
аҳамиятга эга ва бир нечта мисоллар келтирилган, улар
орасидаги фарқ тушунтирилган.
Ушбу мақоланинг охирида феълнинг тугалланган ва
тугалланмаган шаклларига махсус тоифа сифатида тўхта
-
лади, уларнинг ясалиши, феълнинг тугалланган ва тугал
-
ланмаган шаклларининг қандай усуллар ёрдамида ясалиш
-
лари ҳақида тушунтириш берилади ва феълларнинг тугал
-
ланган ва тугалланмаган шаклларига мисоллар келтири
-
лади. Уларнинг фарқи кўриб чиқилади.
Особенности
глаголов
современного
русского
литературного языка
АННОТАЦИЯ
Ключевые слова:
категория,
формирование,
образование,
инфинитив,
переходность,
непереходность,
возвратность,
невозвратность,
совершенный,
несовершенный.
В данной статье, в первую очередь, приводятся
определения из толковых словарей разного периода с
разницей почти сто лет глаголу русского литературного
языка. После научного определения глаголу даётся
понятие об инфинитиве, то есть о неопределённой форме
глагола. Объясняется в каких случаях используется
инфинитив и для чего служит инфинитив.
Потом перечисляются категории глагола такие как
переходность и непереходность глагола, возвратность и
невозвратность
и
глаголы
совершенного
и
несовершенного видов с конкретными примерами. В
современном русском литературном языке категория
переходности и непереходности имеет особую значимость.
Анализируется категория переходности и непереходности,
соответственно, с примерами. Даются основные понятия о
переходности и непереходности глагола русского языка.
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Категория возвратности и невозвратности глагола
современного русского литературного языка занимает
важное значение и приводятся несколько примеров,
разъясняется различие между ними. В конце данной
статьи останавливается на видах как особая категория
глагола, даётся объяснение об их образовании, какими
способами образуются глаголы совершенного вида, и
какими способами образуются глаголы несовершенного
вида и приводятся примеры глаголу совершенного вида и
несовершенного вида. Рассматривается их различие
.
In modern Russian literary language, the verb has its own special role, unlike other
parts of speech. To begin with, let's see what definition is given to the verb in the
Russian explanatory dictionary of Sergei Ivanovich Ozhegov
–
“
VERB, -a, M. 1. In
grammar: a part of speech denoting action or state, expressing this meaning in the forms
of tense, person, number (in present. vr.), gender (in past. vr.) and forming the forms of
participle and adverbial.Perfect and imperfect verbs. 2. Speech, word (old). Prophetic G.
II adj. verb, -th, -th (to 1 value)
”
.
And in the explanatory dictionary of Vladimir Ivanovich Dahl,
the following
definition is given:
“
THE VERB M. word, speech, expression| / verbal speech of a person,
reasonable dialect, language. / Gram. a part of speech, a category of words expressing
action, state, suffering. To live according to the verb (i.e. God
’
s), arch. in friendship,
harmony, in peace. Verbalize, verbalize what, say, say, say; / verbalize.
St. Gregory-the light speaks, the song. -xia, to be said, to be said| / to say what, to
be called; to name oneself. Verbable, spoken; / called or named. Verbalization, verbosity,
verbosity cf. high-sounding speeches; speaking, saying. In many ways, the verb does not
have salvation. Glagolnik or glagolatel M. -nitsa zh. who verbs. Verbose, talkative,
annoying. Glagol M. the name of the letter G in Slavic and Russian. the ABC. Az-alashki,
buki-buk (lambs), lead valyashki, verb-golyashki, i.e. a long, boring, all-star song. / The
gallows, which is usually placed in the form of the letter G. He climbs on the verb, even on
the gallows. | The same type of wood, or a crutch inserted into the wall; a bar with
runners (blocks), a crane, a jar, for lifting weights; the same column or rack with a
crossbar, at the mill, to support the bucket; a rack with a tile, on barges, for casting water.
A rotary verb, a rack with a crossbar rotating on the heel, for lifting up gravity and pulling
it aside; a kind of cranes. / Look verbally, crocheted, tattletale, sutyagoy. A verb referring
to a verb or to a verb. Glagolita zh. glagolitic or Glagolitic alphabet, Glagolitic, glagolitic,
South Slavic ancient alphabet and writing, contrapol. Cyrillic alphabet
”
. The verb is an
independent significant part of speech, denoting an action (read), a state (sick), a
property (limp), an attitude (equal), a sign (turn white). The indefinite form of the verb
(infinitive).
The initial form of a verb is its indefinite form, or infinitive.
The verb in the infinitive answers the questions what to do? or what to do? and has
only constant signs of transitivity (read
–
transitional., sleep
–
intransitive.), recurrence
(wash
–
wash) and type (solve
–
imperfect view, solve
–
perfect view).
The infinitive can be any member of the sentence: subject (Learning is always
useful), predicate (To be a great thunderstorm!), Supplement.
(Everyone asked her to
sing), definition (I had an overwhelming desire to sleep), circumstance (I went for a
walk).
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Transitivity / intransitivity of the verb
Transitivity is the ability of a verb to control a noun with the meaning of an object
in Accusative case without a preposition (read books). When denied, the form of
Accusative case changes to Genitive case (do not read books); transitive also include
verbs that attach Genitive case, combining the meaning of an object and quantity (to
drink water). Verbs that can govern nouns in these forms are called transitive.
Other verbs (to lie) are intransitive, including verbs that are sometimes
called indirectly transitive - attaching a noun with the meaning of an object in Accusative
case with a preposition or in another case with or without a preposition (manage the
plant), as well as verbs like want: in the construction I want ice cream, the infinitive is
omitted: I want to eat ice cream.
Return / non-return
Reflexive verbs are called with the word-forming suffix -sya: learn, laugh. Most of
them are formed from verbs without -sya (to prepare to prepare), but there are also
reflexive verbs that do not have this correspondence (to be afraid, proud, lazy, hope, like,
laugh, doubt, etc.).
Reflexive verbs can convey the following meanings:
1) the action of the subject is directed at himself: to wash, comb his hair, tune in,
humiliate himself; for these verbs, it is usually possible to rebuild into a construction
from itself;
2) the actions of several subjects directed at each other, each of which is both the
subject and the object of a similar action: put up, meet, kiss;
3) the action is performed by the subject in his own interests: to build (build a
house for himself), to pack (pack his things); it is possible to rebuild in construction with
for oneself, for oneself;
4) the action of the subject, closed in the sphere of his state: worry, rejoice, get
angry, have fun; worry;
5) potential active sign of the subject: the dog bites (may bite);
6) potential passive sign of the object: glass breaks (may break);
6) potential passive sign of the object: glass breaks (may break);
7) impersonality - like, unwell, dusk.
Usually reflexive verbs are intransitive - with rare exceptions: to be afraid, to be
ashamed of mom.
View as a morphological feature of the verb
View - a constant morphological feature of the verb, generally indicating the nature
of the course of the action or the distribution of the action in time.
All verbs have a specific characteristic - they refer to the perfect aspect or the
imperfect aspect.
Perfective verbs answer in the infinitive the question what to do? and denote a
completed action (read) or an action that has reached a certain limit (lose weight).
These verbs describe the action as a fact (Autumn has come, the leaves have
turned yellow and fallen off.). Very rarely, mainly in colloquial speech, perfective verbs
can indicate a fact as an example of a repeated action.
(It happens to him: he stops and thinks).
Imperfect verbs answer in the infinitive the question what to do? and do not
denote a completed action (read) an action that has reached a certain limit (lose weight).
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The scope of use of imperfective verbs is wider than perfective verbs: imperfective
verbs denote action as a process (Late autumn was approaching, the leaves quickly
turned yellow and fell off), repetitive action (He sometimes stops and thinks), constant
relationship (Parallel lines do not intersect). In a situation where the fact of an action is
indicated, and not the nature of its course, an imperfective verb can be used
synonymously with a perfective verb; cf.: I have already read this book = I have already
read this book.
Most of the non-derivative verbs of the Russian language have an imperfective
characteristic (read, change, shout). To form verbs of the perfect form from them, it is
necessary to add a prefix (read re-read), a prefix and a suffix (change with-men-and-t) or
a suffix -nu- with the meaning of one-time (shout a cry-well-be).
There is no change in the specific characteristics of only 17 verbs of multidirectional
movement when a prefix with a spatial meaning is added to them fly u-fly.
Two verbs that differ only in their aspectual meaning (completion of the action,
achievement of the limit by the action) make up the aspect pair: do
–
do, read
–
read.
In most verbs, the prefix, in addition to the aspectual meaning, also introduces
another additional semantic component: initiative (to sing to sing), softening (to hurt to
hurt), intensity (to beat to beat), etc.
If the suffixes -iva- / -yva-, -va-, -a- are added to the perfect verb, then an imperfect
verb is formed from them: re-read re-read-yva-t, beat beat-wa-t, decide resh-a- th. These
suffixes, as a rule, bring only a specific meaning (incompletion of the action, lack of
reaching the limit).
When these suffixes are added, species pairs are formed; exceptions are few (see,
for example, to get lost - to be mistaken).
Some verbs have suppletive (formed from a different stem) aspect pairs: speak
–
say. In some cases, the verbs in the aspect pair externally differ only in the place of stress
(cut? cut
–
cut? t).
Usually there is only one aspect pair (do
–
do, re-read
–
re-read), but in some cases
one perfective verb can have two aspect pairs formed at both stages of speciation:
weaken
–
o-weaken
–
weaken.
The aspect pair can be different for different meanings of the same verb:
to learn (what) to learn
to teach (whom)
–
to teach.
There are two-part verbs in the Russian language: they acquire the meaning of the
aspect in the context. These are the verbs to execute, marry, baptize, promise (Yesterday
he finally got married
–
a perfect type.
–
He married several times
–
an imperfect type),
verbs to -ate: telegraph, operate (He was telegraphed weekly about the success of the
enterprise
–
an imperfect type
–
He decided to telegraph about his arrival
–
a perfect look).
REFERENCES:
1.
Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language S.I. Ozhegov.
2.
Explanatory Dictionary of the living Great Russian language by V.I. Dal.
3.
Bondarko A.V. Type and tense of a Russian verb (meaning and usage).
–
M.:
Enlightenment, 1971.
–
P. 387.
4.
Beloshapkova V.A. Modern Russian language: Syntax. Textbook.
–
M.: Higher
school, 1977.
–
P. 415.
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5.
Valgina N.S. Syntax of the modern Russian language. Textbook.
–
M.: Higher
School, 1991.
–
P. 397.
6.
Valgina N.S., Rosenthal D.E., Fomina M.I. Modern Russian language. Textbook.
–
M.: Logos, 2002.
–
P. 528.
7.
Vinogradov V.V. From the history of the study of Russian syntax.
–
M.:
Enlightenment, 1958.
–
P. 327.
8.
Vinogradov V.V. Russian language. Textbook.
–
M.: Nauka, 1972.
–
P. 370.
